Zinyama za dziko lathu lapansi ndizolemera modabwitsa komanso osiyanasiyana. Lero tikambirana za woimira mobisa wanyama - zokor. Zikuwoneka ngati chithumwa cholimba, makamaka - tizilombo toopsa.
Zokor kufotokoza
Nyama iyi ya subspecies Zokorina, mole makoswe amawoneka okongola kwambiri.
Zokor - woimira mtundu wa Myospalax, zomwe zilipo mosiyanasiyana mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yaku North Asia ya makoswe apansi panthaka. Ali ndi matumba omata omwe amafanana ndi chipewa cham'mwamba. Mutu wake waukulu, wopanda khosi lotchulidwa, umayenda bwino muthupi lotalika. Zokor ili ndi miyendo inayi yamphamvu yayifupi, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu poyerekeza ndi thupi. Kulowetsedwa mu arc, amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 6, izi zimapangitsa kuti chinyama chikhale kosavuta kugunda mtunda wautali pansi, ndikumakoka ndi mawoko ake. Mapadi a zala ndi olimba, osaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi. Mapazi ndi akulu komanso odalirika, ndipo zikhadabo zakutsogolo zazitali zimadzilimbitsa zokha komanso zimakhala zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizikumba mpaka kalekale. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayikulu kuposa yakumbuyo.
Maso ang'onoang'ono amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala, chifukwa pamalo ake anyama, nyama sizimakumana kwenikweni ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, chifukwa chake zimabisala muubweya kuti ziziteteze kutali ndi mbewu za dziko lapansi zomwe zikugwera pamphuno. Maso a Zokor, mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, ndi ofooka, komabe alipobe. Ngakhale ikafika pamwamba, nyama imalipira kusowa uku ndikumva koopsa komanso kununkhiza. Chotupitsacho chidafupikitsidwa ndikubisika ndi tsitsi lakuda.
Nyama imanunkhiza bwino chakudya, posaka komwe imathera nthawi yayitali. Amamveranso nthawi ndi nthawi, kuzindikira kulira kwa zonse zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta kuti amugwire. Pakumva mayendedwe, zokolazo sizidzagwa kwa anthu opanda nzeru. Mwa njira - ndipo mawonekedwe awo siabwino. Makanda okha ndi omwe amalola kuti atengeredwe m'manja mwawo. Akuluakulu amakhala omenya kwambiri.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Zokors ndi makoswe apakatikati, olemera pakati pa 150 ndi 560 magalamu. Woimira wamkulu ndi Altai Tsokor, Amakula mpaka magalamu 600. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama kumakhala pakati pa 15 mpaka 27 sentimita. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna, omwe amalemera pafupifupi 100 magalamu.
Zokors zimakutidwa ndi zazifupi, zakuda, zopyapyala, zopatsa chidwi ndi ubweya wakukhudza, utoto wake, kutengera mitundu ndi zigawo, kuyambira utoto wofiirira mpaka bulauni kapena pinki. Mwa mitundu ina, mphutsi imakongoletsedwa ndi malo oyera, kwinako - mikwingwirima yoyera yomwe ili pamchira.
Zokorizo zimakhala ndi mchira waufupi, womwe umayambira masentimita 3 mpaka 10, kutengera kukula kwa mwiniwake. Mchira ukhoza kukhala utoto mumthunzi umodzi, kukhala wamdima kwathunthu, kapena ukhoza kukhala wakuda pamwamba, wowala pansipa (kapena ndi nsonga yoyera kwathunthu). Palinso michira, titero, yophwanyidwa ndi imvi pang'ono kudera lonselo, ndipo m'mitundu ina mumakhala michira yopanda kanthu.
Moyo, machitidwe
Zokors ndi achikulire olimba komanso aluso kwambiri. Amathera nthawi yawo yambiri akuyenda. Akukumba ngalandezo ndi zikoko zakuthwa zakutsogolo, amapyola dothi losasunthika pansi, ndikulikankhira kumbuyo ndi zikopa zawo zammbuyo. Mothandizidwa ndi mano owoneka bwino, zokolora zimaluma mosavuta kudzera ma rhizomes omwe amasokoneza njira. Dothi lokumbidwa likangodzikundikira pansi pamimba pa nyamayo, imalikankha ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo kumbali, kenako limatembenuka ndikukankhira muluwo kudzera mumphangayo, pang'onopang'ono ndikubweretsa kumtunda kwa chitunda.
Maenje obzala zokolola amatalika kwambiri. Mwakuya, amatha kufikira mamitala atatu, akuthamangira kutalika ndi mamita makumi asanu. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osamveka bwino, chifukwa magawo ndi mabowo amagawika m'magawo ndi zigawo. Zigawo zodyera zili pafupi kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi mauna, chifukwa chinyama chimafooketsa nthaka, kuyambira pamizu (ndi mizu ndizakudya zomwe amakonda) kukokera chomeracho mumtengowo. Ma burrows ndi osakhalitsa komanso osatha. Zokor zina zimakumbamo ndikuiwala nthawi yomweyo, kwa ena zimabwerako nthawi ndi nthawi m'moyo wonse.
Bowolo lalikulu limatuluka mita 2 pansi pake ndipo lili ndi zipinda zapadera zouikira, zosungira chakudya ndi zinyalala. Ma tunnel osaya amayenda pansi pazomera. Miyulu yomwe ili pamwambapa ikuwonetsa njira zoyendera nyama mobisa.
Zokors samabisala, koma samachita zambiri. Ndi mkati mwa miyezi yozizira momwe amapezeka kwambiri pamtunda. Nthaka yokutidwa ndi kalapeti yolimba ndi yocheperako mpweya wokhala ndi mpweya, ndipo zokolazo, poopa kubanika, zimathamangira kumtunda. Komanso panthawiyi amatha kukhala otanganidwa ndi kubereka. Pakutha kwa Marichi, mkaziyo amabereka ana ochuluka mwa ana 3-5 mu zinyalala. Pali chiphunzitso chomwe mabowo amphongo amphongo ndi wamkazi amaphatikizidwa. Komabe, izi sizinatsimikizidwebe 100%, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizingakhale chinsinsi. Ngakhale kuti nyama izi zidapezeka zaka zopitilira mazana awiri zapitazo, zambiri sizikudziwikabe za iwo, chifukwa chakuti zokochete zimakhala ndi moyo wobisika pansi.
Amadziwika kuti zokors si nyama zokoma kwambiri, amakhala okha. Ngakhale akakumana ndi nthumwi zamtundu wawo, amakhala akuchita ndewu kwambiri, amatenga mwayi uliwonse kuti awukire.
Kodi zokokalayo zimakhala zazitali bwanji
M'mikhalidwe yabwino, zokor zakutchire zitha kukhala zaka 3-6.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Akazi amitundu yonse amawoneka ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna. Kulemera kwawo kumasiyana ndi magalamu 100.
Mitundu ya zokolola
Zokors zomwe zimapezeka mdera la Russian Federation zimagawika m'magulu atatu. Izi ndi mitundu ya Daurian, Manchurian ndi Altai. Woyamba amakhala ku Transbaikalia, siwokulirapo, kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 20. Ili ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri. Ndizosangalatsa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kukufalikira kumwera ndi kum'mawa, mtundu wa nyama zomwe zimakhala mdera lino zimada. Mosiyana ndi anzawo, zokolola za Daurian zimatha kukhala m'malo omwe nthaka yake ndi yopanda pake, mwachitsanzo, ngakhale m'malo amchenga komanso amchenga.
Lachiwiri ndi la Manchurian, logawidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia, m'mphepete mwa Amur ndi ku South Primorye. Komanso anthu ake afalikira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Chisonkhezero cha ulimi chikukula, chiŵerengero chake chikuchepa mofulumira. Pakadali pano, amakhala m'malo osowa kwenikweni, akutali. Kuchuluka kwa kubadwa kwa mitundu iyi kumavulazanso anthu. Mkazi m'modzi wa zokolola za Manchurian amabala ana 2 mpaka 4.
Chachikulu kwambiri - zokolola za Altai, chimafikira magalamu 600 ndikudzaza maiko a Altai. Kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 24. Mtundu wake umalamulidwa ndimayendedwe amdima, osandulika ofiira, ofiira komanso ofiira. Ndipo mchira wokutidwa ndi tsitsi loyera. Pamphuno pa zokokichi pali mtolo wonyezimira, uli ndi zikopa zazikulu, zamphamvu modabwitsa zazing'ono zazing'onozi.
Onse pamodzi, alipo 7. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu itatu yomwe tatchulayi, palinso Usoruri zokor, zokolola zaku China, zokopa za Smith ndi Rothschild zokor.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gawo logawana zokolola limaphatikizaponso madera aku Northern China, Southern Mongolia ndi Western Siberia. Amakonda madambo okhala m'malo okhala ndi mitengo, amakonda kukhazikika m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, makamaka zigwa zamapiri kumtunda kwa 900 mpaka 2200 mita. Amakopeka ndi madera okhala ndi mapazi osalala, malo otsetsereka amiyala ndi miyala yamchenga, nyama zimayesetsa kupewa. Malo abwino okhala zokola ayenera kukhala ndi nthaka yakuda yolemera yokhala ndi zitsamba zambiri, tubers ndi mitundu yonse ya ma rhizomes. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti makoswewa amapezeka m'malo odyetserako ziweto, madera omwe asiyidwa, minda ya zipatso ndi minda yamasamba.
Ngakhale zokochedwa nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa kuti "makoswe a mole", timadontho tomwe samagwirizana ndi nyama zoyamwitsa (kuphatikiza insectivora) za nyama izi, pomwe nawonso ali ndi maso, ngakhale ali ofooka. Alibenso ubale wapamtima ndi mitundu ina ya mbewa zobowola monga makoswe a ku Africa, makoswe a bamboo, blesmols, blind mole, rat, mole, ndi vole. Zowonjezera, ma zokochetewo ndioyimira gulu la North Asia omwe alibe achibale; amapanga banja lawo (Myospalacinae) lamakoswe. Mbiri yakale ya zokor imayambira kumapeto kwa Miocene (zaka 11.2 miliyoni mpaka 5.3 miliyoni zapitazo) ku China.
Zakudya za Zokor
Mosiyana ndi akhungu ndi timadontho-timadontho, zokor amangodya chakudya chochokera kuzomera zokha. Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi mizu, mababu ndi mizu yamasamba, nthawi zina amadya masamba ndi mphukira. Mwambiri, chilichonse chomwe chimabwera panjira yakuba. Ndi nthawi zowonda kokha pamene zokolazo zimatha kudya mavenda apadziko lapansi mwapadera. Koma ngati minda ya mbatata yagwidwa m'njira ya zokokazo, siyingakhazikike mpaka itasamutsira tubers yonse kubowo lake. Nthawi yokolola, nkhokwe ya Altai zokor imatha kukhala ndi makilogalamu 10 a chakudya. Pochita izi, amawononga kwambiri malo olimapo. Zokor, yemwe amawona mbatata m'munda, ndiye mdani wamkulu wa mwini wake.
Kubereka ndi ana
Sizimachitika kawirikawiri kuti kutha msinkhu kwa nyama izi kumachitika zaka 1-2. Kwenikweni, atakwanitsa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri kapena isanu ndi itatu, zokochete zambiri zimafika pakukula msinkhu. Izi zikutanthauza - ndi nthawi yoti mufufuze awiriwa nyengo yoswana. Pafupi yozizira, kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, nthawi yamasewera olimbirana imayamba. Ndipo pofika masika, m'masiku omaliza a Marichi, kumabadwa ana atsopano. Mkazi amabereka kamodzi kokha pachaka, pali ana kuyambira 3 mpaka 10 mu zinyalala, kutengera mtunduwo. Nthawi zambiri, za ana 5-6 amabadwa m'banja limodzi. Iwo ndi amaliseche kwathunthu, opanda tsitsi limodzi, makwinya ndi tating'onoting'ono.
Popeza zokolori zimakhala zokha, banja lawo limangokulira pakukwana, ndiye kuti kwakanthawi. Chifukwa chake, wamkazi amayenera kulera ana yekha. Mwamwayi, chifukwa cha izi ali ndi mawere a mkaka, womwe uli pamimba pamizere itatu.
M'masika ndi chilimwe, makanda amakula mokwanira pachakudya chambiri chokwanira ndipo pakatha miyezi inayi amayamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Kuyambira ali ndi miyezi inayi, amatha kukumba ma tunnel awo, ndipo kuyambira zaka 8, ambiri a iwo aganiza kale zopeza ana awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale amakhala osamala kwambiri akamayenda padziko lapansi, zokocerazi nthawi zina zimakhala nyama zakutchire. Adani ake achilengedwe amaphatikizira mbalame zazikuluzikulu, ferrets ndi nkhandwe. Nyama zobowola izi zimathera pamtunda pazifukwa zingapo: kumanganso nyumba yoswedwa ndi munthu, chifukwa kusefukira kwa dzenje kapena kulima kwake. Komanso, munthu ayenera kukhala m'gulu la adani osakayikira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Zokors ndi zamtengo wapatali pamsika waumunthu. M'nthawi zakale, adagwidwa kuti apange ubweya. Ngakhale kuti ubweya wawo ndi wofewa komanso wosangalatsa kukhudza, zikopa za zokor sizitchuka monga zida zosokera. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kuwonongedwa kwa nyama iyi kukupitirirabe, popeza zokor imatengedwa ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. M'malo omwe nyama siidawonongeke pakudya kwake ma rhizomes ndi zipatso, pamenepo "idasiyira" milu yomwe idatayika yomwe imasokoneza kulima kwanyumba. Amalepheretsa kutchetcha mbewu, kusokoneza kulima.
Zokors amawononganso malo odyetserako ziweto kudzera pantchito zawo zokumba.
Kupatula apo ndi zokolola za Altai - mtundu womwe umafunikira chitetezo, womwe umadziwika kuti uli pangozi.
Komanso, kudera la Primorsky Krai, ntchito ili mkati kuti isunge kuchuluka kwa zokochi za Manchurian, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwakukulu kwa ntchito zaulimi komanso kusowa kwa chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kubereka kwa mitundu iyi. Monga njira yosamalira, ntchito ili mkati kukonza zakazniks ndikuletsa kulima.
