Kalulu mitundu yodziwika bwino ya hares kudera lonse la kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Mbali yake yayikulu ndi, monga dzinalo likusonyezera, kuthekera kwapadera kosintha utoto wa ubweya wake kukhala woyera ndikumayamba kwa dzinja. Ngakhale kuti imapezeka kwambiri kumadera ena, m'malo ena nyamazi zinawonongedwa mwinanso kuphatikizidwa mu Red Book la mayiko ena, monga Ukraine.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Kalulu woyera ndi nyama yamtundu wa hares, dongosolo la Lagomorphs. Tsopano chikufala kumadera akumpoto akumayiko ambiri. Kalulu woyera amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zakale kwambiri kumtunda. Asayansi apeza zinthu za paleontological, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zidatsimikizika kuti malo okhala makolo a nyama izi anali mdera lamapiri la Europe. Masiku amenewo, nkhalango zinkasunthidwira kumwera. Ndiye kalulu uyu amapezeka m'dera la Crimea yamakono ndi Caucasus.
Zilumba zazing'ono zomwe kalulu amakhala kumadera akum'mawa kwa Poland, England, ndi Mongolia ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti asayansi apeza izi. Kutha kwa nthawi yachisanu, ndikuyamba kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi kuchepa kwa madzi oundana, kukakamiza mitundu iyi kuti isamukire kumadera akumpoto, komwe nkhalango zidatsalirabe ndipo sizinawopsezedwe ndi kuwonjezeka.
Mpaka magawo 10 a ma hares awa amakhala okhaokha ku Russia kokha. Ma subspecies onse amasiyana pakati pa okhala, zakudya, kulemera, kukula ndi mawonekedwe ena. Komabe, ngakhale pali kusiyana kumeneku, amapanga mtundu umodzi - kalulu woyera. Monga dzinali likusonyezera, chinthu chosiyanitsa mitundu iyi ndikusintha kwa malaya awo panthawi yosungunuka kukhala yoyera yoyera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Kalulu woyera ndi nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri ya ma Lagomorphs. Ili ndi ubweya wakuda, wofewa womwe umasintha mtundu kutengera nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, kalulu amakhala ndi malaya oyera, ngakhale nsonga zamakutu zimakhalabe zakuda. Chaka chonse, ubweya wake umakhala utoto kuyambira imvi mpaka bulauni.
Makulidwe a kalulu woyera:
- kutalika kwa thupi - kuchokera 40 mpaka 65 cm;
- thupi - kuchokera 1.5 mpaka 4 makilogalamu;
- makutu - 7-10 masentimita;
- mchira - mpaka 7 cm.
Makulidwe anyama amasiyana kutengera subspecies ndi malo okhala. Mpaka subspecies khumi za nyamazi ndizokha m'dera la Russia lokha. Akazi amakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu kuposa amuna. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti azungu sangasinthe mtundu wawo m'malo omwe kulibe chipale chofewa. Amathanso kukhalabe oyera chaka chonse m'malo omwe chipale chofewa chimakhala nthawi zonse.
Mapazi ake ndi otakata, omwe amawalola kuti azitha kuyenda mosavuta pa chipale chofewa ngati ma ski. Tsitsi lakuda lakumaso. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kwambiri, yomwe imazindikira kayendedwe ka kalulu - kudumpha kwakutali. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa kutalika kwa hares kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo, kalulu woyera amatha kuzindikiridwa ndi mayendedwe ake mchipale chofewa.
M'nyengo yozizira, kalulu woyera mdera lomwe amakhala amakhala osintha mtundu wake kukhala woyera. Ndipo kokha kumadera omwe kulibe chipale chofewa sichimasintha mtundu. Molt amatenga malo apadera m'moyo wa kalulu, womwe umachitika kawiri pachaka. Chiyambi chake chimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kutentha kozungulira ndikusintha masana.
Komabe, pamakhala zochitika pomwe kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira nyama zasintha kale mtundu wawo, koma matalalawo sanagwe. Kenako kalulu amawonekera kwambiri motsutsana ndi nthaka yakuda, osakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Hares amapatsidwa chidwi chakumva, koma mawonekedwe awo ndi kununkhira kwawo ndizofooka kwambiri.
Kodi kalulu woyera amakhala kuti?
Kalulu woyera amatha kupezeka makamaka m'malo amtundra, nkhalango komanso nkhalango m'chigawo chakumpoto cha kontinenti yaku Europe chakumpoto kwa America. Kuphatikiza pazilumba za Scandinavia, Poland, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Japan ndi Mexico.
M'mbuyomu, amakhala kumwera chakumwera ndipo amayimiliridwanso ku Crimea ndi Caucasus, koma chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo ndi zochulukirapo za anthu, amayenera kusintha malo awo okhala kumadera akumpoto kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kalulu yemwe amakhala ku America ndi wocheperako kuposa anzawo. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa cha ubweya wake wachilendo, amasaka omwe amasaka mderali. Amatchedwa okopa. Kalulu amakonda kukhala m'malo omwe mungapeze chakudya mosavuta. Kusamuka kumachitika pokhapokha ngati pali zovuta, pomwe kalulu sangapeze chakudya. Izi zimakonda kupezeka m'malo amvula kwambiri nthawi yachisanu. Ma birches am'madzi ndi ma aspen amadzazidwa ndi chipale chofewa.
Chifukwa chake, kalulu woyera amakhala makamaka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Komabe, madera obwezeretsa malo ake amakhalabe. Nyama iyi imakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala, koma zovuta zimatha kuzikakamiza kuti zisamuke.
Kodi kalulu woyera amadya chiyani?
Pokhala odalira kwambiri malo okhala komanso nthawi ya chaka, hares amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Ndi kuyamba kwa kasupe, nguluwe zimakhazikika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndipo pamodzi zimadya udzu wachinyamata m'minda ndi kapinga. Nthawi yozizira ikatha, nyama zimasowa mavitamini ndi mchere wamchere. Chifukwa cha izi, amatha kudya nthaka, kumeza miyala yaying'ono. Hares adaluma mofunitsitsa mafupa a nyama zakufa ndi nyanga zomwe zidatayidwa ndi mphalapala.
M'chilimwe, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi zitsamba zobiriwira. M'malo ena, kalulu amadya bowa ndi zipatso. Mwachizoloŵezi, panali nthawi zina pamene kalulu ankakumba ma truffle ndikudya mosangalala. Pamene nthawi yophukira ikuyandikira, udzu umayamba kuuma. Hares amayenera kuthana ndi chakudya cholimba, monga nthambi za shrub, masamba owuma ndi bowa.
M'nyengo yozizira, makungwa a tchire ndi mitengo yosiyanasiyana amakhala maziko azakudya za kalulu. Mitengo yapaderadera imadalira dera lomwe mukukhalamo. Chosavuta kwambiri, hares amadya makungwa a aspen ndi msondodzi. Amadya birch ndi larch mocheperako, koma amapezeka mosavuta ndipo amapezeka. Ngati ndi kotheka, kalulu amatha kukumba udzu, zipatso ndi ma cones pansi pa chipale chofewa.
Pofunafuna chakudya, kalulu woyera amatha kuthamanga makilomita opitilira khumi ndi awiri. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti kusaka uku kumatsogolera kalulu kumalo komwe kumakhala anthu. Kumeneko amatha kudyetsa zotsalira za udzu, tirigu ndi chakudya china.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Kalulu woyera nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama zakutchire. Masana, kalulu, monga lamulo, amabisala kapena kupumula, ndipo mdima utayamba kupita kukadya. Komabe, ngati kuli kotheka, amatha kukhala moyo wamasana. Kusowa koteroko kumawonekera, mwachitsanzo, ndikuwonjezeka kwakutali kwa maola masana.
Nthawi yodzinenepetsa, kalulu nthawi zambiri amayenda pafupifupi 2 km. Komabe, ngati anali kufunafuna chakudya, ndiye kuti amatha kuthamanga makilomita angapo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nthawi ya nyengo yoipa kalulu sangatuluke konse. M'nyengo yozizira, hares amakumba ma burrows ataliatali mchisanu, ndikufika mamita 8. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zochepa zakutchire zomwe, nthawi zowopsa, zimakonda kugona mdzenje lake ndikuzidikirira, m'malo mongodziponya ndikuthawa.
Kupita kukadyetsa, kalulu woyera amakonda kusokoneza mayendedwe ndikusunthira m'malo ataliatali. Pofuna kusokoneza omwe angakutsatireni, kalulu amagwiritsa ntchito "kawiri", i.e. patapita nthawi yayitali, amabwerera panjira yake ndipo "amafulumira" - kulumpha kwakutali mbali ya njirayo.
Kutha kumasula mayendedwe a kalulu ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusaka. Komabe, ngakhale olusa nkhalango ndi agalu osaka amachita mosavutikira. Kalulu akadapezeka, adzangodalira kuthekera kothamanga mwachangu ndi miyendo yake yayitali. Belyaks ndi nyama zokhazokha. Kupatula maanja ndi nthawi yokhwima komanso akazi okhala ndi ana. Chinyama chilichonse chimakhala ndi malo a 30,000-300,000 m2. Kawirikawiri hares sasintha malo awo, mayendedwe awo amakhala ochepa.
Ngati, chifukwa cha chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, sikutheka kupeza chakudya, hares asankha kusamuka kwakutali. Kutalika kwake nthawi zina kumafika makilomita angapo. Pakusunthira misala, hares yoyera imalowa pagulu la anthu 10-30, koma nthawi zina kuchuluka kwake kumatha kufikira mitu 70. Akafika pamalo oyenera, hares amapitiliza kukhala moyo wawokha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Kalulu ndi nyama zamtundu wambiri. Amayi amakhala ndi ma estrus awiri kapena atatu pachaka. Choyamba chimachitika kumapeto kwa dzinja. Chomaliza ndi kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Mahatchiwa amatha msinkhu ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi inayi. Amayi amakula msinkhu azaka zapakati pa 2 mpaka 7.
Kalulu wamayi nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi chidwi ndi ana ake. Chokhacho chomwe mkazi amachita ndikudyetsa akalulu kangapo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti sizoyenera chisa china chobadwira. Amabadwira mu dzenje laling'ono, losavundikira kapena pakati paudzu, zitsamba zazing'ono, kapena mumizu yamtengo.
Mu zinyalala imodzi, kuyambira ana 5 mpaka 7 nthawi zambiri amaswa, olemera pafupifupi magalamu 100, koma nthawi zina pali akalulu 11-12. Ma hares ang'onoang'ono amawoneka kale ndi tsitsi lakuda ndi maso otseguka. Maola angapo atabadwa, amatha kusuntha, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi nyama zina.
Sabata yoyamba, anawo adakali ofooka kwambiri ndipo sanasinthidwe. Pakadali pano, amatha kudya mkaka wa mayi, womwe uli ndi mafuta okwanira pafupifupi 15%. Kenako amatha kusinthana ndi zakudya zamasamba. Patatha milungu iwiri, akalulu amadziyimira pawokha. Ngakhale kuti pali madongosolo okhwima okhwima, nthawi zina pamakhala zolakwika zina.
Adani achilengedwe a kalulu woyera
Kalulu woyera ndi nyama yopanda vuto lililonse komanso yopanda chitetezo. Ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe amakhala ndi nyama zosavuta kudya. Kutengera ndi dera lomwe amakhala, amatha kugwidwa ndi ankhandwe, mimbulu, ziphuphu, masana ndi usiku mbalame zazikulu masana ndi usiku. Komabe, sizimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthu awo.
Chifukwa chachikulu cha kufa kwa ma hares oyera ndi matenda osiyanasiyana:
- Matenda m'mapapo;
- Matenda a helminthic;
- Tularemia;
- Coccidosis;
- Zosakaniza.
Nthawi zina, chifukwa cha matenda akulu, mdera lina, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kumatsikira pafupifupi zero. Ndipo kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwake m'mbuyomu, zimatenga zaka zingapo. Zimadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa ma hares omwe amakhala m'dera lomwe muli kachilomboka, miliri imachulukirachulukira, ndipo matenda amafalikira mwachangu. M'madera omwe nyama ndizochepa, zotsatira zake sizodziwika kwambiri, ndipo ma epizootic samachitika pafupipafupi.
Komanso, kuwopsa kwa hares kumabwera chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta. Mitundu ina yosungunuka ndi chisanu, mvula yambiri yachisanu ndi yozizira imapha ma hares ambiri komanso payekhapayekha. Nyengo iyi ndi yoopsa kwambiri kwa hares achichepere kwambiri. Masika, m'mphepete mwa madzi osefukira pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, mahatchi agwidwa ndimadzi osefukira komanso mitsinje yodzaza. Madzi omwe amasefukira chilichonse mozungulira amachititsa kuti ma hares azungulire mazana pazilumba zazing'ono-mapiri. Kumeneko amakhala ndi njala, onyowa komanso ozizira, otayika kwathunthu padziko lapansi. Adzakhala ndi mwayi ngati madziwo atha msanga, apo ayi adzafa.
Ngakhale kuti hares ndi nyama zochulukitsitsa, sizingadzaze malo onse okhala. Zowopsa zambiri zimawadikirira, zomwe ndizovuta kuti nyamayo ipirire. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezeka kwapachaka kwa hares sikokwanira ndipo, mwalamulo, sikudutsa anthu oyamba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, pafupifupi 9 miliyoni hares zoyera zalembedwa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwake kwawonjezeka pang'ono chifukwa cha njira zotetezera nyamayi. Chifukwa chake adatengedwa kuti atetezedwe padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo m'maiko ena adaphatikizidwanso mu Red Book. Kukula kwa anthu kumadalira momwe chilengedwe chilili. Ndi matenda akulu m'dera linalake, anthu amatha kufa. Ndipo zochulukirapo panthawi yomwe amatenga matenda, matendawa amafalikira mwachangu.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu m'malo osiyanasiyana kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale m'malo oyandikana nawo, anthu amatha kusiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma hares oyera ku Russia chili ku Yakutia, ngakhale kuti ndi 30% yokha ya gawo lonselo yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yoyenera kukhalapo hares. Kusaka kwamalonda nyamazi ndi chinthu chakale. M'malo mwake munabwera kusaka masewera. Kumbali imodzi, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti gulu la azungu azikhala m'malire ovomerezeka. Ngakhale, kumbali inayo, ntchitoyi imasokoneza kufalikira kwachilengedwe kwa anthu, kuwononga ngakhale ziweto zochepa zomwe zatsala.
Kuchita mwamphamvu kwa anthu kuti asinthe chilengedwe podula mitengo kumawononga chilengedwe cha nyama, ndikuwakakamiza kuti asamukire kumpoto. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kusaka kopanda malonda kumalepheretsa kubwezeretsa kwachilengedwe kwa hares yoyera. Ndipo zochitika zina za anthu zomwe zimawononga malo okhala zimangowonjezera mavuto.
Mwa njira iyi, kalulu woyera amatha kusintha mosavuta kukhala ndi moyo watsopano ndipo amatha kukhala pafupi ndi anthu. Chiwerengero cha ma hares chimasinthasintha mosunthika pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale zovuta zomwe ma hares amakumana nazo, kuchuluka kwawo kwawonjezeka kwambiri m'malo ena.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 12:40
