Peccary (Tayassuidae) ndi banja loyimiriridwa ndi mitundu ingapo yazinyama zosazinyalala zomwe zidatchulidwa kale ku banja la Nkhumba. Mawu oti "ophika buledi" amamasuliridwa kuti "nyama yokhoza kupanga misewu m'nkhalango."
Kufotokozera kwa ophika buledi
Ophika buledi ndizinyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa mita imodzi ndi kutalika kwake sizifota zosaposa 55-57 cm... Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama yayikulu ndi 28-30 kg. Ophika mkate onse amakhala ndi mutu wopindika, wopindika pang'ono pakhosi lalifupi. Nyama ili ndi mawonekedwe owongoka komanso otambalala, maso ang'ono ndi makutu oyenda bwino. Miyendo ya wophika mkate ndi yopyapyala komanso yayifupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku America, wophika mkate adalandira dzina loti "musky pig", lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha kununkhira kwapadera komanso kosasangalatsa kwachinsinsi chomwe chimabisidwa ndi England wapadera kumbuyo, pafupi ndi mchira.
Nyumbayi ndi yopepuka, yokhala ndi mchira waufupi komanso kumbuyo kotsamira pang'ono. Thupi la wophika mkate laphimbidwa ndi ma bristles wandiweyani kwambiri, omwe amakhala ataliatali pofota komanso kumbuyo kwake, chifukwa chake, amafanana ndi mane. Pa siteji yodzutsa chilombo, mane yotere imakwezedwa mosavuta, yomwe imawulula gland yemwe amawaza chinsinsi chosalekeza komanso "chonunkhira" kwambiri.
Maonekedwe
Ophika mkate ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nkhumba, zomwe zimawalola kuti adziwe ngati nyama zowola:
- kugawa m'mimba magawo atatu ndi thumba la soseji wakhungu;
- kupezeka kwa zala zitatu pa miyendo yakumbuyo;
- mayini opendekera kumtunda;
- kupezeka kwa mano 38;
- awiriawiri matumbo a mammary.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi chapadera cha ma musky, ophika achikulire amalemba gawo lawo mwa kupopera madzi onunkhira bwino tchire, udzu kapena miyala.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zinyama zosalimba za artiodactyl zomwe zimakhazikika mdera lalikulu zimazolowera malo osiyanasiyana, zimakhala zomasuka bwino osati m'nkhalango zokha, komanso m'malo am'chipululu. Ophika ndevu zoyera nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mapiri ouma, ndipo miyala ikuluikulu kapena mapanga amiyala yamiyala imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama monga pogona kwa adani.
Zimakhala zovuta kuitana ophika mkate omwe amangokhala. Nyama yofunafuna malo atsopano a chakudya imatha kusamuka kuchokera kudera lina kupita kwina. Monga lamulo, ophika mkate amakhala pamalo amodzi tsiku limodzi. Artiodactyls amakhala ndi ziweto zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala anthu mazana awiri. Mutu wa dera lalikulu chonchi ndiye mtsogoleri wachikazi wakale komanso wodziwa zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ophika mkate amakhala otakataka makamaka mumdima, koma masana zinyama zotere nthawi zambiri zimadzuka, kupumula pabedi pawo.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa gulu la ziweto, nyama zimatha kudziteteza osati iwowo komanso ana awo kwa adani... Ngati nyama zosalimba za artiodactyl zimawopsezedwa ndi zolusa, ndiye kuti ziweto zonse zazikulu, monga muyezo, zimakhazikika pamzere wamphamvu. Osatengera zaka zawo, ophika mkate amakonda kusamba m'matope kapena fumbi, koma nthawi zonse amadzichitira okha m'malo osankhidwa mwapadera.
Ndi ophika angati amakhala
Ngakhale kufa kwa ophika mkate mwachilengedwe, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo kwa nyama yotereyi imakhala zaka 22-24.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna ndi akazi a mitundu yambiri yazinyama amasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe kapena kapangidwe kake, koma ophika mkate sakhala m'gululi. Chosiyanitsa ndi ophika mkate ndi kusakhalapo kwathunthu kwa zizindikilo zakugonana. Komabe, "nkhumba" zomwezo ndi njira zosiyanirana wina ndi mnzake.
Mitundu ya ophika buledi
Lero, pali mitundu inayi yokha ya ophika buledi yomwe ilipo ndipo imaphunziridwa bwino:
- Ophika makola (Pecari tajacu) ndi nyama zazing'ono komanso zoyenda modabwitsa. Mbali yawo yayikulu ndi kupezeka kwa mzere woyera wachikasu ukutsika kuchokera kudera lamapiri kupita kumunsi kumutu;
- Milomo yoyera kapena ophika ndevu zoyera (Tayassu pecari) Ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zamphamvu kuposa ophika makola, omwe amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi madzi. Mbali yawo yayikulu ndi malo oyera oyera omwe amapezeka pansi pamutu;
- Ophika chak (Catagonus wagneri) zidapezeka mu 1975. Nyamayo imakhala m'malo amtchire komanso ouma. Mbali yapadera ndi miyendo yayitali, khamu ndi makutu, pomwe nyama yotere idalandira dzina loti "nkhumba bulu"
- Ophika mikate akulu (Pecari maximus) zidapezeka ku Brazil kubwerera ku 2007. Mtunduwu umasiyana ndi achibale ena aliwonse amtundu wake wapadera komanso kukula kwake kwakukulu. Ophika mkate akuluakulu amakhala ndi moyo wabanja, okonda nkhalango zamtchire.
Mitundu zingapo zophika mkate zakutchire, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zatha, zidapezekanso mzaka zapitazi, ndikumera kwa masamba otentha ndi masango.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ophika buledi ndi nyama zocheza, ndipo kulumikizana kumathandizidwa ndi mawu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kung'ung'udza.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Dera lathunthu lachiweto chimodzi limatha kusiyanasiyana mahekitala 6-7 mpaka 1,250. Gawo lanyama limadziwika ndi chimbudzi, komanso timadzi tambiri tambiri. Ophika makola ndiwo mitundu yokhayo yomwe imapezeka ku United States komwe anthu asanu kapena khumi ndi asanu amapanga gulu.
Malo okhala gulu lophika mikate yoyera kumpoto chakumpoto mpaka kumwera kwa Mexico ndi 60-200 km2... Magulu akulu amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ndi mitu mazana kapena kupitilira apo. Ophika ndevu zoyera amatha kuyima kudera lina kwa masiku angapo, pambuyo pake amafunafuna chakudya kudera lina. Mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri umadyetsa chakudya cha nyama.
Zakudya za ophika buledi
Zitsamba zoberekera zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe kovuta ka m'mimba, komwe kumathandizira kuti chakudya chikhale chokwanira kwambiri... M'madera akumwera, ophika mkate amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana, zoyimiriridwa ndi mizu, mababu, mtedza ndi bowa.
Nthawi zina nyama zotere zimatha kudya zowola ndi mazira, achule ndi njoka zazing'ono. Kumpoto kwakatunduyu, mababu ndi mizu, mtedza ndi nyemba, zipatso zosiyanasiyana, masamba a herbaceous ndi cacti, nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo nthawi zambiri zimakhala chakudya cha nyama yotere.
M'madera ouma okhalamo, chakudya cha nyama zotere ndi masamba osowa kwambiri, chifukwa chake mitundu yambiri ya cacti imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, chomwe chimasinthidwa mosavuta komanso mwachangu ndi mimba yazipinda ziwiri. Anthu akuluakulu ophika buledi amagwiritsa ntchito zipsinjo zawo zolimba kuti agubudule nkhadze zomwe zadulidwa pansi, zomwe zimachotsa minga.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ophika ndevu zoyera amatha kubala ana chaka chonse, koma kutalika kwa nyengo yoswana makamaka mchaka ndi nthawi yophukira. Mimba imatenga masiku 156-162, pambuyo pake mwana mmodzi mpaka anayi amabadwa. Maola ochepa atabadwa, makanda amatha kuyenda pawokha ndikuyenda ndi amayi awo. Nthawi yobereketsa imalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi mpweya.
Ophika makola alibe nyengo yoswana, choncho ana amatha kubadwa chaka chonse. Kukhathamira kumakhudzidwa ndi nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa mvula. Nyani wamphongo wamkulu nthawi zambiri amakwatirana ndi akazi onse m'gulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! kuti ophika ndevu zoyera amatha kupanga mitundu yophatikiza ndi ophika makola.
Mimba imatha pafupifupi masiku 141-151, ndipo kuyambira mwana m'modzi mpaka atatu amabadwa m'nyumbayo. Kwa miyezi itatu, mkazi amadyetsa anawo mkaka. Amuna amakula msinkhu pakatha miyezi khumi ndi chimodzi, ndipo akazi amakula msinkhu pakatha miyezi 8-14.
Adani achilengedwe
Otsutsa ankhalwe kwambiri a ophika mkate m'malo achilengedwe ndi ma jaguar ndi ma cougars, komanso anthu... Anthu amasaka nyama zosadyera za artiodactyl kuti apeze nyama ndi zikopa. Achinyamata ophika buledi amaukiridwa ndi mphiri ndi red lynx. Mayi amateteza kwambiri ana ake ndikuluma mdani ndi mano ake. Wophika buledi wokwiya kapena wamantha amatulutsa zonena zake mokweza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ophika mkate wa chak (Catagonus wagneri) amalembedwa mu International Red Book, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo pakadali pano ndi kocheperako.
