Ngakhale nkhani yonseyi siyokwanira kukuwuzani kuti uchi ndi wofunika bwanji, njuchi ndizofunika bwanji, popanda izi, izi sizikanakhalapo, ndipo, ndikuwunika kotani kwenikweni masiku ano.
Ngakhale anthu akale ankadziwa za njuchi, monga tizilombo tokha tofunikira - zomera za uchi. Mabuku ambiri olembedwa pamanja, a m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC, adalembedwa za "osaka njuchi" oyamba. Atalawa kale njuchi zomwe zidamalizidwa, anthu sanafunenso kuzisiya, popeza kupatula kukoma kokoma, uchi uli ndi mphamvu yochiritsa modabwitsa. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu aphunzira kusamalira ndikukweza magulu a njuchi osati zathanzi zokha, komanso thanzi labwino.
Pamene mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za njuchi, m'pamenenso tikufuna kuwadziwa, aliyense wa ife amafunsa mafunso ambiri, omwe sakonda kupeza yankho lolondola komanso lolondola. Kapenanso simukuyenera kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi izi, koma mwa apo ndi apo onaninso momwe tizilombo - ogwira ntchito timakhalira ndipo limodzi nawo amayamika Mulungu chifukwa chowalenga? Ndipo ndibwino kungotenga ndi kuswana njuchi tokha - bizinesi yonse ndiyopindulitsa, komanso thanzi mnyumba!
Za njuchi
Njuchi ndi imodzi mwa anthu olemekezeka kwambiri, olemekezeka komanso otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi tizilombo. Palibe kachilombo kamodzi padziko lapansi kamene kangamupatse munthu kuchiritsa, chakudya chokoma. Ndipo anthu akale amalemekeza njuchi chifukwa chogwira ntchito molimbika. Pakufukula zakale ku Spain, chifanizo cha munthu wakale wokhala ndi uchi wa njuchi chidapezeka.
Monga oweta agalu, akatswiri a mbalame ndi oweta amphaka, mlimi aliyense kumalo ake owetera amaweta mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njuchi. Pakati pawo, otchuka kwambiri ndi mitundu iyi:
Akazi aku Caucasus... Imodzi mwa mitundu yamtendere yamtendere kwambiri. Mlimi amatha kukhala wodekha, ataimirira kutsogolo kwa ming'oma, kugwedeza manja ake, ndipo njuchi zake sizimakhudzidwa. Amfumukazi aku Caucasus azolowera kusungitsa uchi nthawi zonse kotero kuti sangayerekeze kusiya kuyika ngati mlimi asokoneza, akutola chimango kuti adzifufuze mwatsatanetsatane. Njuchi zapaderazi zimatha kusonkhanitsa uchi usana ndi usiku, ngakhale usiku. Komabe, pankhani ya nyengo yachisanu, azimayi aku Caucasus amatsutsa izi. M'nyengo yozizira, mng'oma sayenera kukhala pansi pa nyenyezi.
Carpathians. Mwa mitundu ya njuchi, iyi ndi yomwe imakonda kutchuka ndi alimi ambiri. Komanso, monga azimayi aku Caucasus, Carpathians ndi njuchi zamtendere kwambiri. Samachita chilichonse, amangogwira ntchito yawo. Ngakhale mlendo ali pafupi kwambiri ndi nyumba yawo, ndiye kuti samaika pachiwopsezo chilichonse, chifukwa sadzalumidwa ndendende, pokhapokha, ngati iyeyo amakwiyitsa njuchi popanga mafunde akuthwa a manja ake kapena matupi ake. Carpathians, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya njuchi, ali ndi proboscis yayitali, yomwe imawalola kuti asonkhanitse timadzi tokoma tokometsera uchi ngakhale kuchokera kuzomera zazing'ono kwambiri ndi maluwa omwe sangapeze njuchi za ku Central Russia. Akazi amfumukazi a mitundu yambewu yoberekayi akadali achonde kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, alimi omwe ali ndi carpathian sangathe kuda nkhawa ndi njuchi, alandila zowirikiza kawiri. Chidziwitso chimodzi chofunikira: ngakhale. Kuti ma carpathians amalekerera nyengo yozizira bwino, munthawi imeneyi njuchi sizingatheke.
Njuchi zaku Central Russia. Izi ndi mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya njuchi ku Russian Federation. Njuchi za ku Central Russia zitawoloka ndi mitundu yambiri ya njuchi, tizilombo timeneti tinayamba kupereka uchi wochepa, ndipo sizinasiyanenso pakuchulukana. Kuphatikiza pa kuti njuchi izi zimabala zipatso zazing'ono, zimasiyanitsidwanso ndiukali wawo. Njuchi zaku Central Russia zokha ndizomwe zimawonedwa ngati zolimbikira. Sachita mantha ngakhale nyengo yachisanu, chifukwa tizilomboto timasiyanitsidwa ndi ubweya wambiri kuchokera kwa Carpathians ndi azimayi aku Caucasus.
Nyumba ya njuchi
Chilichonse chomwe mumangira ming'oma yanu, azisamalirabe zokongoletsa zamkati mwa nyumba yawo. Poyambirira, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timanga zisa zawo. Zili bwino pamene mlimi adzaika mafelemu apakatikati pa mng'oma, womwe udzakhale maziko a njuchi. Ngakhale mlimi sanaike kalikonse pakati pamng'oma, tizilombo timapanga zisa zawo. Chisa cha uchi chimapangidwa kuchokera kumaselo ang'onoang'ono masauzande masauzande, lirilonse limakhala ndi nkhope zisanu ndi chimodzi. Maselo amamangidwa ndi njuchi kuchokera ku sera yopangidwa kuchokera m'mimba mwa tizilombo ndipo nthawi iliyonse amatulutsidwa m'm mbale yopyapyala. Njuchi mwaluso zimatenga sera yotchuka ndi zikhomo zawo, ndipo, itazipiringiza bwino ndi pakamwa pake, nthawi yomweyo imaziumba kupita kumalo kumene zisa za uchi zimamangidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, njuchi zimayesa kupanga ma cell awo mwanjira yoti ndizokulirapo momwe zingathere, ndipo satenga zinthu zambiri. Asayansi atsimikiziranso kuti njuchi zanzeru zotani, adaganiza kuti ndi bwino kupanga maselo - ma hexagoni - ndi chakudya chokoma chokwanira m'menemo, ndipo ngakhale ana adzakula mmenemo.
Ubwino wake ndi chiyani mu njuchi?
Osati munthawi yathu ino zokha, komanso zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo, njuchi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi ngati tizilombo, mwachangu, mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu kuyendetsa mungu ndi masamba. Malo olimayo omwe mungu wachita njuchi amapatsa mbewu zochulukirapo kawiri pachaka kuposa zomwe mungu udasamutsidwa popanda kutenga nawo tizilombo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mayiko ambiri ku Europe, kuti athe kupeza zokolola zochuluka muulimi, amaliza mgwirizano ndi alimi a njuchi ndi alimi pa mgwirizano wopindulitsa - kuswana njuchi pafupi ndi minda yawo, minda. Chaka chilichonse alimi opitilira 1 000 ndi theka la alimi nthawi yophukira amatulutsa ming'oma yawo ndi njuchi kumunda kukathandiza minda.
Gulu la kuswana kwa magulu a njuchi mu ukapolo
Aliyense amene wasankha kuchita nawo kuswana njuchi ali ndi funso lomweli, koma angayambire pati bizinesi yopindulitsa masiku ano? Zikuwonekeratu kuti bizinesi yatsopano iliyonse imafuna ndalama zambiri, kuleza mtima komanso kupirira, ngakhale kuswana njuchi kunyumba kumawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamalonda opindulitsa kwambiri komanso opindulitsa.
Kuweta Njuchi - iyi ndi ntchito yosangalatsa kwambiri komanso yoseketsa yomwe imafuna kuti munthu akhale ndi chidziwitso, maluso, cholinga komanso kuleza mtima. Ndizovuta kwambiri kwa alimi oyamba kumene kulima njuchi zawo, popeza pambuyo pake ndi ochepa omwe angapirire ndipo pamapeto pake amasiya ntchitoyi. Tizilombo tifunika kukondedwa, ndipo ngati mulibe mtima wa njuchi, ndiye, kuti mudzipindulitse, sitikulimbikitsanso kulingalira za kuswana tizilombo timeneti. Koma, komanso kwa iwo omwe asankha kukhala mlimi wa njuchi, tikukulangizani kuti muganizire malangizo athu ochepa.
Kuti muyambe, pezani malo owuma. Ndikwabwino ngati malo anu owetera njuchi ali pafupi ndi malo pomwe pali zomera zambiri za uchi. Kodi mukufuna kukhala ndi zochulukirapo kuposa kungopindulira ndi njuchi. Komanso bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri, yesetsani kutsatira malamulo onse operekedwa ndi alimi abwino. Ngati zingatero. Mukakhazikitsa malo owetera njuchi molondola, mupeza banja lolimba, lopangidwa bwino, lachonde la okhwima - njuchi.
Chifukwa chake, phunzirani mosamala malamulo ochepa omwe zofunika kwambiri pokonza malo owetera njuchi.
Malamulo 1. Osayika ming'oma ndi njuchi mphepo. Yesetsani kukhala ndi zipatso zambiri kapena mitengo yazomera mozungulira malo owetera. Ndipamene tizilombo tomwe timagwira ntchito molimbika sidzadwala.
Malamulo 2. Ikani mng'oma uliwonse ndi malo otsetsereka akumwera kuti muwotha dzuwa.
Malamulo 3. Popanda mipanda, malo owetera njuchi si njuchi. Palibe chomwe chiyenera kusokoneza njuchi. Ndi bwino kutseka ming'oma ndi mipanda ya mita ziwiri.
Malamulo 4. Mangani malo owetera njuchi kutali ndi panjira yanjira ndi misewu. Musalole alendo kuti azungulire mozungulira malo owetera.
Malamulo 5. Yesetsani kukonza malo owetera njuchi pamalo omwe mulibe mafakitale, mbewu kapena mabizinesi pafupi. Kutulutsa zinthu zovulaza mumlengalenga kumavulaza njuchi, ndipo zimatha kufa.
Mng'oma wa njuchi. Momwe ziyenera kuwonekera
Mng'oma wa njuchi si malo awo okhala, komanso malo osonkhanitsira chakudya chokoma. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mng'oma uliwonse m'malo owetera muyenera kukwaniritsa izi:
- Khalani otakasuka. Pofuna kusunga uchi wokwanira, kuti zisa zisa ndi dera lonse la njuchi, mng'oma uyenera kukhala wokulirapo, i.e. otakasuka mokwanira.
- Thandizani njuchi. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kutentha moyenera m'nyumba zawo kuti tizilombo tisataye mphamvu zomwe timafunikira pachabe. Mng'oma uyenera kutetezedwa mvula kuti isagwe mvula, osavulazidwa ndi mvula ina iliyonse, ndi kutetezedwa ku mphepo yamphamvu.
- Khalani ndi mpweya wokwanira. Nthawi yomweyo, m'nyumba ya njuchi, kutchinjiriza kuyenera kuganiziridwa koyambirira - pamwamba ndi mbali, kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa kutentha kuti "ayi" ndikuteteza mng'oma kuti isatenthedwe kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wabwino kwambiri womwe umayikidwa munyumba ya njuchi umalepheretsa kuwoneka kwa mpweya wokhathamira mkati mwake, womwe umathandiza kuchepetsa zochita za tizilombo. Mwa zina, zolowera ziyenera kukhala zazitali mokwanira kuti kusinthasintha kosasunthika kwa mpweya kuchitike pakati.
- Kukhala omasuka kwa mlimi, kuti malo owetera njuchi, ndi zokolola zabwino pantchito, athandizidwe kuti apange ndalama.
- Pezani kwathunthu miyezo yonse yofunikira. Ming'oma iyenera kufanana ndi zikhalidwe zosunga banja la njuchi, kukhala loyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Sikofunikira kuti musakhale ndi zinthu zamtundu wovuta kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake mlimi sayenera kuyika ndalama zochuluka m malo owetera njuchi, koma mosemphanitsa, chotsani zabwino zonse pakusamalira njuchi - zonse zabwino ndi ntchito yothandiza.
- Amangidwe m'njira yoti ntchito yanjuchi ikhale yothandiza kwambiri, mwachangu komanso mwachangu.
- Khalani ndi zida zapadera kuti malo owetera njuchi onse azitha kusunthidwa kuchoka kumalo ena kupita kwina popanda vuto.
Masiku ano, pofuna kusamalira njuchi, mabokosi apadera okonzedwa kuti athetse njuchi akugulitsidwa. Zimangokhala zoganizira momwe mungakhalire banja la njuchi mmenemo. Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zochitira izi. Mutha kubzala njuchi pamwamba pa zisa, pamafelemu. Kapenanso mutha kuwathamangitsa mumng'oma pogwiritsa ntchito dzenje lakuya.
Timabzala gulu la njuchi mumng'oma kudzera m'mabowo apansi
Nthawi zambiri, alimi amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi akafuna mfumukazi. Ndipo pakati pa gulu la njuchi sizovuta kupeza mfumukazi yachonde kuti izindikire za chonde chake. Ngati chiberekero chopezeka sichikugwira ntchito yake, chiyenera kusinthidwa mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, madzulo, dzuwa lisanalowe, amayika plywood kapena bolodi lopangidwa ndi fiberboard pachokhalapo pansipa. Amayesa kulumikiza plywood m'njira yoti pamabowo apansi ikhale yokwera pang'ono kuposa m'mbali mwake. Pambuyo pake, mlimi amatenga dengu ndi njuchi ndikuzigwedeza zonse ndikulowera pang'ono. Magulu ang'onoang'ono a njuchi amagwedezedwa panjira zapadera, zomwe mlimi adamanga kale pakhomo lolowera kumunsi. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo timayesetsa kukwera "njira" yoloŵera kuloŵa m'nyumba zawo kudzera pachipata chaching'ono m'mimba mwathu mmwamba, mutatambasula mapiko awo mwachangu. Umu ndi momwe njuchi zimawuza anzawo komwe akupita.
Gulu la njuchi zakumimba limapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake mlimi amatha kupeza njuchi yabwino, chifukwa nthawi zonse amakhala wokulirapo 1.5 kuposa wamwamuna. Chiberekero chachonde sichithamangira kunyumba kwake, chimakhala chodekha, pomwe, monga chiberekero chomwe sichimabala zipatso, chimakhala chamoyo komanso chothamanga. Tiziromboti titagwira ming'oma yawo, alimi amayamba kuchepa pakhomo lililonse kuti njuchi zisadandaule.
Timabzala gulu la njuchi pamafelemu pamwamba pa zisa
Njirayi idapangidwa makamaka kwa alimi omwe adawona njuchi zambiri ndikudziwa kuti zidatuluka m'bokosi liti. Momwemonso, alimi amadziwa kale momwe mfumukazi "imagwirira ntchito", chifukwa chake palibe chifukwa chosinthira njuchi zonse kuti zipeze. Kwa mlimi, chinthu chachikulu ndikuwona momwe njuchi zimakhalira, kaya pali mfumukazi kumeneko kapena ayi. Nthawi zambiri, mudengu la chinsalu, njuchi zonse sizikangana, sizipanga phokoso, zilibe ufulu kutero, chifukwa pali mfumukazi. Poterepa, tizilomboti titha kubzala pamwamba pa mafelemu mubokosi latsopano. Gulu lonselo limatengedwa mosamala limodzi ndi gulu la njuchi ndipo limabweretsedwa moyenera ku nyumba yokonzedweratu ya njuchi, kenako chivindikirocho chimatsegulidwa mosamala, chinsalu chikuchotsedwa mmenemo, ndipo chowonjezera chapadera cha mabedi a njuchi chimayikidwa nthawi yomweyo kumtembo wokha. Kumeneko gulu lonse latsanulira. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi chinsalu, mng'oma watsekedwa kuti njuchi zisaloledwe kubalalika mosiyanasiyana, ndikuti azikhala pansi pazinyumba zawo zomwe zili ndi mafelemuwo.
Wokondedwa Wanjuchi
Pambuyo pogwira ntchito molimbika, kumanga ming'oma, kukhazikitsa njuchi m'malo awo okhala, ndikufuna kudziwa momwe mumapezera uchi wokoma, wokoma, wathanzi.
Uchi amapangidwa ndi timadzi tokoma. Uwu ndi msuzi wotulutsidwa ndi duwa. Madzi awa amakhala ndi pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu pa zana a madzi, omwe amakhala ndi shuga wosungunuka wovuta kwambiri. Nectar ndi madzi otsekemera owonekera, amamasulidwa kuchokera ku duwa lobala uchi pokhapokha maluwawo atasweka kuchoka pa tsinde. Njuchi zomwe zimakhala kumpoto kwa America, timadzi tokoma timatengedwa kuchokera ku mitengo yazipatso zokoma, kuchokera kuzomera zambiri (kuchokera ku dandelion, mwachitsanzo). M'dera lathu, uchi wabwino umapezeka kuchokera kumadzi tokoma.
Njuchi zimasonkhanitsa timadzi tokoma pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lawo lalitali, lokulungidwa mu chubu. N'zochititsa chidwi ngati aliyense wa inu sanadziwe kuti chilengedwe chinapatsa tizilombo 2 ma ventricles. Mmimba m'modzi, njuchi zimasonkhanitsa timadzi tokoma kuti zisungidweko, zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iwo, malinga ndi cholinga chake, kuti azidya. Kuti timadzi tokoma tisasowe paliponse, njuchi zimaziyika mumchere wapadera womwe umakhala ndi madzi otsekemera ochokera maluwa pafupifupi chikwi (m'mimba mwa timadzi tokoma timatha kukhala ndi mamiligalamu makumi asanu ndi awiri). Njuchi ikabwerera mumng'oma wake ndi timadzi tokoma, yadzadza ndi madzi. Ntchito yotsatira ya njuchi iyi ndikusamutsa madzi okoma ndi njuchi kuntchito, yomwe iwonso amayamwa. Ndi kuchokera ku timadzi tokoma timene njuchi zimapanga mwaluso, zothandiza kuchiritsa - uchi.
Amapanga bwanji uchi? Ntchito ya njuchi za antchito, ikalandira timadzi tokoma, kuti tikhale nayo kwa ola 0,5, ndi momwe timafunira chingamu. Enzyme yapadera yomwe imatulutsidwa m'matumbo a tizilombo yapangidwa kuti iwononge shuga onse ovuta mumsuzi wokoma ndikuwasandutsa osavuta. Pambuyo pake, timadzi tokoma timene timapezeka mosavuta ndi njuchi, komanso, chifukwa chake mabakiteriya sangathe kuwononga timadzi tomwe timasungidwa ndi tizilombo tosungidwa. Atakonza timadzi totsekemera mosamala, anchito amauika mosamala m'zisa lililonse. Nthawi yomweyo, madzi omwe amatuluka mumadzimadziwo amapanga madzi achikasu osasinthasintha. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tifunika kuuma msanga, chifukwa njuchi zimauluka, kukupiza mapiko awo kuti lifulumizitse kuyanika kwa madzi akuda. Pambuyo pake, pang'onopang'ono timadzi tokoma timasanduka madzi akuda mu chisa cha uchi, chotchedwa wokondedwa... Selo lirilonse lokhala ndi uchi limasindikizidwa mosamala ndi njuchi ndi chinthu chomwe chatulutsidwa m'matope awo. Izi zimatchedwa sera. Ndi chithandizo chake, tizilombo timamanga zisa m'nyumba zawo.
kumbukirani, izo wokondedwa - Ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pagulu la njuchi m'nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa chakuti uchi wochuluka amatengedwa kuchokera ku njuchi chaka chilichonse, pofuna kupewa kufa kwa tizilombo, alimi amadyetsa njuchi zawo ndi madzi osungunuka a shuga.
