Njokayo ndi mbalame yochokera kubanja la Hawk komanso dongosolo lofanana ndi Hawk. Woyimira pagulu la banja la Serpentine amadziwikanso ndi mayina a nkhanu kapena chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga wamba kapena chiwombankhanga.
Kufotokozera kwa njokayo
Ngakhale kuti njoka ina nthawi zina imatchedwa mphungu, pamakhala kufanana kocheperako pakuwoneka kwa mbalame zotere, motero ndizosatheka kuzisokoneza. "Mphungu yokhala ndi zala zazifupi" - ili ndi dzina la chiwombankhanga chodziwika ndi aku Britain, ndipo mbalameyi imadziwika kuti nkhanu, kutanthauza mbalame zina zodya nyama.
Pomasulira kwenikweni kuchokera ku Chilatini, dzina la mbalame yachilendo iyi imamveka ngati "chubby", yomwe imachitika chifukwa chamutu waukulu komanso womaliza, womwe umafanana ndi kadzidzi.
Maonekedwe
Mwa amodzi mwamantha modabwitsa komanso osadalira kwambiri anthu, zolusa za nthenga zimadziwika ndi mtundu wofiirira kwambiri wamtundu wakumbuyo kwa thupi. Komabe, pali mitundu ingapo yayikulu yodyera njoka:
- Wodya njoka ya m'mawere akuda ndi nyama yodya nthenga, mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 68, yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 178, osapitirira 2.2-2.3 kg. Mutu wa mbalameyi ndi chifuwa chimakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zakuda kapena zakuda. Pali malo owala m'mimba komanso mkati mwa mapiko. Maso amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa utoto wachikaso wagolide;
- Njoka ya Baudouin ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yodya nyama yokhala ndi mapiko mpaka masentimita 170. Pali nthenga zofiirira kumbuyo ndi kumutu, komanso pachifuwa. Mimba ya mbalameyi imakhala ndi utoto wowala komanso kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yaying'ono ya bulauni. Miyendo yolumikizidwa imasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wawo;
- Wodya njoka Brown ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi 75 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko a 164 cm ndi kulemera kwa 2.3-2.5 kg. Mbali yakumtunda ya mbalameyi ndi yojambulidwa ndimayendedwe akuda bii, ndipo mkati mwake muli utoto wofiirira. Mchira ndi wofiirira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka;
- Chingwe chokhala ndi mizere chakumwera ndi mbalame yapakatikati pang'ono, kutalika kwake kumakhala masentimita 58-60. Kumbuyo kwakumbuyo, komanso pachifuwa cha chilombo champhapacho, pali nthenga za utoto wakuda. Mutuwu umadziwika ndi utoto wonyezimira. Pali timizere ting'onoting'ono toyera pamimba. Kapangidwe kamchira kameneka kamakhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yayitali.
Achichepere amafanana ndi mbalame zazikulu mumtundu wa nthenga, koma amakhala ndi nthenga zowala komanso zakuda. Dera la khosi la chiwombankhanga chofala kwambiri limajambulidwa ndimayendedwe abulauni, ndipo mimba ya mbalameyi ndi yoyera ndimadontho angapo amdima. Mapiko achikwawa achikulire, komanso mchira wake, amapatsidwa mikwingwirima yakuda.
Amadziwikanso ndi kuphunzira: Chiwombankhanga cham'madzi cha ku Congo (Dryotriorchis spectabilis), chiwombankhanga cham'madzi cha Madagascar (Eutriorchis astur), chiwombankhanga chouluka ku Philippines (Spilornis holospilus), chiwombankhanga chotchedwa Culawesian (Spilornis rufipectuilis), Spilornis rufipectis Nicobar Crested Snake Eagle (Spilornis klossi), Andaman Crested Snake Eagle (Spilornis elgini), ndi Western Striped Snake Eagle (Circaetus cinerascens).
Kukula kwa mbalame
Kutalika konse kwa mbalame yayikulu yodya nyama, monga lamulo, kumasiyana pakati pa 67 mpaka 75 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 160-190 ndi mapiko kutalika kwake osaposa masentimita 52-62. Pafupifupi kulemera kwa mlenje wamkulu wamitengo mpaka makilogalamu awiri kapena kupitirirapo.
Moyo
Odya njoka amakhala obisika modabwitsa, osamala kwambiri komanso mbalame zomwe zimangokhala m'malo omwe mumapezeka mitengo yosungulumwa. Mbalame yodya nyama imakonda mapiri ouma, odzala ndi udzu wopanda tsabola ndi udzu. Mbalameyi imakopeka ndi masamba obiriwira obiriwira omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopumira, nkhalango zamitengo ya conifers ndi mitengo yodula.
Kudera la Asia, anthu wamba omwe amadya njoka adazolowera kukhala kudera lamapiri, ndipo anthu akumpoto amakonda madera omwe ali pafupi ndi nkhalango zowirira, madambo ndi magombe amtsinje. Chigawo chonse cha malo osaka munthu wamkulu chimafika, monga lamulo, 35-36 sq. Km. Nthawi yomweyo, mtunda wamakilomita awiri osalowererapo nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa madera awiri oyandikana nawo, ndipo mbalame zodya nyama zimawonanso mtunda wofanana pakati pa zisa.
Odya njoka amatha kusuntha mtunda wautali (mpaka 4,700 km), koma nyengo yozizira ya anthu aku Europe imachitika kokha ku Africa ndi kumpoto kwa equator, makamaka kumadera omwe nyengo yake siimvula kwenikweni ndipo kumagwa mvula pang'ono. Mbalame zimayamba kusamukira kumadera otentha kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, chifukwa chakumapeto kwa Seputembara mbalame zoterezi zimafika kale kumadera a Bosphorus, komanso ku Gibraltar kapena ku Israel. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwaulendo sikupitilira milungu itatu kapena inayi.
Kuchepa kwa mitunduyi sikunalole asayansi kuti aphunzire mokwanira njira zosunthira nyama zomwe zimadya njoka, koma zimadziwika kuti mbalame zodya nyama zimabwerera kuchokera kuzizira munjira imodzimodziyo, zikugwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yakuyenda kuti izi zitheke.
Utali wamoyo
M'mipikisano yamtchire, ngakhale kuli chakudya chokwanira, oimira banja la Hawk ndi banja la Hawk samakhala zaka zopitilira khumi ndi zisanu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Akazi achikulire omwe amaimira nyama yakumbuyo ya Serpentine nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo komanso okulirapo kuposa amuna, koma palibe kusiyana kooneka kwamtundu wa maulawo. Pogwirizana wina ndi mnzake, omwe amadya njoka achikulire amadziwika ndi kucheza komanso kusewera, chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuwona momwe amuna ndi akazi amasewera mosangalala, komanso amathamangitsana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chowombera chachimuna chimakhala ndi mawu osangalatsa kwambiri omwe amafanana ndi kulira kwa chitoliro kapena ofanana ndi kuyimba kwachizoloŵezi chachilendo. Nyimbo yachimwemwe yotereyi imaimbidwa mbalameyo ikabwerera ku chisa. Akazi amatulutsa mawu ofanana ndi mafoni, koma mosavutikira. Nyimbo ya duet imasiyanitsidwa ndi nyimbo zomwe zimapezeka mumitengo yakuda ndi ma ospreys.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Masiku ano anthu omwe amadya njoka amakhala apakatikati. Ikufotokoza gawo la North-West Africa ndi South Eurasia. Malo okhala mbalame zodya zinyama zili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera la Palaearctic, komanso ku Indian subcontinent.
Kukhalapo kwa anthu osiyana kumawonekera m'malo a Arab Peninsula, kuzilumba za Lesser Sunda, komanso ku Inner Mongolia. Nthawi zambiri, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimapezeka m'maiko otsatirawa: Spain, Maghreb, Portugal, komanso Apennines ndi Balkan, ku Central Asia kum'mawa kwa Lake Balkhash.
Pofuna kumanga mazira, oimira nyama ya Serpentine akusankha kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kumwera ndi pakati pa Europe, gawo la Caucasus ndi Asia Minor, komanso Middle East ndi Kazakhstan.
Zakudya zodya njoka
Zakudya za omwe amadya njoka ndizodziwika pang'ono, chifukwa chake, mndandanda wawo uli ndi malire ndipo umaimiridwa ndi njoka, njoka, opopera ndi njoka. Nthawi zina mbalame yodya nyama imagwira abuluzi. Poyambira nyengo yachisanu, njoka zambiri, zomwe zasankha malo obisika, zimagwera m'malo oimitsidwa ndipo sizingayende bwino, zomwe zimatsegula nyengo yosakira omwe amadya njoka.
Alenje opanda nthenga osanguluka amayamba kutsatira nyama zawo masana, pomwe zochita za zokwawa zimadziwika. Omwe amadwala kwambiri omwe amakhala ndi nthenga ndi njoka zapakati, komanso njoka zapoizoni, kuphatikiza njoka, njoka ndi njoka. Mbalameyi imachita zinthu zothamangira mphenzi, zomwe zimapewa kuluma mobwerezabwereza. Nyanga za pamiyendo zimatetezeranso mbalameyi.
Zikho zodyerapo njoka zimaphatikizapo amphibiya ndi akamba, makoswe ndi akalulu, mbewa ndi nkhono, komanso nkhunda ndi akhwangwala, ndipo mbalame imodzi yayikulu imadya pafupifupi njoka zapakatikati masana.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mabanja atsopano a Serpentine amapangidwa nyengo iliyonse. Nthawi zina okwatirana amakhala okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zingapo. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe zovuta zambiri pakuwuluka kwa oimira banja la Hawk ndi dongosolo lopangidwa ndi Hawk. Amuna amathamangira pansi pafupifupi mita khumi ndi zisanu, pambuyo pake mapiko awiri amapangitsa kuti mbalame ziwuluke mosavuta. Nthawi zina amuna akuluakulu amanyamula chokwawa chakufa m'kamwa mwawo patsogolo pa osankhidwawo, omwe nthawi zina amagwa pansi. Izi zikuphatikizidwa ndi kufuula kwakanthawi.
Mbalame zimayamba kumanga chisa zitangobwerera kuchokera kumadera ofunda, mozungulira Marichi, koma omwe amadya njoka amapezeka m'dera la Indochina mu Novembala, nthawi ya chimvula ikangotha. Onse awiri amatenga nawo gawo pantchito yomanga nthawi imodzi, koma ndi amuna omwe amasamala kwambiri, nthawi ndi kuyesetsa kukonza chisa chawo. Zisa za mbalame zili pamiyala ndi pamwamba pamitengo, pazitsamba zazitali, ndipo mumakonda mapini ndi ma spruces.
Kuchuluka kwa chisa cha nthambi ndi nthambi ndi masentimita 60, ndikutalika kopitilira kotala la mita, ndipo mkati mwake mumakhala ndi mbalame ndi udzu, nthambi zobiriwira kapena nthenga za mchira. Kuyika kumachitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi mdera la Europe, komanso ku Hindustan mu Disembala. Mazirawo ndi elliptical ndi oyera. Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga masiku 45-47. Udindo wonse wodyetsa zowalamulira zazing'ono za amayi umagwera pamapewa amphongo, chifukwa chake, kholo limakhala lokonzekera kuthawa mayeso patangotha mwezi umodzi anapiye atabadwa.
Poyamba, ana amadya nyama, koma kuyambira azaka ziwiri, njoka zazing'ono zimapatsidwa ana. Atakwanitsa milungu itatu, anapiye a oimira banja la Hawk ndi dongosolo lopangidwa ndi Hawk amatha kuthana mosavuta ndi zokwawa zosiyanasiyana 40 mm wandiweyani mpaka 80 cm palokha, ndipo nthawi zina mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kukoka chakudya molunjika kuchokera kummero kwa makolo awo. Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri kapena itatu yakubadwa, ziwetozo zimakhala papiko, koma kwa miyezi ina iwiri mbalamezi zimakhala zolipirira makolo.
Odya njoka amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka zisanu zokha, pomwe nthumwi za mitunduyi zimatha kudzisankhira okha zisa ndi kusamalira ana awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Mbalame yodya nyama yayikulu komanso yayikulu, woimira banja lalikulu la Hawkers ndi dongosolo la mawonekedwe a Hawk, mwachilengedwe alibe mdani, kupatula anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitundu
Kuchepetsa komwe kumakhala komweko kumayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo achilengedwe oyenera kukaikira zisa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chakudya, chifukwa chake, oimira mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zili pangozi, zosowa kwambiri tsopano zalembedwa pamasamba a Red Book of Russia ndi Red Book of Belarus. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu aku Europe pakadali pano sichiposa anthu sikisi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri.
