Zinyama za ku Urals ndizolemera komanso zosiyanasiyana, koma mitundu yochepa ya njoka imakhala kumeneko. Mwa iwo, mulibe zowopsa kwa anthu ndi zokwawa zapoizoni. Chifukwa chake, alendo, otola bowa, alenje komanso ena omwe amakonda kupita kumidzi ayenera kudziwa kuti ndi njoka ziti zomwe zimakhala ku Urals zomwe zingakhale zowopsa komanso zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa mukakumana nawo.
Njoka zapoizoni
Mwa mitundu yapoizoni ya njoka mu Urals, pali mitundu iwiri ya banja lamanjoka. Izi ndi njoka wamba, omwe pakati pa abale awo pali mitundu yachilendo monga mbalame zakutchire, njenjete, njoka zam'madzi ndi njoka zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ku Southeast Asia.
Njoka wamba
Njoka iyi, yomwe imagawidwa m'malo ambiri kumpoto kwa Eurasia, siyokulirapo kwenikweni. Kutalika kwake sikumadutsa 70 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala magalamu 50 mpaka 180. Amuna amtundu wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa akazi.
Mutu wa mphiri wamba uli ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu. Chigoba chake chimakhala chofewa kuchokera pamwamba, mphutsi ndi yaifupi, yozungulira pang'ono. Ma ngodya akanthawi amadziwika bwino; amapatsa mutu wa njoka mawonekedwe ake.
Gawo lakumtunda la mutuwo limakutidwa ndi zikopa zazikulu. Pakati pawo, kutsogolo ndi awiri amphaka amayimira kukula kwawo. Pamwamba pa maso, njoka yamphongo wamba imakhalanso ndi zishango, zotchedwa supraorbital, zomwe, monga ana owongoka, zimawoneka zoyipa.
Thupi la mphiri wamba limakhala lalikulu pakati, koma limachepa kwambiri kumchira, ndipo mchira wokha umapindika pang'ono ngati mawonekedwe a comma.
Thupi la mphiri ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu ndizophimbidwa ndi masikelo owoneka apakatikati ofananirako.
Zosangalatsa! Mwa amuna amphaka wamba, mambawo amakhala ndi khungu loyera komanso mtundu wakuda wakuda kapena wakuda, pomwe mwa akazi ndi ofiira, ndipo mawonekedwe ake sadziwika kwenikweni.
Ma Vipers atha kukhala amitundu yoyamba:
- Wakuda
- Yellow-beige
- Silvery yoyera
- Maolivi a bulauni
- Chofiira chamkuwa
Mtundu wake umakhala wosaoneka kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri njoka zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mikwingwirima ndi mawanga. Njira yodziwika kwambiri yomwe mungadziwire njoka wamba ndi njira yokhotakhota kapena yooneka ngati daimondi kumtunda kwa thupi.
Amapezeka m'nkhalango, m'chipululu, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, m'minda, m'mapiri, m'malo am'madambo. M'mapiri, zokwawa izi zitha kukwera mpaka kutalika kwa mita 2600. Amakhazikikanso pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu: m'mapaki a nkhalango, minda, m'minda yamasamba, m'nyumba zosiyidwa. Zimachitika kuti njoka zimakwawira kuzipinda zazinyumba zazinyumba zanyengo yotentha komanso akumidzi.
Masika, mphiri zimakwawa kupita kumalo owala bwino, otenthedwa ndi dzuwa, monga miyala yayikulu, mitengo yakugwa ndi zitsa. Mukamadya, chokwawa chimafalitsa nthiti zake mmbali, ndichifukwa chake thupi lake limakhala lowoneka bwino.
Njoka sizimasamala za anthu, koma bola ngati siziyesa kuwavulaza. Njokayo siyithamangira kaye, koma ikawopsezedwa imatha kudziyimira yokha.
Njoka wamba imakhala ndi adani ambiri. Izi ndizinyama monga nkhandwe, ferrets, badgers ndi nguluwe zakutchire, komanso mbalame - akadzidzi, ntchentche, ndi ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya njoka.
Njokayo imadyetsa makamaka omwe ali ndi magazi ofunda: mbewa, zikopa, timadontho, mbalame zazing'ono. Koma amathanso kukhala ndi chotupitsa ndi chule kapena buluzi. Mu njoka zodziwika bwino, ngakhale sizimachitika kawirikawiri, pamakhala milandu ina, pomwe mkazi amadya ngakhale mwana wake. Njokayo imadzaza madzi mthupi kuchokera m'magazi ndi minyewa ya omwe akhudzidwa nawo, koma nthawi zina imamwa madontho a chinyezi nthawi yamvula kapena mame. M'nyengo yozizira, mphiri wamba amapita ku tulo ndipo panthawiyi samadya kapena kumwa chilichonse.
Nthawi yobereketsa imagwera kumapeto kwa masika, ndipo panthawiyi simungakumane ndi awiriawiri okhawo, komanso muwonenso mipira yonse yomwe njoka zingapo zidakutidwa, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kupitilira anthu khumi.
Mkazi wa mphiri wamba amabala mazira, koma ali m'mimba kale, ana amoyo amatuluka mwa iwo, omwe njokayo imabereka pafupifupi miyezi itatu itakwatirana. Nthawi zambiri, njoka 8-12 zimabadwa, thupi lomwe limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 16.
Zofunika! Ana obadwa kumene a mphiri angaoneke ngati osavulaza, koma ali kale ndi poizoni ndipo amatha kuluma.
Nthawi yoyamba atabadwa, njoka sizikukwawa patali, koma molt yawo yoyamba ikangotha masiku angapo atabadwa, amapita kukasaka nyama.
Njoka zamtundu wamba zimakhala kuthengo kwa zaka 12-15, m'matumba omwe amakhala zaka 20-30.
Njoka ya steppe
Zimapezeka ku steppes komanso nkhalango za Eurasia. Malo okhalamo amayambira kumwera kwa Europe kumadzulo kupita ku Altai ndi Dzungaria kum'mawa.
Kunja kofanana ndi njoka wamba, koma yaying'ono pang'ono (kutalika kwa thupi ndi pafupifupi 50-60 cm). Thupi la mphamba, lopanda pang'ono kuchokera mbali, silinatchulidwepo kukula pakati. Mphepete mwa mphutsi imakwezedwa pang'ono pakati, yomwe imapanga mzere wolimba wa nsagwada. Mawonekedwe amutu wa njoka iyi ndi ozungulira kuposa amanjoka wamba.
Mtunduwo ndi wa imvi, komanso kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kopepuka. Pali mtundu wakuda wakuda kapena wakuda wa zigzag m'mphepete mwa mzerewo. Pamwamba pake pamutu komanso mbali, pamakhala zipsera zakuda kuposa maziko akulu. Mimba ndi yopepuka, ndi kansalu kakuda.
Njoka izi zimakhala m'mapiri, kumapiri, m'chipululu, m'malo otsetsereka ndi zitsamba, m'mapiri. M'mapiriwo, zimachitika pamtunda wa mamita 2500-2700 pamwamba pa nyanja.
M'ngululu ndi nthawi yophukira, amasaka makamaka masana, ndipo nthawi yotentha - m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Njoka za steppe zimadutsa pansi panthaka, koma masika, zikafika pamwamba, zimakonda kugunda pamiyala ya dzuwa lozizira.
Njoka za steppe zimadzuka molawirira kwambiri mutatha nthawi yozizira: kutentha kwa mpweya kukafika madigiri asanu ndi awiri Celsius. Nthawi yawo yoswana imayamba mu Epulo kapena Meyi. Ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe, mkazi amabereka ana 3-10, omwe kukula kwake ndi masentimita 13-16. Adzakhala oyenera kubereka kokha mchaka chachitatu cha moyo, mpaka kukula kwa masentimita 27-30.
Njoka yotereyi imadya makoswe ang'onoang'ono, anapiye a mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimakhazikika pansi ndi abuluzi.
Gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha njoka zazing'ono zamtunduwu limapangidwa ndi orthoptera wamkulu, kuphatikizapo dzombe.
Njoka zopanda poizoni
Palinso mitundu iwiri ya njoka zopanda poizoni zomwe zimakhala ku Urals: iyi ndi njoka wamba komanso mutu wamkuwa. Onsewa ndi a banja limodzi lopapatiza.
Wamba kale
Njoka iyi imatha kuwoneka ngati mphiri, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka. M'malo mwake, sizovuta kusiyanitsa njoka ndi njoka: njoka zopanda vuto izi, ngakhale sizonse, zili ndi zipsera zachikasu, zoyera kapena lalanje pamitu yawo.
Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira mita 1.5. Akazi amatha kukhala akulu - mpaka 2.5-3 mita. Thupi limakutidwa ndi masikelo, mtundu womwe kumbuyo kwake umakhala wakuda kapena wakuda. Mimba ndi yopepuka, yojambulidwa mumtondo wachikasu kapena wotuwa. Chojambulacho sichikupezeka, kupatula magawo ochepa amithunzi pamiyeso iliyonse. Pamimba pamakhala mabanga amdima akuda kwambiri.
Mutuwo ndi wamakona atatu, wokutidwa pamwamba ndi wozungulira pang'ono pambali pake. Kutsogolo kwake kumakutidwa ndi zishango zazikulu, ndipo kuchokera kumbuyo kwake kuli mamba.
Zofunika! Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa njoka ndi njoka ndi mawonekedwe a mwana: mu njoka yapoizoni ndiyowongoka, ndipo mwa njoka yopanda vuto imakhala yozungulira.
Wofala amakhala kale ku Eurasia kuchokera kumayiko aku Western Europe mpaka Baikal komanso kumwera kwa Far East. Amakonda kukhazikika pakati pa nkhalango ndi tchire lomwe limakula m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi mayiwe. M'mapiri, zimachitika pamtunda wa mamita 2500. Njoka siziopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pafupi nawo: m'nyumba zosamalizidwa, m'malo otayira pansi, m'nyumba zapansi ndi minda yamasamba.
Njoka izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chawo chamtendere ndipo sizimalimbana ndi munthu aliyense. M'malo mwake, pakuwona anthu, ayesa kukwawa kuti athere momwe angathere ndikubisala. Ngati akukwiyitsa kale ndipo akufuna kumugwira, njokayo imayamba kuliza, ndikuponya mutu wake kutsogolo kuti awopsyeze mdani. Ngati izi sizikuthandizani, amayesetsa kuti athawe, kutulutsa madzi akuda ndi fungo lonunkhira komanso losasangalatsa kuchokera kumtundu wapadera. Ndipo ngati izi sizikuthandizani, ndiye kuti amadzionetsera ngati wamwalira: imatsitsimula minofu yonse ndi matumba ake m'manja mwake.
Amadyetsa makamaka za amphibiya: tadpoles, toads, newt, koma zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi achule. Njoka izi zimatha kudya nthawi ndi nthawi ndi mbalame zazing'ono, makoswe ang'onoang'ono kapena tizilombo.
Njoka zimaswana, nthawi zambiri nthawi yachaka, koma nthawi zina zimatha kugwa. Alibe miyambo yovuta ya chibwenzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amayi amayika ndi zidutswa 8-30. Kawirikawiri, njoka yaikaziyo imagona pamulu wa masamba owuma, utuchi kapena peat, womwe umakhala ngati zonyamulira zachilengedwe. Amaswa pambuyo pa miyezi 1-2, kutalika kwa thupi lawo kumakhala masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Iwo ali okonzeka kale kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha ndipo amatha kusaka. Amuna a njoka amafika pakukula msinkhu wazaka pafupifupi zitatu, ndipo akazi - asanu. Njoka izi zimakhala zaka makumi awiri.
Medyanka
M'dera la Russia, kuphatikizapo Urals, mutu wamba amakhala. Kukula kwa thupi kwa njoka iyi ndi 50-60, osachepera - 70 sentimita. Masikelo kumbuyo kwake ajambulidwa ndi mithunzi yaimvi, yofiirira yachikaso kapena yofiirira. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yonyezimira, yabuluu yazitsulo, nthawi zina pamakhala zodera kapena zodutsamo. Mtundu wa mimba yamkuwa umasiyana kuyambira imvi mpaka kufiyira.
Mutu wake ndi wowulungika osati wamakona atatu. Maso ndi ofiira kapena achikasu-amber, mwana wamwamuna ndi wozungulira.
Zofunika! Copperhead imadziwika mosavuta chifukwa njoka izi zimakhala ndi mzere wakuda wakuda womwe umayenda kuchokera pakona lamaso kupita kumakona akanthawi.
Copperheads imagwira ntchito masana, ndipo zokwawa izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyenda kosangalatsa. Amakonda kukhazikika m'malo otseguka, monga m'mphepete, kuwonongeka kwa mitengo ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndipo m'mapiri amatha kukhala kutalika mpaka mamita 3000. Ma Copperheads amasankha maenje a mbewa ndi abuluzi ngati pogona, komanso ma voids opangidwa pansi pamiyala yayikulu ndi ming'alu yamiyala. Amatha kukwawa pansi pa khungwa la mitengo yakugwa.
Nthawi yoswana imayamba mu Meyi, chifukwa chakulumikizana mchilimwe, ana awiri mpaka khumi amabadwa. Mitu yaying'ono yamkuwa imabadwa mu zipolopolo za dzira lochepa, koma imaswa pambuyo pobadwa ndipo imayamba moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha. Amakula msinkhu wazaka 3-5, ndipo amakhala zaka pafupifupi 12.
Abuluzi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame zazing'ono, amphibiya, ndipo nthawi zina njoka zazing'ono zimapanga zakudya zamkuwa.
Mukakumana ndi njoka
Palibe njoka imodzi yomwe ingamugwere ndikumuluma munthu poyamba: nyama izi, ngati sizitsata nyama, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi bata komanso bata.
Ngati reptile akaukira anthu, amangofuna kudziteteza. Mukakumana ndi njoka iliyonse, simuyenera kuigwira kapena kuyesa kuyithamangitsa, ngati chokwawa chomwecho chikubisala.
Pofuna kupewa kukumana ndi zokwawa izi, muyenera kuyesa kuyenda m'malo omwe akukhala kuti phokoso la masitepe amveke bwino. Poterepa, muyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri ndikuyang'anitsitsa kuti musapondereze njokayo.
Alendo omwe akuyenda m'mapiri a Urals akhoza kukumana ndi njoka akaima kapena panjira. Kuphatikiza apo, zokwawa nthawi zina zimakwawa m'mahema ndi matumba ogona.
Kodi titani pamenepa? Osapanga phokoso kapena kusunthira modzidzimutsa kuti musawopseze njokayo. Ngati simumupweteka, ndiye kuti nayenso ayesetsa kukwawa mutenti posachedwa.
Ngati alumidwa ndi njoka
Kulumwa kwambiri ndi njoka kumachitika chifukwa cha kusasamala kapena kusasamala kwa munthu. Palinso anthu omwe, akawona njoka, amatenga miyala kapena ndodo, amayamba kufuula mokweza ndikugwedeza manja awo, ndikuwoneka kwawo konse kuwonetsa cholinga chothana ndi chokwawa chija. Kodi chatsala ndichakuti achite ndi njokayi pankhaniyi, ngati sangadziteteze m'njira zonse?
Koma, ngakhale chomwe chimaluma, wozunzidwayo amafunika kupatsidwa chithandizo choyamba. Kodi mungachite bwanji molondola?
- Pofuna kuti poizoni asafalikire kupyola thupi, muyenera kusuntha pang'ono momwe mungathere. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kupatsa wozunzidwayo mtendere. Ngati chiwalo chawonongeka, ndibwino kuti chikonzeke ndi chopindika.
- Bandeji yolemetsa iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo olumirako. Zisanachitike, chilondacho chimayenera kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, osayesa kutsuka kwathunthu. Mwa njira, izi ziyenera kuchitika ngati njoka yopanda ululu ikuluma. Kupatula apo, mano a chokwawa sichabereka ndipo matenda amatha kulowa pachilondacho.
- Ngati njokayo yaluma mwendo kapena padzanja, zonse zomwe zili pamenepo ziyenera kuchotsedwa kumiyendoyo. Chowonadi ndichakuti njoka za njoka zimayambitsa edema ya minofu ndipo zinthu zilizonse zomwe zimafinya mkono kapena mwendo zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto azizungulire.
- Ndibwino kuti mumwe antihistamine, chifukwa njoka ya njoka yomwe yalowa mthupi imatha kuyambitsa matenda mwadzidzidzi.
- Pofuna kuchotsa poizoni mthupi mwachangu, muyenera kumwa madzi ambiri momwe mungathere.
- Pambuyo popereka chithandizo choyamba, ndikofunikira kutengera wodwalayo kuchipatala mwachangu momwe angathere.
Zofunika! Mulimonsemo musayese kuyamwa poizoni pachilondacho, komanso kudula, kutsegula, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zokopa alendo.
Imaletsedwanso kumwa mowa ukalumidwa ndi njoka, yomwe imangothamangitsa komanso kumawonjezera mphamvu ya poizoni mthupi.
Njoka za Ural sizowopsa kwa anthu. Ngakhale kulumidwa ndi mphiri, ngati imfayo ingachitike, zimangokhala zovuta, zoyambitsa zake zimaperekedwa molakwika chithandizo choyamba.
Ndi bwino kupewa kukumana ndi zosasangalatsa ndi zokwawa osazipangitsa kuti ziukire. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti njoka, ngati sizisokonezedwa, sizimenyera poyamba. Ndikokwanira kuti musawavulaze kenako mavuto omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kulumidwa kwawo atha kupewedwa.
