Mbalame yokhayo yomwe ikumira m'madzi kuchokera pagulu lalikulu la anthu odutsa ndi yolowetsa m'madzi, yomwe moyo wake umalumikizidwa ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje yayitali.
Kufotokozera kwa dipper
Mpheta yamadzi kapena thrush yamadzi - umu ndi momwe woponya madzi wamba (Cinclus cinclus) adatchulidwanso ndi anthu chifukwa chotsatira madzi. Woyang'anira nthawi zambiri amayerekezeredwa ndi ma thrush ndi nyenyezi, zomwe sizimakhudzana kwenikweni ndi mawonekedwe ake monga kukula kwake.
Maonekedwe
Ndi kambalame kakang'ono kwambiri kokhala ndi miyendo ndi milomo yayitali, koma mapiko amfupi komanso "odulidwa", mchira wokhotakhota pang'ono. Chodziwika bwino ndi malaya oyera oyera oyera ophimba pachifuwa, pakhosi, pamimba chapamwamba ndikusiyanitsa ndi nthenga zazikulu zakuda.
Korona ndi mutu wa mutu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira, pomwe kumbuyo, mchira ndi mbali yakunja yamapiko ndi imvi. Kuphatikiza apo, poyang'anitsitsa, zipsinjo zakufa zimawoneka kumbuyo, ndi utoto wakuda kumapeto kwa nthenga.
Msana wamawangamawanga umaonekera kwambiri mwa nyama zazing'ono, zomwe nthenga zake zimakhala zopepuka nthawi zonse kuposa akulu. Khosi loyera limalowetsedwa ndi nthenga zotuwa pamimba ndi zotuwa zofiirira kumbuyo / mapiko. Mbawalayo (monga ena odutsa) ali ndi mlomo wopanda sera m'munsi, wolimba komanso wolimba pang'ono kuchokera mbali.
Zofunika. Kutsegulira kwakunja kwamakina kumakhala ndi khola lachikopa lomwe limatseka mukamayenda. Chifukwa cha mandala ozungulira a diso komanso diso lathyathyathya, womangayo amatha kuwona bwino lomwe pansi pamadzi.
Chotupa chachikulu cha coccygeal gland (chokulirapo maulendo 10 kuposa cha mbalame zambiri zam'madzi) chimapatsa wonyozetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amalola kuti azipaka nthenga zochulukirapo posodza m'madzi achisanu. Kutambasula miyendo yamphamvu ndikusinthidwa kuti muziyenda m'mphepete mwa miyala komanso pansi. Pa miyendo pali zala 4 zokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa: zala zitatu zimayendetsedwa patsogolo, ndipo imodzi imatsogozedwa chammbuyo.
Kukula kwa mbalame
Dipper ndi wamkulu kuposa mpheta, kukula mpaka 17-20 masentimita ndikulemera 50-85 g Mapiko a mbalame wamkulu ndi 25-30 cm.
Moyo
Dipper amakhala pansi, koma nthawi zina pamakhala anthu osamukasamuka. Maanja omwe amangokhala amakhala pafupifupi makilomita awiri, osasiya nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Kunja kwa gawo la banja limodzi, maiko oyandikana nawo nthawi yomweyo amayamba, chifukwa chake mtsinje wamapiri (kuchokera komwe umachokera mpaka komwe umakumana ndi mtsinjewo) nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi odzaza.
Mbalame zomwe zimayendayenda m'nyengo yozizira zimapita kumalo otseguka ndi madzi othamanga, zikukhazikika pano pamagulu ang'onoang'ono. Ena mwa mpheta zam'madzi zimauluka kutali kwambiri kum'mwera, kubwerera mchaka ndikubwezeretsa zisa zawo zakale kuti zigwirizane.
Mukamanga mazira, maanja amayang'anitsitsa mtundawo, osaphwanya malire a masamba a anthu ena, omwe amafotokozedwa ndi mpikisano wapa chakudya. Mbalame iliyonse imasakasaka nyama kuchokera m'miyala yake yoyang'anira, yomwe siyokonzeka kupikisana nawo.
Kuyambira kotuluka mpaka kulowa kwa dzuwa
Ndi kunyezimira koyamba kwa dzuwa, womangayo amayamba kuimba ndikusaka mokweza, osayiwala kumenya nkhondo ndi oyandikana nawo omwe adalowa malo ake mosazindikira. Atathamangitsa ma scout, mbalameyo imapitilizabe kufunafuna zamoyo, ndipo masana, ngati dzuwa latentha kwambiri, imabisala mumithunzi yamiyala yolumikizana kapena pakati pamiyala.
Madzulo, chimake chachiwiri cha ntchito chimachitika, ndipo womata uja sapezanso chakudya, kulowerera mumtsinje ndikuyimba mosangalala. Madzulo mbalame zimauluka kupita kumalo a usiku, zodziwika ndi milu ya ndowe zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa.
Wosunkhasinkha amakhala masiku onse osangalala komanso wosangalala, ndipo nyengo yoyipa imangowasowetsa mtendere - chifukwa chamvula yambiri, madzi oyera amakhala mitambo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusaka chakudya kukhale kovuta. Pakadali pano, woyeserera amayang'ana malo abata, akuyenda pakati pazomera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuyembekeza kuti apeza tizilombo tambiri tobisalira pamasamba ndi nthambi.
Kusambira ndi kusambira
Mbalame yopenga - umu ndi momwe wolemba Vitaly Bianki amatchulira woponya, pozindikira kulimba mtima kwake: mbalameyo imamira mu chowawa chimodzi ndikuyenda pansi, ikubwera yotsatira. Molimba mtima amadziponyera pamphepo yamkuntho kapena mathithi othamanga, kuwoloka kapena kuyandama, akugwedeza mapiko ake ozungulira ngati opalasa. Zikuwoneka kuti zikuuluka mumtsinje wamadzi, ndikudula mitsinje yawo ikuluikulu ndi mapiko ake.
Nthawi zina wolowererayo amalowa mumtsinjewo pang'onopang'ono - amagwedeza mchira wake ndi kumbuyo kwa thupi, ngati ngolo kapena nkhumba, kenako amalumpha kuchokera pamwala kulowa m'madzi, ndikulowera mozama kwambiri kuti amire m'madzi. Kudumphira m'madzi sikungokhala pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi zambiri kumafanana ndi kulumpha kwa chule: kuyambira kutalika mpaka kulowa mgulu lamadzi.
Wothira amatha kulimbana ndi masekondi 10-50 pansi pamadzi, akumira mpaka 1.5 mita ndikuyenda pansi mpaka 20 mita. Chifukwa cha nthenga zake zonenepa komanso mafuta, wothira m'madzi amalowerera ngakhale mu chisanu cha 30-degree.
Mukayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona mbalame ya silvery m'madzi oyera, yopangidwa ndi thovu la mpweya lozungulira nthenga zonenepa. Atakakamira m'miyala yam'munsi ndikusunthira mapiko ake pang'ono, womangayo amathamanga mwamphamvu mamita 2-3 pansi pamadzi, akuwulukira kumtunda ndi nyama yomwe wagwira.
Pofuna kuti mtsinjewo ukanikizire mbalameyo pansi, imatsegula mapiko ake mwanjira yapadera, koma imapinda pamene ukondoyo watha, ndipo imayandama mwachangu. Dean sanasinthidwe bwino ndikulowerera m'madzi oyenda kapena pang'onopang'ono
Kuyimba
Dean, ngati mbalame yeniyeni yanyimbo, amaimba moyo wake wonse - kusambira, kufunafuna chakudya, kuthamangitsa oyandikana naye (omwe mwamwayi adamuwombera), kutchera nthenga zake ndikupita kudziko lina. Nyimbo zomveka kwambiri zimapangidwa ndi amuna omwe amatha kudina mwakachetechete ndikupanga.
Wosewera amayerekezera kuimba kwa wothira ndi wolira wodutsa, ndipo munthu woyang'anitsitsa amapeza kufanana ndikudina chowotchera komanso kuimba kwa bluethroat. Wina yemwe amamva m'mabuku a digger kung'ung'udza pang'ono kwa mtsinje womwe ukuyenda pakati pa miyala. Nthawi zina mbalameyo imamveka kamvekedwe kofananako ndi kamtengo.
Wokumayo amayimba bwino kwambiri masiku oyera masika, makamaka m'mawa, koma ngakhale kuzizira mawu ake samaima - thambo lowala limalimbikitsa woimbayo.
Utali wamoyo
Kumtchire, womiza amakhala zaka 7 kapena kupitilira apo. Kupulumuka bwino kumachitika chifukwa cha ziwalo zopangidwa mwanzeru, zomwe pakati pake pakuwona bwino komanso kumva kwakanthawi. Olyapka amadziwa kusiyanitsa abwenzi ndi adani, chifukwa iye wapatsidwa kuchenjera, nzeru ndi kusamala chibadwire. Makhalidwewa amamulola kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino nthawi yomweyo, kupewa ngozi.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi sikungotengeka ndi utoto, koma kumawonekera muunyinji wa mbalame, kutalika kwake ndi mapiko ake. Gawo lomaliza mwa akazi ndi masentimita 8.2-9.1, pomwe mwa amuna limafikira 9.2-10.1 cm Kuphatikiza apo, akazi ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa amuna awo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Dipper amapezeka m'mapiri / kumapiri ku Europe ndi Asia, kupatula kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, ndi Kumwera chakumadzulo ndi Northwest Africa (Tel Atlas, Middle Atlas ndi High Atlas).
Mitunduyi imatha ndipo imakwirira zilumba zina - Solovetsky, Orkney, Hebrides, Sicily, Maine, Cyprus, Great Britain ndi Ireland.
Ku Eurasia, womwazayo amapezeka ku Norway, Scandinavia, Finland, m'maiko a Asia Minor, Carpathians, ku Caucasus, mdera la Northern and Eastern Iran. Kuphatikiza apo, malo opangira zoumba anapezeka kumpoto kwa Kola Peninsula.
Ku Russia, mbalame zimakhala kumapiri a Kum'mawa ndi Kumwera kwa Siberia, pafupi ndi Murmansk, ku Karelia, ku Urals ndi Caucasus, komanso ku Central Asia. Ma Dippers samakonda kuyendera madera athyathyathya a dziko lathu: amangoyenda pano nthawi zonse. Ku Central Siberia, mitunduyi imakwirira mapiri a Sayan.
Ku Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve, mitunduyi imagawidwa m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje, mpaka kumtunda wa mapiri ataliatali. Olyapka amapezekanso pa Yenisei, pomwe mabowo a ayezi samazizira nthawi yozizira.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amati m'nyengo yozizira, tizilomboto timakhala tambiri makamaka m'zigawo za Sayan ndikumva karst. Mitsinje yam'deralo (yomwe ikuyenda kuchokera kunyanja yapansi panthaka) imakhala yotentha nyengo yozizira: kutentha kwamadzi pano kumakhala kosiyanasiyana + 4-8 °.
Dipper amasankha chisa m'mphepete mwa taiga ndi miyala yamiyala, m'mitsinje yonyowa kwambiri kapena zigwembe zokhala ndi mathithi. M'malo amapiri, womata amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri, mathithi ndi akasupe, omwe samaphimbidwa ndi ayezi chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwachangu, komwe ndikofunikira pakudya kwake.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Mtsinjewo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, ndipamene zimakopa chidwi chake. Mbalame sizimakonda mathithi ambiri ndi mafunde, koma malo abata pakati pawo, pomwe madzi amabweretsa zamoyo zambiri zapansi. Dean amapewa madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono / osasunthika ndi zomera zawo zakuda pafupi ndi madzi, kumangoyenda pamenepo pakakhala zofunikira.
Zakudya za Dipper zimaphatikizapo nyama zopanda mafupa ndi zinyama zina zam'madzi:
- nkhanu (amphipods);
- Ntchentche za caddis, ntchentche, okhala m'mitsinje;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- Nkhono;
- nsomba za pansi;
- mwachangu ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Dipper nthawi zambiri amasintha kuti azisodza m'nyengo yozizira: panthawiyi, mitembo ya mbalame imakhala ndi fungo labwino. Nthawi zina omata amafunafuna chakudya m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kupeza nyama zoyenera kuchokera pansi pa timiyala tating'ono.
Zosangalatsa. Eni mphero zamadzi amati mumazira ozizira kwambiri, ma dipper nthawi zambiri amakola mafuta achisanu, omwe amapangitsa malo okhala ndi magudumu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Chisa cha ma Dippers awiriawiri, kuyambira nyimbo zosakwatirana ngakhale nthawi yozizira, ndipo pofika masika adayamba kale kumanga chisa. Amakumanirana cha m'ma March, koma amaikira mazira osati kamodzi, koma nthawi zina kawiri pachaka.
Chisa chili pafupi ndi madzi, posankha malo monga:
- ming'alu ndi miyala yamatanthwe;
- ming'alu pakati pa mizu;
- maenje osiyidwa;
- danga pakati pa miyala;
- Mapiri atadzaza ndi sod;
- milatho ndi mitengo yaying'ono;
- nthaka yophimbidwa ndi nthambi.
Chisa, chomangidwa ndi anzawo awiri kuchokera ku udzu, moss, mizu ndi algae, chimakhala ngati mpira wosasunthika kapena khutu la amorphous ndipo chimakhala ndi khomo lotsatira, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati chubu. Kawirikawiri, chisa chimakhala chotseguka (pamwala wosalala), koma izi sizimavutitsa omata, omwe amasokoneza nyumbayo kuti igwirizane ndi dera.
Pogwiritsira ntchito pali mazira oyera 4 mpaka 7 (nthawi zambiri 5), osakaniza omwe amatha masiku 15-17. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena achilengedwe, makolo onsewa akuchita izi, pomwe ena amakhulupirira kuti ndi wamkazi yekhayo amene wakhala pachakumapo, ndipo chamwamuna chimamubweretsera chakudya.
Zosangalatsa. Mkazi amaikira mazira modzipereka kwakuti ndikosavuta kuti amuchotse m'manja ndi manja ake. Chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri, mazira ena nthawi zambiri amawola, ndipo anapiye angapo (osachepera atatu) amabadwa.
Makolo amadyetsa ana pamodzi masiku 20-25, pambuyo pake anapiyewo amachoka pachisa ndipo, osatha kuuluka, amabisala pakati pa miyala / nkhalango. Pamwamba pa anapiye akuda ndi imvi yakuda, kuchokera pansi - yoyera ndi ziphuphu.
Potuluka pachisa, anawo amaperekeza makolowo kumadzi, komwe amaphunzira kupeza chakudya. Atakonzekeretsa anawo moyo wodziyimira pawokha, akuluwo amatulutsa anapiye kumalo omwe akukhalamo kuti akagonenso. Mukamaliza kupanga zisa, ma dipp molt ndikuyang'ana mitsinje / mitsinje yopanda madzi.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimaulukanso nthawi yophukira, ndipo masika otsatira akubwera kale amatha kupanga awiriawiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Anapiye, mazira ndi ana nthawi zambiri amalowa m'mano awo, pomwe omata achikulire amathawa mosavuta chifukwa choloŵera m'madzi kapena kukwera m'mlengalenga. Mumtsinjewo, amathawa mbalame zodya nyama, mlengalenga - kuchokera kwa adani omwe saopa kunyowetsa ubweya wawo, kugwira mbalame zosambira.
Adani achilengedwe a omwaza ndi nyama monga:
- amphaka;
- ziphuphu;
- martens;
- chikondi;
- makoswe.
Zomalizazi ndizoopsa kwambiri, makamaka kwa ana a zothira pansi pa chisa. Ngakhale zisa zomwe zimapezeka pathanthwe, zotetezedwa ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu yamadzi, kumene felines ndi martens sangathe kudutsa, sizipulumutsa ku makoswe.
Poyamba, mbalame yayikulu imayesera kubisala m'madzi kapena imangouluka kuchokera pamiyala kupita kumiyala ina, kuchoka kutali ndi chidwi chobisalira.
Ngati chiwopsezocho chikhala chachikulu, woyendetsa ndegeyo amawuluka masitepe 400-500 kapena kunyamuka mwamphamvu, ndikukwera pamwamba pa mitengo ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikusuntha mtunda woyenera kuchokera kumtsinje / mtsinje wakomweko.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kuyambira mu Ogasiti 2018, IUCN yalemba pamndandanda wazomwe zimadziwika kuti Last Concern. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kukuwonetsedwa, ndipo anthu padziko lonse lapansi a Cinclus cinclus akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi mbalame zazikulu 700,000 - 1.7 miliyoni.
Anthu akomweko am'madzi amadwala chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje, makamaka chifukwa cha mafakitale, chifukwa chakufa ndi nsomba. Chifukwa chake, kutulutsidwa kwa mafakitale ndiko komwe kunapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame ku Poland ndi Germany.
Zofunika. Pali ma dipper ocheperako m'malo ena (kuphatikiza Kumwera kwa Europe), komwe magetsi amagetsi ndi makina amphamvu othirira akugwira ntchito, zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mitsinje.
Ngakhale kuti mbawala sizimaonedwa ngati mitundu yofanana, sizimawopa makamaka anthu ndipo imapezeka kwambiri pafupi ndi komwe anthu amakhala, mwachitsanzo, m'malo osungira mapiri.
