Kumbuyo kokongola kwa mbalameyo ndi msirikali wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mapeto amafulumira ndipo amathamanga bwino, amasambira bwino, amasambira kwambiri ngakhale kukumba kulumikizana mobisa.
Kufotokozera kwakumapeto kwa akufa
Fratercula arctica (msuwani waku Arctic) ndi dzina lasayansi la puffin ya Atlantic, yoyimira banja la auks kuchokera ku oda ya Charadriiformes. Kunena zowona, mbalameyi imafanana pang'ono ndi m'bale woyera: M'malo mwake, ndiwosangalatsa wokhala m'chipinda chakuda chakuda ndi nsapato zowala kwambiri, "lalanje". Ajeremani adamutcha kuti parrot, ndipo aku Britain adamutcha puffin, ndipo anthu aku Russia adatcha omalizira, akumayang'ana kumlomo waukulu, koma wosalala.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Mlomo wokulira wowala, pafupifupi mutu wamutu theka ndiye tsatanetsatane wodabwitsa wa mbalame yam'nyanjayi yayikulu kuposa njiwa. Mlomo, wojambulidwa ndi mitundu itatu (yoyera, yalanje ndi imvi), amasintha ndi msinkhu: samakula m'litali, koma umakhala wokulirapo. Mtsinje wachikaso wonyezimira umayenda m'munsi mwa mlomowo, ndipo khola lowala lachikaso lowoneka bwino pamphambano ya milomoyo ndi mandible. Pakukalamba, mizere yodziwika imapangidwa pamwamba pamlomo wofiira.
Zofunika. Pambuyo pa mult iliyonse, mlomo umacheperako kwakanthawi chifukwa chakung'ung'uza kwa nyanga yam'mbali, maziko ake amasintha mtundu kukhala wakuda, ndipo nsonga imayamba kuzimiririka.
Puffin amalemera osapitirira 0,5 kg wokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 26-36. Mtundu wakuthupi umasiyanitsa (wakuda pamwamba, pansi pa zoyera), kubisa mbalame yanyanja yamadzi zonse kumbuyo kwa nyanja yamdima, ikayang'aniridwa kuchokera pamwamba, komanso motsutsana ndi kuwala kwakumlengalenga, ikayang'aniridwa kuchokera pansi. Nthenga za mutuwo zilinso ndi bicolor - kuchokera kumtunda kwa mulomo kulowera kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa khosi palinso nthenga ina yakuda, yomwe imalowetsedwa ndi yowala pamasaya a mbalameyo.
Maso a puffin ndi ochepa ndipo, chifukwa cha kukula kwachikopa chofiira ndi imvi, amawoneka amitundu itatu. Ndikusungunuka kwa nyengo, mawonekedwe achikopawa amasowa kwakanthawi ndipo malo owoneka bwino pamutu / m'khosi amakhalanso mdima. Monga mbalame zambiri zomwe zimauluka moyipa kuposa kusambira, ziwalo za puffin zimakulira pafupi ndi mchira. Pamtunda, munthu wonenepa kwambiri amaima mzati, ngati penguin, atatsamira pamiyendo ya lalanje yolukidwa.
Moyo, machitidwe
Puffins chisa m'madela akulu, nthawi zina amakhala ndi masauzande masauzande, ngati gawo lingalole. Mbalame zimakhala m'malo otsetsereka okhala ndi mapanga ang'onoang'ono ambiri kapena zimakumba maenje awo (kupitirira mita imodzi), zokhala ndi milomo yolimba ndi zikhadabo.
Zosangalatsa. Puffin ndi wa mbalame zosawerengeka zomwe zimabowoleza, osati malo obisika, koma ma tunnel aatali mita okhala ndi chipinda chodyera ndi chimbudzi.
Atakonza dzenje, mapeto ake amapita kunyanja kukawedza, kutulutsa nthenga kapena kukangana ndi oyandikana nawo. Mlomo umakhudzidwa ndikung'ambika, koma sikumabwera mabala akulu. Mapeto akumapeto akadali oopsa - m'modzi, wochita mantha ndikunyamuka, amatha kuyambitsa gulu lonselo. Mbalame zikuthamangira chakumwambako, kukaona gombelo ndipo, poona kuopsa kwake, zimabwerera ku zisa zawo.
Atatsuka ndikuwumitsa nthenga, kumapeto kwake amapaka chinsinsi cha coccygeal gland kwa iwo kuti asanyowe mwachangu. Kusambira ndiye mbali yamphamvu kwambiri ya msuwani waku Arctic, yemwe sali wotsika mwamphamvu ku bakha, kusambira, ngati kuli kofunikira, mpaka mamita 170 ndikukhala komweko kwa mphindi 0.5-1. M'madzi, mapiko afupiafupi a puffin amagwira ntchito ngati mapiko, ndipo mapazi ake okhala ndi ulusi amapereka malangizo ngati opunthira.
Munthu wonenepa uyu wokhala ndi mapiko amfupi amawuluka mopepuka, akuthamangitsa mpaka 80 km / h, akuyenda moyenda ndi miyendo yotambalala ya lalanje. Koma mlengalenga, malekezero amtundu amataya kuyendetsa kwake mwanzeru m'madzi ndipo sangayerekeze kukoka ukonde wosavuta. Ponena za kunyamuka, amafanizira bwino ndi wachibale wapamtima wa murre: imakwera kwambiri kunyanja ndikuipiraipira - kuchokera pansi. Mapeto omwalira amangouluka mlengalenga kuchokera kunyanja (kumwazikana moseketsa pamadzi) ndi kumtunda, komabe, sikuti imathamanga mokongola kwambiri, ikungoyenda m'mimba mwake kapena kugundana ndi mafunde.
Zoona. Pakati pa mbalame zambiri zam'madzi, puffin imasiyanitsidwa ndi imodzi, koma ndi kuphatikiza - ma virtuoso amasambira, ma dothi akuya, ndege zothamanga komanso zopepuka, ngakhale zikuyenda pansi.
Abale aku Arctic amabisala m'magulu ophatikizika kapena amodzi, amathera nthawi iyi m'madzi. Pofuna kupitilizabe kuyenda, ma puffin amayenera kugwira ntchito ndi mawoko awo, ngakhale atagona. Omaliza akufa amafuula modabwitsa, kapena m'malo akubuula, kutambasula ndikubwereza mawu "A", ngati kung'ung'udza kapena kudandaula.
Kodi kufa kumatha nthawi yayitali bwanji
Oyang'anira mbalame sakudziwabe kuti mitundu yamoyo ingakhale nthawi yayitali bwanji kuthengo, chifukwa kulira kwa puffin sikupereka zotsatira zolondola. Mpheteyo imayikidwa pamiyendo, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsira ntchito mikondo ndi kukumba dzenje: sizosadabwitsa kuti patadutsa zaka zingapo zolembedwazo zidafufutidwa (ngati mpheteyo idakali mwendo). Pakadali pano, mbiri yovomerezeka ndi zaka 29, ngakhale owonera mbalame akuganiza kuti ziphuphu zitha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonetseredwa kukula - akazi sali ochuluka, koma ocheperako kuposa amuna. Pakadutsa nyengo, ma puffin amakhala owala: izi zimakhudza khungu lozungulira maso ndi mlomo waukulu, womwe umapatsidwa ntchito yayikulu yokopa mnzanu.
Subpecies zakufa
Fratercula arctica imagawidwa m'magulu atatu odziwika, omwe amasiyana wina ndi mzake kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake:
- Fratercula arctica arctica;
- Fratercula arctica grabae;
- Fratercula arctica naumanni.
Ziphuphu za subspecies zoyamba zimakula mpaka 15-17.5 masentimita ndi mulomo wa 41.7-50.2 mm (ndi kutalika m'munsi mwa 3.45-3.98 cm). Mbalame za subspecies F. arctica grabae omwe amakhala kuzilumba za Faroe amalemera pafupifupi 0,4 kg ndi mapiko osatalikirapo masentimita 15.8. naumanni amakhala kumpoto kwa Iceland ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 650 g wokhala ndi mapiko kutalika kwa 17.2-18.6.6 Mlomo wa ziphuphu zaku Iceland ndi 49.7-55.8 mm kutalika ndi 40.2-44.8 mm kutalika.
Zoona. Coloni yoyimira kwambiri yama puffins ili ku Iceland, komwe pafupifupi 60% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi a Fratercula arctica amakhala.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Chisa cha Atlantic puffins m'mphepete mwa nyanja / zilumba za North Atlantic ndi Arctic Ocean. Mitunduyi imakhudza madera a Arctic, m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa North America. Colony yayikulu kwambiri ku North America (opitilira 250 zikwi ziwiri) idakhazikika kumwera kwa St. John's, m'nkhalango yosungira zachilengedwe ya Witless Bay.
Malo ena akuluakulu okhala ndi puffin apezeka m'malo otsatirawa:
- kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Norway;
- magombe a Newfoundland;
- Zilumba za Faroe;
- gombe lakumadzulo kwa Greenland;
- Zilumba za Orkney ndi Shetland.
Madera ang'onoang'ono ali ku Svalbard, British Isles, Labrador ndi Nova Scotia peninsulas. M'dziko lathu, ma puffins ambiri amakhala kuzilumba za Ainovsky (gombe la Murmansk). Komanso, madera ang'onoang'ono adawonedwa ku Novaya Zemlya, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kola Peninsula ndi zilumba zoyandikana nazo.
Zoona. Kunja kwa nyengo yokwatirana, zikhomo zimapezeka ku Arctic Ocean, kuphatikiza ku North Sea, nthawi zina zimawonekera ku Arctic Circle.
Abale a ku Arctic amakonda kupanga zisa pazilumbazi, ndipo amapewa mphepete mwa nyanja ngati kuli kotheka. Nyumba yabwino yopangira puffin ndi chilumba cholimba kapena phompho lokhala ndi mpanda wamiyala yayitali, wokutidwa ndi dothi la peaty pamwamba, pomwe mutha kukumba maenje. Puffins nthawi zonse amakhala pansi pomaliza, kusiya anansi apansi - mphaka, ma guillemots, auk ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi.
Zakudya zakufa
Madzi am'nyanja samazizira ndi chisanu chopepuka, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma puffins omwe amadziwa bwino (mosiyana ndi nkhono) chakudya chake chamkati. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimameza nsomba zomwe zagwidwa, popanda kutuluka, zikungowonekera ndi mitundu yayikulu.
Zakudya zakumapeto ndizo:
- hake ndi hering'i mwachangu;
- gerbil ndi capelin;
- hering'i;
- mchenga;
- nkhono ndi nkhanu.
Zosangalatsa. Mapeto omaliza amakhala ndi zikho pamkamwa mothandizidwa ndi lilime lake ndi zingwe zakuthwa, pomwe amaperekera chindapusa cha nsomba. Ngakhale kumapeto kwakufa sikulekerera kugwira kwake - mlomo wake umafinyidwa mwamphamvu.
Puffins anazolowera kusaka nsomba osapitilira 7 cm, koma amatha kuthana ndi nyama yomwe idagwidwa kawiri (mpaka 18 cm). Puffin wamkulu amadya nsomba pafupifupi 40 patsiku, omwe kulemera kwake kwathunthu ndi 0.1-0.3 kg. Ulendo umodzi, mbalameyi imagwira pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri, koma nkhani imafotokozedwa ndi nsomba 62 zopachikidwa pamlomo wa msodzi wamapazi. Chifukwa chake, m'magulumagulu, ma puffin amanyamula nyama zomwe zimakula.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mapeto ake amakhala amodzi okhaokha ndipo amamangiriridwa kumalo komwe amakhala: nthawi yachilimwe amabwerera kwawo, nthawi zambiri kumabowo komwe amakhala. Chibwenzi chimakhala ndi kugwedezeka ndi "kupsompsonana" (milomo yokhudza). Amuna amawonetsa luso la mlenje, kubweretsa nsomba kwa wamkazi ndikuwonetsa kuti azitha kudyetsa anapiye. Awiriwo amakumba dzenje palimodzi, ndikuyika chisa kumapeto, motetezedwa ku nyengo yoipa komanso nyama zodya nthenga. Mazira (osachepera kawiri - awiri) amawombera amawombera, m'malo mwake. Ataswa, mwana wankhuku amakhala pachisa kwa mwezi umodzi, komanso kwa milungu ingapo - pakhomo la dzenje, kubisalamo pakagwa ngozi.
Zosangalatsa. Kuzungulira kosatha kumawonedwa pamtanda wa puffin, popeza mnzake amene abwerera ndi nsomba samakhala pansi nthawi yomweyo, koma amazungulira kuphompho kwa mphindi 15-20. Woyamba akafika, wachiwiri amachotsedwa pachisa ndikuwulukira kunyanja.
Ziphuphu zazing'ono zili ndi miyendo ndi milomo yofiirira, masaya ndi opepuka pang'ono kuposa makolo awo, ndipo nthenga pamitu yawo sizakuda, koma imvi yakuda. Nthenga zazing'ono pang'onopang'ono (kwa zaka zingapo) zimasintha kukhala munthu wamkulu. Kugwa, ma puffins amasamuka pambuyo poti nsomba zikulowera ku Western Atlantic. Ana omwe sadziwa bwino kuyendetsa ndege amachita izi posambira.
Adani achilengedwe
Mapeto ake alibe adani achilengedwe ambiri, koma mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimadziwika kuti ndizovulaza kwambiri, zomwe zimagwira kleptoparasitism (kuyimitsa nyama mwa kuba). Samangodzitchinjiriza ku nsomba zakufa zotsukidwa m'mbali mwa nyanja, koma amatenga nsomba zomwe zagwidwa kumene zofooka kuchokera ku mbalame ndikuwononga zisa zawo.
Mndandanda wa adani achilengedwe a akufa umaphatikizapo:
- skua yachidule;
- chinsomba chachikulu cham'madzi;
- mbuye;
- merlin;
- kufufuta;
- nkhandwe.
Skuas amabera mulu - wina amakhala ndi malekezero akufa, ndipo winayo akudula panjira, kuwakakamiza kuti apereke chikhocho. Zowona, achifwamba okhala ndi nthenga samabera abale ku Arctic pakhungu, kuti asawabweretsere njala. Wodya nyama wamagazi kwambiri motsutsana ndi skuas amawoneka ngati munthu yemwe anapha mwankhanza zikhomo zazikulu, anapiye awo ndi mazira pakukula kwa North Atlantic. Pamodzi ndi anthu, makoswe, agalu ndi amphaka adabwera m'malo awa, kumaliza kuwonongeka kwa anthu opanda vuto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Popeza nyama ya puffins imafanana kwambiri ndi nsomba, samayikidwa kuti adye, koma kuti asangalale. M'mayiko ambiri omwe amakhala ku Arctic, kusaka nyama sikuloledwa, makamaka tikamadyetsa anapiye. M'mayiko ena, nsomba zimaloledwa nthawi zina. Puffins tsopano akugwidwa kuzilumba za Faroe, Iceland ndi madera ena a Norway, kuphatikiza zilumba za Lofoten. Malinga ndi IUCN, anthu aku Europe ali ndi 9.55-11.6 miliyoni okhwima, pomwe anthu padziko lonse akuyerekeza 12 miliyoni.
Zofunika. M'mibadwo itatu yotsatira (mpaka 2065), anthu aku Europe akuyembekezeka kutsika ndi 50-79%. Izi ndizowopsa chifukwa Europe imaposa 90% ya ziweto zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zifukwa zochepetsera kuchuluka kwazovuta:
- kuipitsa madzi am'nyanja, makamaka mafuta;
- chisokonezo cha mitundu yowopsa;
- kusodza nsomba za hake ndi cod (puffins amadya mwachangu);
- kufa kwa mbalame zazikulu muukonde;
- kukhudzana ndi mankhwala omwe adakokololedwa ndi mitsinje munyanja;
- kuyendera kwambiri.
Atlantic Puffin idalembedwa mu IUCN Red List ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi mtundu Wowopsa. Mpaka 2015, Fratercula arctica anali pachiwopsezo chochepa - mtundu wowopsa.
