Tyrannosaurus - Chilombochi chimatchedwa nthumwi yowala kwambiri pabanja la tyrannosauroid. Kuchokera pankhope yathu, adasowa mwachangu kuposa ma dinosaurs ena, atakhala zaka mamiliyoni angapo kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous.
Kufotokozera kwa tyrannosaurus
Dzinalo Tyrannosaurus limabwerera ku mizu yachi Greek τύραννον (wolamulira wankhanza) + σαῦρος (buluzi). Tyrannosaurus rex, yemwe amakhala ku USA ndi Canada, ali m'gulu la abuluzi ndipo ndi mtundu wokhawo wa Tyrannosaurus rex (kuchokera kwa rex "king, king").
Maonekedwe
Tyrannosaurus rex amadziwika kuti ndiye nyama yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi - inali yayitali pafupifupi kawiri komanso yolemera kuposa njovu yaku Africa.
Thupi ndi miyendo
Mafupa athunthu a tyrannosaurus ali ndi mafupa 299, 58 mwa iwo omwe ali mgaza. Mafupa ambiri a mafupa anali opanda pake, omwe sanakhudze mphamvu zawo, koma amachepetsa kulemera kwake, kubwezera kukula kwakukulu kwa nyama. Khosi, monga la ma tropus ena, linali lopangidwa ngati S, koma lalifupi komanso lokulirapo kuti lithandizire mutuwo. Msanawo unaphatikizapo:
- Khosi la 10;
- chifuwa khumi ndi ziwiri;
- sacral zisanu;
- 4 khumi ndi awiri a caudal vertebrae.
Zosangalatsa!Tyrannosaurus anali ndi mchira wokulirapo, womwe umagwira ngati balancer, womwe umayenera kulinganiza thupi lolemera ndi mutu wolemera.
Miyendo yakutsogolo, yokhala ndi zala ziwiri zokutidwa, zimawoneka kuti sizikukula ndipo zinali zochepa kukula kwa miyendo yakumbuyo, yamphamvu modabwitsa komanso yayitali. Miyendo yakumbuyo idatha ndi zala zitatu zolimba, pomwe zikhadabo zamphamvu zopindika zidakula.
Chibade ndi mano
Chimodzi ndi theka mita, kapena m'malo mwake 1.53 m - uwu ndiye kutalika kwa chigaza chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha Tyrannosaurus rex, chomwe chidagwera akatswiri a paleontologists. Mawonekedwe amfupa ndi odabwitsa osati kukula kwenikweni monga mawonekedwe (osiyana ndi ma theropods ena) - imakulitsidwa kumbuyo, koma ndikuwonekera patsogolo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyang'ana kwa abuluzi sikunayang'ane mbali, koma kutsogolo, komwe kumawonetsa masomphenya ake abwino.
Mphamvu yakumva kununkhira imawonetsedwa ndi chinthu china - zikuluzikulu zazikulu za m'mphuno, zomwe zimakumbukira kapangidwe kake ka mphutsi zamatchire amakono, mwachitsanzo, miimba.
Kugwira kwa Tyrannosaurus, chifukwa cha kupindika kofanana ndi U kwa nsagwada yakumtunda, kunali kosavuta kuposa kulumidwa kwa ma dinosaurs odyetsa (okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi V), omwe sali mbali ya banja la tyrannosaurid. Maonekedwe a U adakulitsa kupanikizika kwa mano akumaso ndikutheketsa kuti ang'ambe nyama yolimba ndi mafupa a nyama.
Mano a raptor anali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe mu zoology zimatchedwa heterodontism. Mano akukula pachibwano chapamwamba anali okwera kutalika kuposa mano apansi, kupatula omwe anali kumbuyo.
Zoona!Mpaka pano, dzino lalikulu kwambiri la Tyrannosaurus limawerengedwa kuti ndi limodzi, lomwe kutalika kwake kuchokera pamizu (kuphatikiza) mpaka kumapeto kwake ndi mainchesi 12 (30.5 cm).
Mano akutsogolo a nsagwada yakumtunda:
- amafanana ndi ziboda;
- zolumikizana zolimba;
- wogwada mkati;
- inali ndi mizere yolimbitsa.
Chifukwa cha izi, mano adagwira zolimba ndipo samaphwanyidwa pomwe Tyrannosaurus rex adang'amba nyama yake. Mano otsalawo, ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a nthochi, anali olimba komanso okulirapo. Amakhalanso ndi mizere yolimbikitsira, koma amasiyana ndi ena ofanana ndi chisel mu dongosolo lonse.
Milomo
Lingaliro lokhudza milomo ya ma dinosaurs odyera adanenedwa ndi Robert Reisch. Ananenanso kuti mano a adaniwo amatsekera milomo, kusungunula ndi kuteteza akalewo ku chiwonongeko. Malinga ndi a Reish, tyrannosaurus amakhala pamtunda ndipo samatha kukhala opanda milomo, mosiyana ndi ng'ona zomwe zimakhala m'madzi.
Lingaliro la Reisch lidatsutsidwa ndi anzawo aku US motsogozedwa ndi a Thomas Carr, yemwe adafotokoza za Daspletosaurus horneri (mtundu watsopano wa tyrannosaurid). Ofufuzawo adatsimikiza kuti milomo siyikwanira konse pamphuno pake, yokutidwa ndi masikelo atambalala mpaka mano omwewo.
Zofunika! Daspletosaurus sanachite milomo, m'malo mwake panali masikelo akulu okhala ndi zotengera zolondola, monga ng'ona za masiku ano. Mano a Daspletosaurus sankafunika milomo, monga mano a ma theopods ena, kuphatikiza Tyrannosaurus.
Paleogeneticists ali otsimikiza kuti kupezeka kwa milomo kungavulaze Tyrannosaurus kuposa Daspletosaurus - ingakhale malo ena osatetezeka polimbana ndi otsutsana nawo.
Mitengo
Tyrannosaurus rex tishu zofewa, zosayimiridwa bwino ndi zotsalira, zimawerengedwa moperewera (poyerekeza ndi mafupa ake). Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi akukayikirabe ngati anali ndi nthenga, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, anali wandiweyani komanso ziwalo ziti za thupi.
Akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale anafika pozindikira kuti buluzi wankhanzayo anali wokutidwa ndi nthenga ngati ulusi, mofanana ndi tsitsi. Tsitsi ili limakonda kwambiri kukhala nyama zazing'ono / zazing'ono, koma limagwa pomwe amakula. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti nthenga za Tyrannosaurus rex zinali zochepa, zokhala ndi nthenga zolumikizidwa ndi zigamba. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, nthenga zimawonedwa kumbuyo.
Makulidwe a tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus rex amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazida zazikulu kwambiri komanso mitundu yayikulu kwambiri m'banja la tyrannosaurid. Zakale zoyambirira zomwe zidapezeka (1905) zidanenanso kuti tyrannosaurus idakula mpaka 8-11 m, kuposa megalosaurus ndi allosaurus, omwe kutalika kwake sikadapitilira 9 mita. Zowona, pakati pa tyrannosauroids panali ma dinosaurs pamlingo wokulirapo kuposa Tyrannosaurus rex - monga Gigantosaurus ndi Spinosaurus.
Zoona! Mu 1990, mafupa a tyrannosaur adawonetsedwa, atamangidwanso adalandira dzina loti Sue, okhala ndi magawo ochititsa chidwi kwambiri: kutalika kwa 4 mita mpaka mchiuno ndi kutalika konse kwa 12.3 m ndikulemera pafupifupi matani 9.5. Zowona, akatswiri ofufuza zakale adapeza zidutswa za mafupa, zomwe (kuweruza ndi kukula kwake) zikadakhala za ma tyrannosaurs, omwe anali akulu kuposa Sue.
Chifukwa chake, mu 2006, University of Montana yalengeza kuti ali ndi chigaza chowala kwambiri cha Tyrannosaurus rex yomwe idapezeka mchaka cha 1960. Pambuyo pobwezeretsa chigaza chomwe chinawonongedwa, asayansi ananena kuti chinali chachitali kuposa chigaza cha Sue chopitilira decimeter (1.53 motsutsana ndi 1.41 m), ndikutseguka kwakukulu kwa nsagwada kunali 1.5 m.
Zakale zina zakale zimafotokozedwa (fupa la phazi ndi gawo lakumbuyo kwa nsagwada), zomwe, malinga ndi kuwerengera, zitha kukhala za ma tyrannosaurs awiri, 14.5 ndi 15.3 m kutalika, chilichonse chimalemera matani 14. Kafukufuku wowonjezera wa Phil Curry adawonetsa kuti kuwerengera kutalika kwa buluzi sikungachitike kutengera kukula kwa mafupa obalalika, popeza munthu aliyense ali ndi kufanana kwake.
Moyo, machitidwe
Tyrannosaurus idayenda ndi thupi lake kufanana pansi, koma ikukweza mchira pang'ono kuti igwirizane ndi mutu wake wolemera. Ngakhale minofu yolimba yamiyendo, buluzi wankhanzayo sanathe kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa 29 km / h. Kuthamanga uku kunapezedwa pamakompyuta ofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa tyrannosaurus, komwe kunachitika mu 2007.
Kuthamanga mwachangu kudawopseza nyamayo ndi kugwa, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuvulala kogwirika, ndipo nthawi zina kufa. Ngakhale pofunafuna nyama, tyrannosaurus adasamala mosamala, akuyenda pakati pa ming'alu ndi mabowo kuti asagwe chifukwa chakukula kwake kwakukulu. Atakhala pansi, tyrannosaurus (osavulala kwambiri) adayesa kudzuka, atatsamira miyendo yakutsogolo. Osachepera, uwu ndi udindo womwe Paul Newman adapereka kumiyendo yakutsogolo ya buluzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tyrannosaurus anali nyama yovuta kwambiri: mwa izi adathandizidwa ndikumva kununkhira kwambiri kuposa kwa galu (amatha kununkhira magazi pamtunda wa makilomita angapo).
Mitengo ya pamiyendo, yomwe imalandira kugwedezeka kwapadziko lapansi ndikuwapatsira mafupa kupita khutu lamkati, imathandizanso kukhala tcheru nthawi zonse. Tyrannosaurus anali ndi gawo lokhalokha, losonyeza malire, ndipo sanapitirire malire ake.
Tyrannosaurus, monga ma dinosaurs ambiri, adawonedwa ngati nyama yamagazi kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo lingaliro ili lidasiyidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za 1960 chifukwa cha John Ostrom ndi Robert Becker. Akatswiri a paleontologists adanena kuti Tyrannosaurus rex anali wokangalika komanso wamagazi.
Chiphunzitsochi chimatsimikizika, makamaka, ndi kukula kwake kofulumira, kofanana ndi kukula kwa nyama / mbalame. Kukula kwa tyrannosaurs ndikofanana ndi S, pomwe kuwonjezeka kwakachuluka kwa misa kunadziwika pafupifupi zaka 14 (m'badwo uno umafanana ndi kulemera kwa matani 1.8). Pakukula mwachangu, buluzi amawonjezera makilogalamu 600 pachaka kwa zaka 4, ndikuchepetsa kunenepa atakwanitsa zaka 18.
Akatswiri ena ofufuza zakale amakayikirabe kuti tyrannosaurus anali ndi magazi ofunda kwathunthu, osakana kuti amatha kutentha thupi nthawi zonse. Asayansi amafotokozera za kutentha uku ndi imodzi mwamafuta omwe meshmia akuwonetsedwa ndi akamba am'nyanja.
Utali wamoyo
Kuchokera kwa katswiri wamaphunziro akale a Gregory S. Paul, ma tyrannosaurs adachulukirachulukira ndipo adamwalira koyambirira kwambiri chifukwa miyoyo yawo idadzala ndi zoopsa. Poyerekeza kutalika kwa kutalika kwa ma tyrannosaurs ndikukula kwawo nthawi yomweyo, ofufuzawo adasanthula zotsalira za anthu angapo. Chitsanzo chaching'ono kwambiri, chotchedwa jordani theropod (ndi cholemera pafupifupi 30 kg). Kufufuza kwa mafupa ake kunawonetsa kuti nthawi yakufa, Tyrannosaurus rex anali osaposa zaka 2.
Zoona!Kupeza kwakukulu, kotchedwa Sue, yemwe kulemera kwake kunali pafupifupi matani 9.5, ndipo zaka zake zinali zaka 28, zimawoneka ngati chimphona chenicheni kumbuyo kwake. Nthawi imeneyi imawerengedwa kuti ndi yotheka kwambiri pamitundu ya Tyrannosaurus rex.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Polimbana ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, paleogenetics idatchula mitundu yamthupi (morphs), ndikuwonetsa mitundu iwiri yodziwika pamitundu yonse ya theropod.
Mitundu yamthupi ya tyrannosaurs:
- kulimba - kukula, minofu yotukuka, mafupa olimba;
- gracile - mafupa owonda, owonda, osatchulika minofu.
Kusiyanitsa kwa ma morphological pakati pa mitundu yomwe idakhala ngati gawo logawanika kwa tyrannosaurs ndi kugonana. Akazi adasankhidwa kukhala olimba, poganizira kuti mafupa a nyama zamphamvu adakulitsidwa, ndiye kuti, amayikira mazira. Amakhulupirira kuti chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri za abuluzi olimba ndi kutaya / kuchepa kwa chevron woyamba wa caudal vertebra (izi zimalumikizidwa ndikutulutsa mazira mumtsinje woberekera).
M'zaka zaposachedwa, malingaliro pazakugonana kwa Tyrannosaurus rex, omwe amatengera kapangidwe ka ma chevrons a vertebrae, amadziwika kuti ndi olakwika. Akatswiri azamoyo azindikira kuti kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, makamaka ng'ona, sikukhudza kuchepa kwa chevron (Kafukufuku wa 2005). Kuphatikiza apo, chevron yodzaza ndi khungu lodziwika bwino, lomwe linali la munthu wamphamvu kwambiri wotchedwa Sue, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mawonekedwewa ndi mawonekedwe amthupi onsewa.
Zofunika!Akatswiri a paleontologists adaganiza kuti kusiyana kwa anatomy kumachitika chifukwa cha malo a munthu wina, popeza zotsalazo zidapezeka kuchokera ku Saskatchewan kupita ku New Mexico, kapena kusintha kwa zaka (ma tyrannosaurs akale mwina anali olimba).
Atafika kumapeto kuti azindikire amuna / akazi a mitundu ya Tyrannosaurus rex, asayansi omwe ali ndi mwayi wambiri adazindikira kugonana kwa mafupa amodzi otchedwa B-rex. Zotsalirazi zinali ndi zidutswa zofewa zomwe zadziwika kuti ndizofanana ndi minofu ya medullary (yomwe imapereka calcium yopangira zipolopolo) mu mbalame zamakono.
Minkule ya medullary nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mafupa a akazi, koma nthawi zambiri, imapangidwanso mwa amuna ngati atabayidwa ndi estrogens (mahomoni oberekera achikazi). Ichi ndichifukwa chake B-Rex idadziwika kuti ndi wamkazi yemwe adamwalira nthawi yopuma.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Zakale zakale za Tyrannosaurus zidapezeka ndiulendo wa Natural History Museum (USA), motsogozedwa ndi Barnum Brown. Zinachitika mu 1900 ku Wyoming, ndipo patapita zaka zingapo, mafupa atsopano adapezeka ku Montana, zomwe zidatenga zaka zitatu kuti zikonzeke. Mu 1905, zomwe anapezazo zidapatsidwa mayina osiyanasiyana. Yoyamba ndi Dynamosaurus imperiosus ndipo yachiwiri ndi Tyrannosaurus rex. Zowona, chaka chamawa zotsalira zochokera ku Wyoming zidaperekedwanso ku mitundu ya Tyrannosaurus rex.
Zoona!M'nyengo yozizira ya 1906, The New York Times inauza owerenga za kupezeka kwa Tyrannosaurus rex woyamba, yemwe mafupa ake pang'ono (kuphatikiza mafupa akuluakulu amiyendo yakumbuyo ndi m'chiuno) adakhazikika mu holo ya American Museum of Natural History. Mafupa a mbalame yayikulu adayikidwa pakati pamapeto pa buluzi kuti awoneke bwino.
Chigaza choyamba chokwanira cha Tyrannosaurus rex chidachotsedwa mu 1908 zokha, ndipo mafupa ake onse adakonzedwa mu 1915, onse mu Museum of Natural History yomweyo. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale adalakwitsa pomupatsa chilombocho ndi zala zitatu zakutsogolo za Allosaurus, koma adakonza atawonekera Wankel Rex... Chithunzichi cha mafupa 1/2 (chokhala ndi chigaza ndi miyendo yakutsogolo) chidafukulidwa kuchokera kumtunda wa Hell Creek mu 1990. Chithunzicho, chotchedwa Wankel Rex, adamwalira ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 18, ndipo mu vivo adalemera pafupifupi matani 6.3 ndi kutalika kwa 11.6 m. Awa anali amodzi mwamatsalira a dinosaur pomwe ma molekyulu amwazi adapezeka.
M'chilimwechi, komanso ku Hell Creek Formation (South Dakota), sizinapezeke zazikulu zokha, komanso mafupa athunthu (73%) a Tyrannosaurus rex, otchedwa Sue Hendrickson, katswiri wodzilemba zakale. Mu 1997 mafupa Sue, amene kutalika kwake kunali 12.3 m ndi chigaza cha 1.4 m, adagulitsidwa $ 7.6 miliyoni pamsika. Mafupawa anapezedwa ndi Field Museum of Natural History, yomwe idatsegulira anthu mu 2000 pambuyo poyeretsa ndi kubwezeretsa komwe kudatenga zaka 2.
Chibade MOR 008, yomwe inapezeka ndi W. McManis kale kwambiri kuposa Sue, yomwe idachitika mu 1967, koma pomaliza idabwezeretsedwa mu 2006, ndiyotchuka chifukwa cha kukula kwake (1.53 m). Chitsanzo MOR 008 (zidutswa zamafupa ndi mafupa obalalika a wamkulu Tyrannosaurus) akuwonetsedwa ku Museum of the Rockies, Montana.
Mu 1980, adapeza munthu wotchedwa black handsome (Kukongola Kwakuda), amene mafupa ake adada chifukwa cha mchere. Zakale za pangolin zidapezeka ndi a Jeff Baker, omwe adawona fupa lalikulu m'mbali mwa mtsinje kwinaku akusodza. Chaka chotsatira, zofukula zidamalizidwa, ndipo Black Beauty adasamukira ku Royal Tyrrell Museum (Canada).
Wina tyrannosaurus, wotchedwa Stan polemekeza amateur of paleontology Stan Sakrison, anapezeka ku South Dakota mchaka cha 1987, koma sanakhudze, kulakwitsa zotsalira za Triceratops. Mafupa adachotsedwa mu 1992 okha, kuwulula zovuta zambiri mmenemo:
- nthiti zophwanyika;
- kusakaniza ma vertebrae (atatha)
- mabowo kumbuyo kwa chigaza kuchokera kumano a Tyrannosaurus.
Z-REX Kodi mafupa akale adapezeka mu 1987 ndi Michael Zimmershid ku South Dakota. Pamalo omwewo, komabe, kale mu 1992, chigaza chosungidwa bwino chomwe chidapezeka, chomwe chidafukulidwa ndi Alan ndi Robert Dietrich.
Zatsalira pansi pa dzinalo Bucky, yotengedwa mu 1998 kuchokera ku Hell Creek, ndiwodziwika bwino chifukwa chakupezeka kwa ma clavicles opangidwa ndi ma clavicle, chifukwa foloko amatchedwa kulumikizana pakati pa mbalame ndi ma dinosaurs. Zakale za T. rex (pamodzi ndi zotsalira za Edmontosaurus ndi Triceratops) zidapezeka kumadera otsika a ziweto za Bucky Derflinger.
Mmodzi mwa zigaza za Tyrannosaurus rex zomwe zidapezekanso pamwamba ndi chigaza (94% chosasunthika) cha mtunduwo Rees Rex... Mafupawa anali pamalo osamba kwambiri, komanso ku Hell Creek Geologic Formation (kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Montana).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zakale zakufa zidapezeka m'miyala ya Maastrichtian, kuwulula kuti Tyrannosaurus rex amakhala munthawi ya Late Cretaceous kuchokera ku Canada kupita ku United States (kuphatikiza mayiko a Texas ndi New Mexico). Zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi za buluzi wankhanza anapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa United States ku Hell Creek Formation - nthawi ya Maastrichtian panali madera otentha, otentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi, pomwe ma conifers (araucaria ndi metasequoia) adalowetsedwa ndi maluwa.
Zofunika! Potengera kusandulika kwa zotsalazo, tyrannosaurus amakhala m'matumba osiyanasiyana a biotopes - zigwa zowuma komanso zowuma, madambo, komanso malo akutali kunyanja.
Tyrannosaurs amakhala limodzi ndi ma dinosaurs odyetsa komanso odyetsa, monga:
- magulu atatu;
- platypus edmontosaurus;
- Zovuta;
- ankylosaurus;
- Zamgululi
- pachimake;
- ornithomimus ndi troodon.
Chidutswa china chodziwika bwino cha mafupa a Tyrannosaurus rex ndichikhalidwe ku Wyoming chomwe, zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo, chimafanana ndi chilengedwe monga Gulf Coast wamakono. Nyama zakapangidwe zimabwereza zolembedwazo za Hell Creek, kupatula kuti m'malo mwa ornithomim, struttiomimus amakhala pano, ndipo ngakhale leptoceratops (woimira sing'anga wamkulu wa ma ceratopsia) adawonjezedwa.
M'magawo akumwera, Tyrannosaurus rex adagawana madera ndi Quetzalcoatl (pterosaur wamkulu), Alamosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Torosaurus, ndi m'modzi mwa ma ankylosaurs otchedwa Glyptodontopelta. Kum'mwera kwa mitunduyi, zigwa zouma kwambiri zidalamulira, zomwe zidawonekera kuno kutha kwa Western Inland Sea.
Zakudya za Tyrannosaurus rex
Tyrannosaurus adachulukanso kuposa ma dinosaurs odyetsa ambiri m'chilengedwe chake motero amadziwika kuti ndiwotsogola. Tyrannosaurus aliyense amakonda kukhala ndi kusaka yekha, mosamalitsa pamalo ake, omwe anali oposa makilomita zana limodzi.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, abuluzi ankhanza ankangoyendayenda kudera lina loyandikira ndikuyamba kuteteza ufulu wawo pomenyanako, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa imfa ya m'modzi mwa omenyerawo. Ndi izi, wopambana sananyoze nyama ya wachibale, koma nthawi zambiri ankatsata ma dinosaurs ena - ma ceratopsia (torosaurs ndi triceratops), ma hadrosaurs (kuphatikiza Anatotitania) komanso ma sauropods.
Chenjezo!Kukambirana kwakanthawi kwakanthawi ngati Tyrannosaurus ndi nyama yolusa kapena wonyezimira watsogolera kumapeto komaliza - Tyrannosaurus rex anali nyama yolanda nyama (yosakidwa ndikudya nyama).
Nyama
Mfundo zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi izi:
- mabowo amaso amapezeka kuti maso asawongolere mbali, koma kutsogolo. Masomphenya oterewa (kupatula ochepa) amawoneka mwa nyama zomwe zimakakamizidwa kulingalira molondola mtunda wa nyamayo;
- Mano a Tyrannosaurus amasiyidwa pa ma dinosaurs ena komanso oimira mitundu yawo (mwachitsanzo, kuluma kochiritsidwa pamutu wa Triceratops kumadziwika);
- ma dinosaurs akulu odyetsa omwe amakhala nthawi yofanana ndi ma tyrannosaurs anali ndi zishango / mbale zoteteza kumbuyo kwawo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuwopseza kuukira kwa zilombo zazikulu monga Tyrannosaurus rex.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti buluziyo anapha chinthu chomwe anafuna chija atabisala, nachipeza ndi mphepo imodzi yamphamvu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kothamanga komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, sizokayikitsa kuti amatha kuchita izi kwakanthawi.
Tyrannosaurus rex adasankha nyama zambiri zofooka - odwala, okalamba kapena achichepere kwambiri. Mwachidziwikire, amawopa achikulire, popeza ma dinosaurs odyetsa (ankylosaurus kapena triceratops) amatha kudziyimira pawokha. Asayansi amavomereza kuti tyrannosaurus, pogwiritsa ntchito kukula kwake ndi mphamvu zake, adalanda nyama zazing'ono.
Wobowoleza
Mtundu uwu watengera zina:
- kununkhira kokometsa kwa Tyrannosaurus rex, komwe kumalandiridwa ndi mitundu ingapo yamankhwala opatsa mphamvu, monga owononga;
- Mano olimba komanso atali (20-30 cm), osapangidwira kupha nyama ngati kuphwanya mafupa ndikutulutsa zomwe zilipo, kuphatikizapo mafupa;
- liwiro lochepa la kuyenda kwa buluzi: sanathamange kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kufunafuna nyama zowongoleredwa kukhala zopanda tanthauzo. Carrion inali yosavuta kupeza.
Poteteza lingaliro loti chiweto chimakhalapo pazakudya, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale ochokera ku China adasanthula humerus wa saurolophus, yemwe adalumidwa ndi woimira banja la tyrannosaurid. Atasanthula kuwonongeka kwa minyewa ya mafupa, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti zidachitika pomwe nyama idayamba kuwola.
Luma mphamvu
Zinali chifukwa cha iye kuti tyrannosaurus adaphwanya mafupa a nyama zazikulu ndikung'amba mitembo yawo, kufika pamchere wamchere, komanso m'mafupa, omwe sanathe kupezeka ndi ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono odyetsa.
Zosangalatsa! Mphamvu yoluma ya Tyrannosaurus rex inali yochulukirapo kuposa onse omwe adatha komanso amoyo. Izi zidachitika pambuyo poyeserera kwapadera mu 2012 ndi Peter Falkingham ndi Carl Bates.
Akatswiri ofufuza zakale adasanthula zidindo za mano m'mafupa a Triceratops ndikupanga kuwerengera komwe kumawonetsa kuti mano akumbuyo a wamkulu tyrannosaurus adatseka ndi mphamvu ya 35-37 kilonewtons. Izi ndi zochulukirapo kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa mphamvu yayikulu yoluma ya mkango waku Africa, kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa mphamvu yoluma ya Allosaurus ndi kuwirikiza katatu kuposa mphamvu yoluma ya wolemba mbiri - ng'ona yamchere yaku Australia.
Kubereka ndi ana
Osborne, akuganizira za ntchito ya otukuka omwe sanatukuke, adati mu 1906 kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tyrannosaurs pakukwatira.
Pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi, mu 2004, Jurassic Museum of Asturias (Spain) idayika m'modzi mwa maholo ake mafupa a tyrannosaurus omwe adagwidwa panthawi yogonana. Pofuna kumveketsa bwino, mapangidwewo adakwaniritsidwa ndi chithunzi chokongola pakhoma lonse, pomwe abuluzi amakopeka mwanjira yawo yachilengedwe.
Zosangalatsa! Potengera chithunzi cha m'nyumbayi, ma tyrannosaurs adakwatirana ataimirira: wamkazi adakweza mchira wake ndikupendeketsa mutu wake pansi, ndipo wamwamuna amakhala kumbuyo kwake.
Popeza akazi anali okulirapo komanso okonda kupondereza kuposa amuna, omalizawa adayesetsa kwambiri kuti apambane akalewo. Akwatibwiwo, ngakhale adawaitana oyesererawo ndi kubangula kwamphamvu, sanachite changu kuti atsatire nawo, akuyembekeza kuti adzapereka zopatsa m'mimba mwa nyama zolemera.
Kugonana kunali kwakanthawi kochepa, pambuyo pake njondayo idasiya mnzake wokhala ndi pakati, ndikupita kukasaka azimayi ena ndi chakudya. Patapita miyezi ingapo, mkaziyo anamanga chisa pomwepo (chomwe chinali chowopsa kwambiri), atayikira mazira 10-15 pamenepo. Pofuna kupewa kuti ana asadye mazira, mwachitsanzo, ma dromaeosaurs, mayiyo sanachoke pachisa kwa miyezi iwiri, kuteteza clutch.
Akatswiri a paleontologist akuti ngakhale munthawi zabwino kwambiri za ma tyrannosaurs, ana osapitirira 3-4 amabadwa kuchokera kubadwa lonselo. Ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, kubereka kwa tyrannosaurs kunayamba kuchepa ndikutha. Choyambitsa kutayika kwa Tyrannosaurus rex amakhulupirira kuti chimawonjezera kuphulika kwa mapiri, chifukwa m'mlengalenga munadzaza ndi mpweya womwe udasokoneza mazirawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi tyrannosaurus amene ali ndi udindo wa ngwazi mtheradi mu nkhondo yomaliza, onse amene anatha ndi pakati olusa ano. Ma dinosaurs akulu okha ndi omwe amabwera nawo kumsasa wa adani ake olingalira (kupatula nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimayendayenda kumtunda):
- ma sauropods (brachiosaurus, diplodocus, bruhatkayosaurus);
- ma ceratopsians (Triceratops ndi Torosaurus);
- mankhwala (Mapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Tyrannotitan);
- ma theropods (Spinosaurus, Gigantosaurus ndi Therizinosaurus);
- stegosaurus ndi ankylosaurus;
- gulu la ma dromaeosaurids.
Zofunika!Ataganizira kapangidwe ka nsagwada, kapangidwe ka mano, ndi njira zina zowukira / chitetezo (michira, zikhadabo, zikopa zam'mbali), akatswiri ofufuza zakale adazindikira kuti ndi Ankylosaurus ndi Gigantosaurus okha omwe adatsutsana kwambiri ndi Tyrannosaurus.
Ankylosaurus
Nyama yankhondo yofanana ndi njovu yaku Africa, ngakhale siyinabweretse chiopsezo ku Tyrannosaurus rex, inali mdani wovuta kwambiri kwa iye. Zida zake zinali ndi zida zolimba, nyumba yolumikizana komanso chingwe cholumikizira mchira, chomwe ankylosaurus imatha kuvulaza kwambiri (osati yoopsa, koma kuthetsa nkhondo), mwachitsanzo, kuthyola mwendo wa tyrannosaur.
Zoona! Mbali inayi, mace wa theka-mita analibe mphamvu zowonjezereka, ndichifukwa chake idasweka pambuyo pa kumenyedwa kwamphamvu. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zapezedwa - ankylosaurus mace wosweka m'malo awiri.
Koma tyrannosaurus, mosiyana ndi ma dinosaurs odyetsa ena onse, amadziwa momwe angathanirane ndi ankylosaurus. Buluzi wankhanzayu anali ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, akumaluma modekha komanso kutafuna chigobacho.
Gigantosaurus
Colossus uyu, wofanana kukula ndi Tyrannosaurus, amadziwika kuti ndi mnzake wouma mtima kwambiri. Ndi kutalika pafupifupi 12.5 m, gigantosaurus inali yotsika poyerekeza ndi T. rex, popeza imalemera pafupifupi matani 6-7. Ngakhale kutalika kwa thupi lomwelo, Tyrannosaurus rex inali dongosolo lolemera kwambiri, lomwe limawonekera pakapangidwe ka mafupa ake: chikazi cholimba ndi mafupa a m'mimba, komanso chiuno chakuya, chomwe minofu yambiri idalumikizidwa.
Minofu yotukuka ya miyendo imawonetsa kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa Tyrannosaurus, mphamvu yowonjezereka ya ma jerks ndi ma jerks ake. T. rex ali ndi khosi ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri, ali ndi nthiti yotakata (yomwe minofu yayikulu imatambasulidwa) ndi chigaza chachikulu, chomwe chimayendetsa katundu wakunja chifukwa chazakudya.
Malinga ndi akatswiri ofufuza zakale, nkhondo pakati pa Tyrannosaurus ndi Gigantosaurus sinakhalitse. Zinayamba ndikuluma kawiri fang to fang (m'mphuno ndi nsagwada) ndipo ndipomwe zidathera, monga T. rex akungoluma popanda khama ... nsagwada yakumunsi ya wotsutsana naye.
Zosangalatsa! Mano a gigantosaurus, ofanana ndi masamba, adasinthidwa modabwitsa kusaka, koma osati kumenya nkhondo - adatsetsereka, kuthyola mafupa olimba a mdani, pomwe womalizirayo akupukusa chigaza cha mdaniyo ndi mano ake ophwanya mafupa.
Tyrannosaurus anaposa Gigantosaurus m'njira zonse: kuchuluka kwa minofu, makulidwe amfupa, kuchuluka kwake ndi thupi lake. Ngakhale chifuwa chozungulira cha buluzi wankhanza chidampatsa mwayi pomenya ma theododine odyetsa, ndipo kulumidwa kwawo (ngakhale gawo liti la thupi) silinali lakupha kwa T. rex.
Gigantosaurus anakhalabe wopanda thandizo pamaso pa Tyrannosaurus wodziwa zambiri, woopsa komanso wolimba. Atapha gigantosaurus m'masekondi ochepa, buluzi wankhanzayo, mwachiwonekere, adazunza nyama yake kwakanthawi, ndikuing'amba ndipo pang'onopang'ono adachira pambuyo pa nkhondoyi.
