Ku Russia, chilombocho chimatchedwa nyanja kapena Kamchatka beaver, yomwe imawonekera mu dzina lakale la Bering Sea, pagombe lomwe otter yam'madzi adakhazikitsa malo ake - Beaver Sea.
Kufotokozera kwa nyanja otter
Enhydra lutris (sea otter) ili ndi maudindo awiri osatchulidwa - wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa ma mustelid komanso nyama zazing'ono kwambiri zam'madzi. Poyambira liwu loti "kalan", mizu ya Koryak "kalaga", yomwe imamasuliridwa kuti "chirombo", imawoneka. Ngakhale dzina lakale laku Russia (sea beaver), otter wam'madzi amakhala kutali ndi beaver yamtsinje, koma pafupi ndi otter river, ndichifukwa chake adapeza dzina lake lapakati "sea otter". Achibale a otter am'nyanja amaphatikizaponso marten, mink, sable ndi ferret.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Chithumwa cha otter yam'madzi chimatsimikizika ndi mawonekedwe ake oseketsa, ochulukitsidwa ndiubwenzi wake wosatha. Ili ndi thupi lalitali komanso lokhala ndi mchira wa 1/3, khosi lalifupi, lakuda komanso mutu wokulirapo wokhala ndi maso owala mdima.
Omwewa samayang'ana patsogolo kwambiri (monga zisindikizo kapena otters), koma m'mbali mwake, monga nyama zambiri zodya nyama. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amafotokoza izi momwe otter wam'nyanja amasaka, osayang'ana kwambiri nsomba, koma makamaka zazing'onozing'ono, zomwe amapeza mothandizidwa ndi vibrissae wandiweyani akamva pansi.
Pamutu paudongo, makutu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi ngalande zowoneka bwino sangawonekere, omwe (monga mphuno zong'ambika) amatseka nyama ikamizidwa m'madzi.
Zofupikitsa zam'mbali zimasinthidwa kuti zigwire zikopa zam'nyanja, mbale yomwe amakonda kwambiri yotchedwa sea otter: khasu lokulirapo limalumikizidwa ndi thumba lakhungu, kupyola pomwe zala zokhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba zimatuluka pang'ono. Miyendo yakumbuyo imayikidwa kumbuyo, ndipo miyendo yotambasula (pomwe chala chakunja ndichodziwika kwambiri) imafanana ndi zikuluzikulu, pomwe zala zake zimavalidwa ndi ubweya wosambira mpaka ma phalanges omaliza.
Zofunika. Otter wam'nyanja, mosiyana ndi ma mustelid ena, alibe zilonda zam'mimba, chifukwa sichisonyeza malire amdera lanu. Otter wam'madzi alibe mafuta owonjezera, omwe ntchito zake (kuteteza kuzizira) zidatengedwa ndi ubweya wambiri.
Tsitsi (loteteza komanso kutsika) silikhala lokwera kwambiri, pafupifupi masentimita 2-3 mthupi lonse, koma limakula kwambiri kwakuti silola kuti madzi afike pakhungu konse. Kapangidwe ka ubweya amafanana ndi nthenga za mbalame, chifukwa zimasunga mpweya wabwino, omwe thovu lake limadziwika mukamathamanga - zimawuluka, ndikuwunikira otter wanyanja ndi kuwala kwa silvery.
Kuwononga pang'ono komwe kumabweretsa kukhathamiritsa kwa ubweya, kenako ku hypothermia ndi kufa kwa nyamayo. Sizosadabwitsa kuti amasamba ndikutsuka tsitsi nthawi iliyonse yomwe amasuka ku kusaka / kugona. Toni ya malayawo nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira, yowala pamutu ndi pachifuwa. Wakale wotchedwa otter wam'nyanja amakhala wonyezimira kwambiri.
Moyo, machitidwe
Ma otter am'nyanja amakhala ogwirizana mosavuta osati okhaokha, komanso ndi nyama zina (zisindikizo zaubweya ndi mikango yam'nyanja), yoyandikana nawo pagombe lamiyala. Ma otter am'nyanja amalumikizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (10-15 payokha), nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'magulu akulu (mpaka anthu 300) komwe kulibe ulamuliro wolondola. Ng'ombe zotere nthawi zambiri zimasweka, mosiyana ndi gulu lomwe limangokhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi ana amphongo.
Zofunika kwambiri za otter am'nyanja zimakhazikika pagawo la 2-5 km, pomwe nyanja siyakuya kwenikweni (mpaka 50 m), apo ayi nsomba sizimatheka. Otter wanyanja alibe chiwembu chake, komanso kufunika koteteza. Ma otter am'madzi (mosiyana ndi mikango yam'madzi imodzimodziyo ndi zisindikizo zaubweya) sizimasuntha - nthawi yotentha zimadyetsa ndi kugona m'nkhalango zam'nyanja, zikugwira pamiyendo yawo kapena zodzikulunga ndi udzu wanyanja kuti zisatengeke kupita kunyanja.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira mpaka masika, pamene mphepo imabalalitsa nkhalango, mafunde oyenda panyanja amakhala m'madzi osaya masana, ndikupita kumtunda usiku. M'nyengo yozizira, amapuma 5-10 kuchokera m'madzi, kukhazikika m'mipata pakati pa miyala yotetezedwa ku mkuntho. Otter yam'nyanja imasambira ngati chidindo, ikubweza miyendo yakumbuyo ndikuwapangitsa kuti azingoyenda m'munsi komanso pansi mchiuno. Mukamadyetsa, chilombocho chimapita pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 1-2, kumakhala pamenepo mpaka mphindi 5 pakagwa chiwopsezo mwadzidzidzi.
Zosangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri masana, otter wanyanja, ngati kuyandama, amayenda mafunde ndi mimba yake mmwamba. Pamalo awa, amagona, amatsuka ubweya ndikudya, ndipo wamkazi amayamwitsanso mwanayo.
Mbalame zam'madzi sizimabwera kumtunda kawirikawiri: kupumula pang'ono kapena kubereka. Kuyenda sikusiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo - chilombocho chimatsala pang'ono kukoka thupi lake lolemera kwambiri pansi, koma chikuwonetsa kuthamanga pangozi. Pakadali pano, amakweza nsana wake kumtunda ndikufulumira kuthamanga ndi kulumpha kuti akafike kumadzi opulumutsa.
Wotsika mumtsinje wozizira nthawi zambiri m'nyengo yozizira, umatsikira pachipale chofewa pamimba pake, osasiya kalikonse kake. Mbalame yotchedwa sea otter imatsuka ubweya wake wamtengo wapatali kwa maola ambiri, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo. Mwambowu umakhala ndi kupindika kwa ubweya pamalo oyenera - kuyendetsa mafunde, nyama imadutsa ndikutikita minofu, ndikugwira mutu kumbuyo kwa mutu, chifuwa, m'mimba ndi miyendo yakumbuyo.
Mukadya chakudya chamadzulo, otter wam'nyanja amayeretsanso ubweyawo, kutsuka ntchentche ndi zinyalala za chakudya kuchokera mmenemo: nthawi zambiri amapota m'madzi, atakulungidwa mu mphete ndikulumikiza mchira wake ndi zikoko zakutsogolo. Mbalame yotchedwa sea otter imakhala ndi fungo lonyansa, maso osawona bwino komanso makutu osamveka bwino omwe amangomva phokoso lofunikira, mwachitsanzo, kuwomba kwa mafunde. Mphamvu yakukhudza imapangidwa bwino - chinsinsi cha vibrissae chothandizira kupeza mwachangu nkhono ndi zikopa zam'nyanja mumdima wamadzi.
Ndi ma otter angati akukhala
Kumtchire, otter wam'madzi amapatsidwa zaka zoposa 8-11. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo imachulukirachulukira pomwe otter wam'madzi agwidwa ukapolo, pomwe zitsanzo zina nthawi zambiri zimakondwerera zaka 20.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Mtundu wa ubweyawo, kusiyana kwakugonana sikunadziwike. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumawonedwa mu kukula: akazi a otter wam'nyanja ndi achidule (mwa 10%) komanso opepuka (mwa 35%) kuposa amuna. Ndi pafupifupi kutalika kwa 1-1.3 m, akazi nthawi zambiri samalemera makilogalamu oposa 35, pomwe amuna amapitilira mpaka 45 kg.
Mitundu yaying'ono yam'madzi yam'madzi
Gulu lamakono limagawa ma otter am'madzi kukhala magawo atatu:
- Enhydra lutris lutris (common sea otter, kapena Asia) - adakhazikika pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Kamchatka, komanso ku Commander ndi zilumba za Kuril;
- Enhydra lutris nereis (California sea otter, kapena otter sea otter) - omwe amapezeka pagombe la Central California;
- Enhydra lutris kenyoni (Northern sea otter) - amakhala kumwera kwa Alaska ndi zilumba za Aleutian.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinyama ayesa kusiyanitsa pakati pa nkhono zomwe zimapezeka kuzilumba za Commander ndi "Kamchatka sea otter" zomwe zimakhala kuzilumba za Kuril ndi Kamchatka zalephera. Ngakhale mitundu iwiri yamtundu womwe idasankhidwa ku subspecies yatsopano ndipo mndandanda wazinthu zake sizinathandize. Nyanja yotchedwa Kamchatka sea otter idakhalabe ndi dzina lodziwika bwino loti Enhydra lutris lutris.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma otter am'nyanja nthawi ina amakhala ku North Pacific Ocean, ndikupanga arc mosalekeza pagombe. Tsopano mitunduyi idachepa kwambiri ndikukhala m'mphepete mwa zilumba, komanso m'mphepete mwa dzikolo (mbali zina), zotsukidwa ndimadzi ofunda komanso ozizira.
Malo opapatiza amakono akuyambira ku Hokkaido, ndikupitilizabe Kuril Range, Alutian / Commander Islands, ndikufalikira pagombe lonse la Pacific ku North America, kuthera ku California. Ku Russia, gulu lalikulu kwambiri la otters am'nyanja lidawonekera pafupifupi. Medny, chimodzi mwazilumba za Commander.
Otter wam'madzi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo monga:
- zotchinga;
- magombe amiyala;
- miyala (pamwamba / pansi pamadzi) ndi nkhalango za kelp ndi alaria.
Ma otter am'nyanja amakonda kugona pamitu ndi malovu okhala ndi miyala yolimba, komanso pamphepete mwazitali zazilumba, pomwe mkuntho mutha kusamukira kumalo opanda phokoso. Pachifukwa chomwecho, amapewa magombe osalala (a mchenga ndi amiyala) - apa ndikosatheka kubisalira anthu ndi zinthu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa.
Zakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi
Nyama zodyetsa zimadyetsa makamaka masana, koma nthawi zina zimapita kukasaka usiku, ngati mwadzidzidzi panyanja masana. Menyu ya otter yam'nyanja, yopangidwa ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, ndiyotopetsa ndipo imawoneka chonga ichi:
- nkhono zam'madzi (maziko azakudya);
- bivalves / gastropods (malo achiwiri);
- nsomba zapakatikati (capelin, sockeye ndi gerbil);
- nkhanu;
- octopus (nthawi zina).
Chifukwa chakulimba kwa miyendo yakutsogolo ndi zala zazosunthika, otter wanyanja amatenga zikopa zam'madzi, nkhono ndi nkhanu kuchokera pansi, ndikuphwanya zipolopolo zawo ndi zipolopolo mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopangidwira (nthawi zambiri miyala). Ikuyandama, otter wanyanja wanyamula mwala pachifuwa pake ndikugogoda ndi chikho chake.
M'malo osungira nyama, momwe nyama zimasambira m'malo okhala ndi galasi, samapatsidwa zinthu zomwe amatha kuthyola galasi. Mwa njira, nyanja otter, yomwe imagwera ukapolo, imakhala yokhetsa magazi kwambiri - imadya nyama ya ng'ombe ndi mkango wanyanja, ndipo imakonda nsomba zazing'ono. Mbalame zomwe zimabzalidwa mu aviary zimasiyidwa osasamaliridwa, popeza otter wam'nyanja sangathe kuzipeza.
Otter ya m'nyanja imakhala ndi chilakolako chabwino kwambiri - patsiku imadya voliyumu yofanana ndi 20% ya kulemera kwake (ndi momwe nyamayi imapeza mphamvu yotenthetsera). Ngati munthu wolemera makilogalamu 70 amadya ngati otter wam'nyanja, amatha kudya makilogalamu 14 a chakudya tsiku lililonse.
Otter wam'madzi nthawi zambiri amadyera m'chigawo chapakati, akusambira pafupi ndi miyala kapena miyala yomwe imatuluka m'madzi: panthawiyi, imayendera ndere, kufunafuna nyama zam'madzi momwemo. Atapeza kanyama kambirimbiri, otter wam'nyanja amakoka kuchokera m'nkhalango, akumagogoda mwamphamvu ndi zikwangwani zake ndipo nthawi yomweyo amatsegula zitseko kuti adye zomwe zili mkatimo.
Ngati kusaka kumachitika pansi, otter wam'madzi amawunika ndi vibrissae ndipo amathira pansi mphindi 1.5-2 iliyonse pomwe zikopa za m'nyanja zimapezeka. Amazitenga mu zidutswa 5-6, amayandama kumtunda, amagona chagada ndikudya wina ndi mnzake, kufalikira pamimba pake.
Nyama yam'madzi yotchedwa sea otter imagwira nkhanu ndifishfish pansi m'modzimmodzi, imagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi mano ake ndi zikoko zazikulu (kuphatikiza nsomba zolemera). Chilombocho chimameza nsomba zazing'ono kwathunthu, zazikulu - chidutswa, zikhazikika m'madzi "mzati". Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, otter wam'madzi samva ludzu ndipo samamwa, kupeza chinyezi chokwanira kuchokera kunyanja.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma otter am'nyanja amakhala amitala ndipo samakhala m'mabanja - amuna amaphimba akazi onse okhwima omwe amayenda m madera awo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuswana kwa otters am'nyanja sikumangokhala nyengo inayake, komabe, kubala mwana kumachitika nthawi yachilimwe kuposa nthawi yamvula yamkuntho.
Mimba, monga ma mustelids ambiri, imachedwa ndikuchedwa. Mbewuyo imawonekera kamodzi pachaka. Mkazi amaberekera pamtunda, ndikubweretsa m'modzi, kangapo (kubadwa 2 mwa 100) ana awiri. Tsoka la wachiwiri ndi losasunthika: amamwalira, chifukwa mayi amatha kulera mwana yekhayo.
Zoona. Mwana wakhanda amalemera pafupifupi 1.5 makilogalamu ndipo amabadwa osati owonera okha, koma ndi mano athunthu amkaka. Medvedka - ili ndi dzina la asodzi ake aubweya wofiirira wakuda womwe umakwirira thupi la otter yaying'ono yam'madzi.
Maola ndi masiku oyamba omwe amakhala ndi amayi ake, atagona m'mbali mwa nyanja kapena pamimba polowa munyanja. Chimbalangondo chimayamba kusambira chodziyimira pawokha (choyamba kumbuyo) pakatha masabata awiri, ndipo kale sabata la 4 amayesera kugubuduza ndikusambira pafupi ndi chachikazi. Kamwana, kamasiyidwa ndi mayi ake kwa kanthawi kochepa, kakuwopsya pangozi ndikufuula moponyera, koma sikatha kubisala pansi pamadzi - imakankhira kunja ngati kork (thupi lake ndilolemera kwambiri ndipo ubweya wake umalowetsedwa ndi mpweya).
Amayi samangosamalira ana awo okha, komanso alendo, akangosambira ndikusunthira kumbali. Nthawi zambiri masana, amasambira ndi chimbalangondo m'mimba mwake, ndikunyambita ubweya wake. Potenga liwiro, amasinkhasinkha mwana wake ndi chikhomo chake kapena wagwirizira nape ndi mano ake, ndikusambira naye mwamantha.
Otter wam'nyanja wamkulu, yemwe amatchedwa koslak, ngakhale amasiya kumwa mkaka wa m'mawere, amakhalabe pafupi ndi mayi, kugwira zamoyo zochepa kapena kutenga chakudya kuchokera kwa iye. Moyo wodziyimira pawokha umayamba kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, pomwe achichepere amalowa m'gulu la otters akunyanja.
Adani achilengedwe
Mndandanda wa adani achilengedwe a otter wam'nyanja, malinga ndi akatswiri ena a zoo, umatsogoleredwa ndi chinsomba chakupha, chinsomba chachikulu kwambiri chazinyama zochokera kubanja la dolphin. Mtunduwu umatsutsidwa ndikuti nyamayi zakupha sizilowa m'nkhalango zam'madzi, posankha zigawo zakuya, ndipo zimangosambira kumalo okhala otters panyanja nthawi yachilimwe, pomwe nsomba zimayamba kuphulika.
Mndandanda wa adani mulinso ndi polar shark, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi chowonadi, ngakhale imamatira kumadzi akuya. Atawonekera pagombe, nsombazi zimaukira ma otter am'madzi, omwe (chifukwa cha khungu losakhwima kwambiri) amafa ndi zikande zazing'ono, pomwe matenda amatengedwa mwachangu.
Choopsa chachikulu chimachokera kwa mikango yamphongo yolimba, yomwe m'mimba mwake mumapezeka ma otter am'madzi.
Chisindikizo cha Far East chimawerengedwa kuti chimapikisana ndi chakudya cha otter wam'nyanja, chomwe sichimangodya nyama yomwe imakonda (ma benthic invertebrates), komanso chimachotsa otter wam'nyanja kuzinthu zomwe amakonda kuchita. Mwa adani a otter wam'nyanja pali munthu yemwe anamupha mwankhanza chifukwa cha ubweya wodabwitsa, womwe uli ndi kukongola kosasunthika komanso kulimba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pamaso pa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa otter panyanja padziko lapansi, panali (malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana) kwa nyama zikwizikwi mpaka 1 miliyoni. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu padziko lonse lapansi adatsikira pa 2 zikwi. Kusaka kwa otters am'madzi kunali nkhanza kwambiri kotero kuti nsombayi inadzikumbira yokha (panalibe wina woti amugwire), koma inaletsedwanso ndi malamulo a USA (1911) ndi USSR (1924)
Kuwerengera komaliza, komwe kunachitika mu 2000-2005, kunapangitsa kuti mitunduyo ikhale m'gulu la IUCN ngati ili pachiwopsezo. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, ma otter ambiri (pafupifupi 75 zikwi) amakhala ku Alaska ndi zilumba za Aleutian, ndipo 70,000 a iwo amakhala ku Alaska. Pafupifupi 20,000 otter am'nyanja amakhala m'dziko lathu, ochepera 3 zikwi ku Canada, pafupifupi 2.5 zikwi ku California, ndi nyama pafupifupi 500 ku Washington.
Zofunika. Ngakhale zoletsa zonse, kuchuluka kwa nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, kuphatikiza chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu. Ma otter am'nyanja amavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha mafuta komanso zotulutsa zake, zomwe zimaipitsa ubweya wawo, nyama zomwe zikugwera mpaka kufa ndi hypothermia.
Zifukwa zazikulu zotayika otters am'madzi:
- matenda - 40% ya imfa zonse;
- kuvulala - kuchokera ku nsombazi, mabala a mfuti komanso kukumana ndi zombo (23%);
- kusowa kwa chakudya - 11%;
- zifukwa zina - zotupa, kufa kwa makanda, matenda amkati (ochepera 10%).
Kuwonjezeka kwakufa chifukwa cha matenda kumachitika osati chifukwa cha kuipitsa kwa nyanja, komanso kufooka kwa chitetezo cha otter am'madzi chifukwa chosowa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu.
