Amphaka okhala ndi mano a Saber ndi mamembala wamba a banjali lomwe latsala pang'ono kutha. Ma barburofelid ndi nimravids, omwe siabanja la a Felidae, nthawi zina amatchedwa molakwika amphaka a Sabertooth. Zinyama zokhala ndi mano akulu zimapezekanso m'malo ena angapo, kuphatikiza ma creodonts (maheroid) ndi ma marsupials a saber-toothed, omwe amadziwika kuti tilakosmils.
Kufotokozera kwa amphaka okhala ndi mano
Amphaka okhala ndi mano a Saber amapezeka ku Middle and Early Miocene ku Africa. Woimira koyambirira kwa banja laling'ono la Pseudaelurus quadridentatus anali chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa mayini apamwamba... Zowonjezera, mkhalidwe wofananira womwewo umayambitsa zomwe zimatchedwa kusinthika kwa amphaka okhala ndi mano. Oimira omaliza a banja laling'ono la amphaka okhala ndi mano, mtundu wa Smilodon.
Komanso homotherium (Homotherium), idazimiririka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, pafupifupi zaka 10 zikwi zapitazo. Mtundu woyambirira wotchuka kwambiri wa Miomachairodus unkadziwika ku Middle Miocene waku Turkey ndi Africa. Chakumapeto kwa Miocene, amphaka okhala ndi masabeti analipo m'malo angapo pamodzi ndi a Barbourofelis ndi nyama zina zazikulu zakale zokhala ndi ma canine atali.
Maonekedwe
Kusanthula kwa DNA, kofalitsidwa mu 2005, kudawulula kuti banja laling'ono la Machairodontinae lidasiyanitsidwa ndi makolo akale amphaka amakono, ndipo sililumikizana ndi zamoyo zilizonse. M'dera la Africa ndi Eurasia, amphaka okhala ndi masabeti amakhala bwino ndi azimayi ena, koma amapikisana ndi anyani, komanso ma panther. Ku America, nyama zoterezi, limodzi ndi ma smilodon, zimakhalira ndi mkango waku America (Panthera leo atrox) ndi puma (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca) ndi miracleononyx (Miracinonyx).
Ndizosangalatsa! Malingaliro a asayansi amasiyana pamtundu wa malaya, koma akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mwina utoto waubweyawo sunali wofanana, koma ndi kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima kapena mawanga owoneka bwino kumbuyo konse.
Amphaka okhala ndi mano akuda komanso opaka ma sabata opikisana amapikisana pakati pawo pogawa chakudya, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zotsalazo zithe. Amphaka onse amakono ali ndi mayini apamwamba pang'ono kapena ochulukirapo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa DNA yamtundu wa mitochondrial, amphaka amphongo a sabanja a Machairodontinae anali ndi kholo lomwe lidakhala zaka pafupifupi 20 miliyoni zapitazo. Nyamazo zinali ndi mayitini ataliatali komanso owoneka bwino. Mitundu ina, kutalika kwa mayini otere kumafikira 18-22 cm, ndipo pakamwa pamatseguka mosavuta pa 95 °. Feline wamakono aliyense amangotsegula pakamwa pa 65 °.
Kafukufuku wamankhwala omwe amapezeka pamatsalira amphaka okhala ndi masabata analola asayansi kuti anene izi: ngati mano akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama, kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, ndiye kuti amatha kudula mnofu wa wovulalayo. Komabe, kusuntha kwa mano oterowo kuchokera mbali imodzi kupita mbali ina kumatha kuwononga kwambiri kapena kusweka kwathunthu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timawonekera patsogolo. Palibe mbadwa zachindunji za amphaka okhala ndi ma sabulo pakadali pano, ndipo funso lachibale ndi kambuku wamtambo wamakono ndiwotsutsana.
Nyamayo yomwe idasowa idadziwika ndi thupi lotukuka, lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu kwambiri, koma linali gawo loyang'ana kutsogolo, loyimiridwa ndi zikopa zakutsogolo ndi dera lalikulu lachiberekero, lomwe limadziwika kwambiri munyama yotere. Khosi lamphamvu lidalola kuti nyamayo ikhale ndi thupi lolemetsa, komanso kuti izichita zovuta zonse pamutu. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amthupi, amphaka okhala ndi masabeti anali ndi njira zowagwetsera pansi ndi kuluma kamodzi, kenako ndikung'amba nyama zawo.
Kukula kwa amphaka okhala ndi mano
Mwachilengedwe cha amphaka awo, amphaka okhala ndi masabeti anali ocheperako komanso onyadira kuposa amphaka amakono. Zinali zachizolowezi kwa ambiri kukhala ndi gawo lalifupi kwambiri la mchira, lokumbutsa mchira wa mphaka. Amakhulupiliranso kuti amphaka okhala ndi manowa anali mgulu la zilombo zazikulu kwambiri. Komabe, zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi kuti mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu inali yaying'ono kwambiri, inali yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa ocelot ndi kambuku. Ndi ochepa okha, kuphatikiza ma Smilodons ndi Homotherium, omwe angatchulidwe ndi megafauna.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kutalika kwa chilombocho kumafota, mwachidziwikire, kunali 100-120 masentimita, ndi kutalika mkati mwa 2.5 mita, ndipo kukula kwa mchira sikunadutse masentimita 25-30. Kutalika kwa chigaza kunali pafupifupi masentimita 30 mpaka 40, ndipo dera la occipital komanso dera loyang'ana kutsogolo lidasalidwa pang'ono.
Oimira a fuko la Machairodontini, kapena Homoterini, adadziwika ndi zikuluzikulu zazikulu komanso zazitali kwambiri, zomwe zidakonzedwa mkati. Pakusaka nyama zolusa izi nthawi zambiri zimadalira nkhonya, osati kuluma. Akambuku okhala ndi mano opha a fuko la Smilodontini amadziwika ndi mphonje zazitali, koma zopapatiza, zomwe zinalibe magawo ambiri. Kuukira ndi mano kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi kunali koopsa, ndipo kukula kwake nyama yolusayo idafanana ndi mkango kapena kambuku wa Amur.
Oimira fuko lachitatu komanso lakale kwambiri la Metailurini amadziwika ndi omwe amatchedwa "gawo losinthira" la mayini... Zimadziwika kuti olusa oterewa adadzipatula ku Machairodontids molawirira kwambiri, ndipo adasintha mosiyana pang'ono. Ndi chifukwa cha kuuma mwamphamvu kwa zilembo zamasabata zomwe nyama zamtunduwu zimatchedwa "amphaka ang'ono", kapena "zachinyengo-saber-toothed". Posachedwa, nthumwi za fuko lino zatha kutchulidwa kuti ndi amphaka a Sabretooth.
Moyo, machitidwe
Amphaka okhala ndi mano a Saber, mwachidziwikire, sanali ongodya chabe, komanso nyama zolusa. Titha kuganiza kuti mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya amphaka amphongo otayika adatha kusaka nyama zazikulu. Pakadali pano, umboni wosakira nyama zamphongo zazikulu kapena ana awo kulibiretu, koma mafupa a nyama zotere zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi zotsalira za oimira mitundu ya Homotherium serum zitha kuwonetsa kuthekera koteroko.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lingaliro lazikhalidwe zamakhalidwe limathandizidwa ndi ziwombankhanga zamphamvu kwambiri mu ma smilodon, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi olusa kuti akakamize nyama kuti athe kuluma.
Zolinga zogwirira ntchito za mano komanso ataliatali amphaka okhala ndi mano osabisalira zimangotsutsana mpaka lero. N'kutheka kuti ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kupyoza zilonda zakuya komanso zophulika pamtundu waukulu, womwe wovulalayo amatuluka magazi mwachangu kwambiri. Otsutsa ambiri a lingaliro ili amakhulupirira kuti mano sangathe kulimbana ndi katundu wotere ndipo amayenera kutuluka. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti mimbulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amphaka okhala ndi ma saber pokhapokha kuwononga munthawi yomweyo trachea ndi carotid artery ya nyama yogwidwa, yogonjetsedwa.
Utali wamoyo
Nthawi yeniyeni ya amphaka okhala ndi mazira sanakhazikitsidwebe ndi asayansi apanyumba ndi akunja.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Pali mtundu wosatsimikizika kuti mano atali kwambiri a chilombocho adakhala ngati zokongoletsera kwa iye ndipo adakopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo akamachita miyambo yoswana. Mayini ophatikizika adachepetsa kukula kwa kulumako, koma pakadali pano, mwina, pakadayenera kukhala zizindikilo zakugonana.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Zotsalira za amphaka angapo okhala ndi masabata zapezeka m'makontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica ndi Australia... Zakale kwambiri zimapezeka zaka 20 miliyoni. Mtundu wovomerezeka wazifukwa zakutha kwa nzika za Pleistocene, malinga ndi asayansi, wagona mu njala yomwe idayamba chifukwa chazizira. Chiphunzitsochi chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwamano kwa mano m'mitengo ya adaniwo.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ndi pambuyo popezeka kwa mano opera pomwe lingaliro lidadzuka kuti munthawi ya njala, olusa adayamba kudya nyama yonseyo, ndi mafupa omwe adavulaza mano a mphaka wa mano.
Komabe, kafukufuku wamakono sanatsimikizire kusiyana pakati pamlingo wovala mano m'matumba osadya nyama munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pofufuza bwino zotsalazo, akatswiri ambiri akomweko komanso akunja adazindikira kuti chifukwa chachikulu chothetsera amphaka odyera amisala ndi machitidwe awo.
Mimbulu yayitali yotchuka inali ya nyama nthawi yomweyo osati chida chowopsa chakupha nyama, komanso gawo losalimba la thupi la eni ake. Mano amangophwanyika mwachangu, chifukwa chake, pambuyo pake, malinga ndi lingaliro la chisinthiko, mitundu yonse yamtunduwu yotereyi idatha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
M'dera la masiku ano ku Europe, amphaka okhala ndi masabato, omwe panthawiyo anali kuyimiridwa ndi homotheria, adakhalapo pafupifupi zaka 30,000 zapitazo. Zowononga zoterezi zimapezeka m'dera la North Sea, lomwe panthawiyo linali dziko lokhalamo anthu.
M'madera osiyanasiyana ku North America, ma smilodon ndi homotheria nthawi imodzi adamwalira pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi zapitazo. Kudera la Africa ndi South Asia, nthumwi zaposachedwa kwambiri za amphaka amphongo ophedwa, ma meganterions, adamwalira kale, pafupifupi zaka 500,000 zapitazo.
Zakudya za amphaka okhala ndi mano
Mikango yaku America (Panthera atrox) ndi Smilodons (Smilodon fatalis) anali m'gulu la nyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidadya m'nthawi ya Pleistocene.
Chakudya chovomerezeka kwambiri cha amphaka amphaka opangidwa ndi ma saber adayikidwa ndi akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale omwe anafufuza zokopa ndi zipsera m'mano a ma smilodon opezeka ku California... Zonsezi, ofufuzawo anafufuza za zigaza khumi ndi ziwiri, zomwe zaka zawo zinali pakati pa 11 mpaka 35 zaka zikwi.
Malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo, nyama zodya zaku America zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zitha kusowa chakudya, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mano osweka ndi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zakudya zazinyama zazikulu. Kuwona kwa mikango yamakono kunanenanso kuti mano a adani nthawi zambiri samathyoka pakudya, koma panthawi yosaka, amphaka okhala ndi mazira ambiri samatha kufa ndi njala, koma chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ndizotheka kuti nyama zomwe zidasowa zimakonda kukhala m'magulu omwe amaphatikizapo akazi atatu kapena anayi, amuna okhwima ogonana, komanso achinyamata. Komabe, pakadali pano palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza kuswana kwa amphaka okhala ndi mano. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama zodya nyama sizinakhale ndi vuto la kuperewera kwa zakudya, chifukwa chake zimaberekanso mwachangu.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Megalodon (lat. Cararodon megalodon)
- Pterodactyl (Chilatini Pterodactylus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Stegosaurus (Chilatini Stegosaurus)
Adani achilengedwe
Amphaka okhala ndi mano akulu analamulira dera lalikulu kwa zaka makumi mamiliyoni ambiri, koma mwadzidzidzi nyama zolusa zoterezi zinasowa. Amakhulupirira kuti sianthu kapena nyama zina zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidathandizira izi, koma kusintha kwanyengo padziko lathuli. Chimodzi mwamasinthidwe otchuka kwambiri lero ndi chiphunzitso cha kugwa kwa meteorite, komwe kudapangitsa kuti kuzirala kwa Dryas, komwe kuli kowopsa kwa moyo wonse wapadziko lapansi.
