Takifugu, kapena fugu (Takifugu) - nthumwi za nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, zomwe zili m'mabanja ochulukirapo a blowfish komanso dongosolo la blowfish. Mitundu ya nsomba za Takifugu masiku ano zimaphatikizira mitundu yochepera khumi ndi itatu, iwiri yomwe ili pangozi.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba za puffer
Mitundu ya poizoni ya banja lotupa (Tetraodontidae) ilinso ndi mayina ena osadziwika bwino:
- scaltooth (yokhala ndi mano a monolithic, omwe amalumikizana pamodzi);
- ya mano anayi, kapena mano anayi (ndi mano ophatikizika pa nsagwada, chifukwa chake amapangira mbale ziwiri zakumtunda ndi ziwiri);
- nsomba za galu (ndikumva bwino kwa kununkhira komanso kuthekera kudziwa zonunkhira pagawo lamadzi).
Nsomba, za mtundu wa Takifugu, zimakhala malo olemekezeka kwambiri muzojambula zamakono komanso zikhalidwe zaku Japan. Makaniko a zochita za mankhwala owopsa amaponyedwa mu ziwalo za minofu yamphamvu ya zamoyo. Pachifukwa ichi, wovulalayo amakhala ndi chidziwitso chonse mpaka nthawi yakufa.
Zotsatira zakupha ndizotsatira zakubanika mwachangu. Mpaka pano, palibe njira yothetsera poizoni wa nsomba ya takifugu, ndipo njira zamankhwala zofananira mukamagwira ntchito ndi omwe akhudzidwa ndi izi ndizoyeserera magwiridwe antchito am'mapapo mpaka magazi azizindikira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri, oimira blowfish alibe masikelo, ndipo thupi lawo limakutidwa ndi zotanuka, koma khungu lolimba.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Mbali yayikulu yamtundu wa mtundu wa Takifugu womwe wafotokozedwa mpaka pano ndi okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean. Oimira angapo amtunduwu amakhala mumitsinje yamchere ku China. Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo nsomba za omnivorous ndi mano olimba, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kukula, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakusowa kwa chakudya chokhwima pakudya kwa wokhala m'madzi. Pakakhala zoopsa, nsomba zapoizoni zimatha kumuluma wolakwayo.
Pakadali pano, sianthu onse omwe ali mgulu la Takifugu omwe adaphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo chidziwitso chambiri chodalirika chakhala chikusonkhanitsidwa chokhudza mitundu ya Takifugu rubripes, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndi kuswana kwamalonda komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba zotere pophika. Kwa moyo wake wonse, puffer wofiirira amatha kusintha utoto kuchokera ku mdima wakuda kukhala wowala wowala. Izi zimadalira chilengedwe.
Kutalika kwathunthu kwa thupi la Takifugu rubripes wamkulu kumafikira 75-80 masentimita, koma nthawi zambiri kukula kwa nsombayo sikupitilira masentimita 40-45. M'mbali mwa mbali ndi kuseri kwa zipsepse za pectoral, pali malo amodzi akuda kwambiri ozungulira, ozunguliridwa ndi mphete yoyera. Pamwamba pa thupi pamakutidwa ndi mitsempha yapadera. Mano a nsagwada a oimira mitunduyo, omwe ali pakamwa kakang'ono kakang'ono, amalumikizana ndi mbale imodzi yofanana ndi mlomo wa parrot.
Mpheto yakumbuyo imakhala ndi kuwala kwa 16-19. Chiwerengero chawo kumapeto kumatako sichipitilira zidutswa 13-16. Nthawi yomweyo, mazira ndi chiwindi cha nsomba ndizowopsa kwambiri. M'matumbo mulibe poizoni, ndipo mulibe poizoni munyama, khungu ndi machende. Zophimba za Gill zokutira zotseguka za gill kulibe. Kutsogolo kwa chikopa cha pectoral, kutsegulira kochepa kowoneka bwino kumatha kuwonedwa, komwe kumabweretsa mphepo, molunjika mthupi la nsomba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tsopano oimira mtundu wa Brown Puffer ndi nyama yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana pakufufuza kwachilengedwe.
Moyo, machitidwe
Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wasayansi, zidapezeka kuti anthu otopa satha kusambira mwachangu. Izi zimafotokozedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owonera bwino thupi la nsomba. Komabe, nthumwi za mitunduyo zimatha kuyendetsa bwino, chifukwa zimatha kutembenukira mwachangu, kupita chitsogolo, kubwerera ngakhale mbali.
Oimira amtunduwu ali ndi mawonekedwe ofiira ngati peyala, samapezeka mumadzi otseguka, amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja, komwe amafufuza malo ovuta, oyimiriridwa ndi oyisitara, malo odyetserako udzu ndi miyala yamiyala. Puffers nthawi zambiri imadziunjikira m'madzi osaya komanso m'malo amchenga pafupi ndi mitsinje kapena ngalande, komanso pafupi ndi miyala yamchere ndi malo amchere.
Nsomba zokonda chidwi komanso zokangalika nthawi zina zimakhala zankhanza kwa anthu amtundu wawo komanso zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Pozindikira ngozi, nsombayo imalowa mu buluni mwa kudzaza m'mimba mwake zotanuka kwambiri ndi mpweya kapena madzi. Njirayi imayang'aniridwa ndi valavu yapadera yomwe ili pansi pa mkamwa mwa nsomba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale maso ndi ochepa, fugu imawona bwino, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolandilira pazomwe zili pansi pa maso, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi fungo labwino.
Kodi nsomba zimatha nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Nthawi yayitali ya nsomba za Brown Puffin zachilengedwe sizipitilira zaka 10-12. Zimaganiziridwa kuti pakati pa mamembala ena amtundu wa Takifugu, azaka zana limodzi kulibeko.
Puffer nsomba poizoni
Ndizovuta kutchula mtengo wokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso nthawi yomweyo chakudya chowopsa ku zakudya zaku Japan kuposa nsomba zophika. Mtengo wamba wa nsomba imodzi yaying'ono ndi pafupifupi $ 300, ndipo mtengo wa chakudya chokhazikika ndi $ 1000 komanso kupitilira apo. Poizoni wodabwitsa wa omwe akuyimira mitunduyo amafotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwa minofu ya nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya tetrodoxin. Nyama ya nsomba imodzi imatha kuyambitsa poyizoni wakupha mwa anthu khumi ndi atatu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka tetrodoxin ndikokwera kuposa kwa strychnine, cocaine ndi poizoni wa curare.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira zakuledzera ndi poyizoni wa fugu zimawonekera mwa wozunzidwayo patatha kotala la ola. Poterepa, kufinya kwa milomo ndi lilime, mawonekedwe akuchuluka kwamataya ndi kuwonongeka kwa mayendedwe amadziwika. Patsiku loyamba, oposa theka la odwala omwe ali ndi poizoni amamwalira, ndipo maola 24 amaonedwa kuti ndi nthawi yovuta. Nthawi zina pamakhala kusanza ndi kutsegula m'mimba, kupweteka kwambiri m'mimba. Kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka nsomba kumasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wake.
Tetrodotoxin sali m'gulu la mapuloteni, ndipo zomwe zimachitika zimayambitsa kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu kwa zikhumbo zamitsempha. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kutuluka kwa ma ayoni a sodium kudzera m'matumbo amtundu kumatsekedwa popanda zotsatira zoyipa za poyizoni wa ayoni wa potaziyamu. Poizoni m'madzi amchere a pufferfish amapezeka pakhungu. Kuyanjana kwapadera kwa poizoni ndi makina am'manja posachedwa kumaganiziridwa ndi asayansi ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochepetsa ululu.
Mtengo wokwera wa nsomba zapoizoni sukuchepetsa kutchuka kwake. Mitengo ya chakudya chosowa komanso chowopsa sichikukhudzidwa ndi kupezeka kwa fugu, koma chifukwa cha kusamvana kokonzekera nsomba zoterezi. M'malo odyera apadera, ophika omwe ali ndi zilolezo okha ndi omwe amachita nawo ntchito yokonza chovutacho, omwe amatulutsa caviar, chiwindi ndi zina zam'mimba mwa nsombazo. Pachikopa choyera mumakhala poizoni winawake yemwe amakulolani kumva zizindikiro zakupha, koma sizingayambitse imfa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kudya nsomba zophika bwino za fugu kumatsagana ndi boma lomwe limafanana ndi kuledzera pang'ono - kufooka kwa lilime, m'kamwa ndi miyendo, komanso kumva kusangalala pang'ono.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Oimira mitundu yotsika kwambiri ya ku Asia amakhala m'madzi amchere komanso am'nyanja a Pacific Northwest. Nsomba zoterezi zidafalikira kum'mwera kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, m'madzi akumadzulo a Nyanja ya Japan, komwe amakhala kufupi ndi gombe lalikulu, mpaka ku Olga Bay. Chiwerengero cha Fugu chitha kuwoneka ku Nyanja Yakuda ndi Kum'mawa kwa China, pagombe la Pacific ku Japan kuchokera pachilumba cha Kyushu kupita ku Volcanic Bay.
M'madzi aku Russia a Nyanja ya Japan, nsomba zimalowa kumpoto kwa Peter the Great Bay, mpaka ku South Sakhalin, komwe kumakhala anthu ambiri m'madzi nthawi yotentha. Demersal (pansi) nsomba zam'mimba zosasunthika zimakhala m'madzi mpaka kuzama kwa mita 100. Pankhaniyi, akulu amakonda ma bays ndipo nthawi zina amalowa m'madzi amchere. Zinyama ndi mwachangu nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'madzi amchere am'mphepete mwa mitsinje, koma akamakula ndikukula, nsomba zotere zimayesetsa kuchoka pagombe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwa malo atsopano achilengedwe okhala ndi nsomba zotumphuka, mitsinje ya Nile, Niger ndi Congo, komanso Amazon ndi Lake Chad ndizodziwika bwino.
Puffer nsomba zakudya
Zakudya zodziwika bwino za nsomba zakupha za fugu zimaperekedwa chifukwa chosakopa kwenikweni, poyang'ana, okhala pansi. Oimira banja la blowfish komanso dongosolo la blowfish amakonda kudya nyenyezi zazikulu kwambiri, komanso ma hedgehogs, mollusks osiyanasiyana, nyongolotsi, algae ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.
Malinga ndi asayansi ambiri apanyumba ndi akunja, ndizodziwika bwino pazakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wotupayo akhale wakupha, wowopsa pamoyo wamunthu ndi thanzi. Zakudya zoopsa kuchokera pachakudya zimadziunjikira mkati mwa nsomba, makamaka m'maselo a chiwindi ndi matumbo, komanso mazira. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba imavutikabe ndi poizoni wambiri mthupi.
Mukasungidwa m'nyanja yam'madzi, zakudya zam'mimba, nyongolotsi, nkhono ndi mwachangu, mitundu yonse ya nkhanu zolimba, komanso maipi ndi malo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa takifugu wamkulu. Podyetsa ana ndi mwachangu, ma ciliates, cyclops, daphnia, dzira loswetsa yolk ndi nauplia brine shrimp amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mtundu wapadera, wopanda poizoni wa fugu unayambitsidwa ndi asayansi aku Japan ochokera mumzinda wa Nagasaki, popeza poizoni munyama ya nsomba zoterezi sanapezeke kuyambira nthawi yobadwa, koma amapeza kuchokera pazakudya zam'madzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Fugu amabala m'madzi am'nyanja, kuyambira Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa masika. M'mabanja omwe amapangidwa ndi nsomba zachikulire, amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndiudindo waukulu pakukwaniritsa udindo wawo wokhala kholo. Pakati pa kuswana mwachangu, champhongo chimasamalira chachikazi, ndikufotokozera mabwalo omuzungulira. Kuvina kwapadera kotereku kumakhala ngati kuyitanitsa kwa mkazi wokhwima mwakugonana ndikumukakamiza kumira pansi, pambuyo pake awiriwo amasankha mwala woyenera kwambiri kuti ubereke.
Pa mwala wosankhidwa wapansi, akazi amatayira mazira, omwe nthawi yomweyo amapatsidwa umuna ndi amuna. Mazirawo atayikidwa, zazikazi zimachoka pamalo obalirako, koma zimasiya amuna kuti ateteze ana awo. Kholo limayima pamiyala ndikuteteza chomenyera ndi thupi lake, chomwe chimapewa kudya anawo ndi nyama zambiri zam'madzi. Tadpoles atabadwa, bambo wa anawo amakonzekera kupsinjika kwapadera kumunsi. M'dzenje lotero, mwachangu amatetezedwa ndi wamwamuna mpaka anawo atha kudya okha.
Adani achilengedwe
Nsomba zam'madzi zowopsa ndizoyenera kuti zimawoneka ngati mdani woyipa kwambiri wa usodzi, chifukwa nzika zina zam'madzi sizikhala limodzi ndi oimira apakatikati a banja la blowfish komanso dongosolo la blowfish. Chitetezo chodalirika cha Takifugu kwa adani ndi kuthekera kwake kutupa mpaka mpira wokhala ndi zonunkhira, komanso nyama yapoizoni. Pachifukwa ichi anthu okhala m'madzi omwe amasaka nsomba zina zambiri amakonda kudumpha.
Mtengo wamalonda
Pali mafamu ambiri ku Asia. Ngakhale kuti nsomba zochokera m'mafamuwa zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wotsika mtengo, zopanga zokoma sizimapangitsa chidwi chachikulu pakati pa omwe amatsatira miyambo yaku Japan, komanso ophika onse oyenerera omwe awononga ndalama, nthawi ndi khama kuti apeze layisensi yapadera.
M'malo awo achilengedwe, kugwira nsomba zotere sizovuta kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito kuyandama ndikuwombera, wamba "zakidushki" ndi mbedza ndi nyambo. Chikhalidwe cha omwe akuyimira banja la blowfish komanso dongosolo la blowfish ndikuti wokhala m'madzi sangathe kumeza nyambo, koma amasankha kuthamanga pachikopa chakuthwa ndi mimba yake yaminga. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba ziwiri kapena zitatu zimatha kumamatira motere nthawi imodzi.
Ku Japan, mu 1958, lamulo lidakhazikitsidwa malinga ndi zomwe, ophika omwe amaloledwa kugwira ntchito ndi nsomba zowopsa ngati izi ayenera kulandira layisensi yapadera. Kuti munthu apeze chilolezochi amafunika kupitilira mayeso awiri: malingaliro ndi machitidwe. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha omwe amafunsira laisensi yophika amachotsedwa ngakhale koyambirira, pakafunika kuwonetsa chidziwitso cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafishfish ndikuwonetsa njira zodziwikiratu. Gawo lachiwiri, wophikayo akuyesedwa ayenera kudya mbale yake yomwe adakonza.
Zingakhale zosangalatsa:
- Odula matope
- Ziwanda zam'nyanja
- Dontho nsomba
Kugulitsa nsombazi kumatsatira mwamwambo miyambo inayake, momwe zidutswa zoyizirira kumbuyo kwa fugu zimaperekedwa kwa alendo, ndipo kumapeto komaliza, gawo la nsombayo limalawa - m'mimba. Wophika akuyenera kuwunika thanzi la alendowo, komanso kuwapatsa chithandizo choyenera chachipatala, chomwe chimawathandiza kuzindikira zosintha zilizonse munthawi yake ndikupewa zovuta zomwe zingachitike.
Zipsepse za nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mtundu wa zakumwa, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zimapangitsa mphamvu ya mphamvu, kuyambitsa kuoneka kwa hallucinogenic komanso kuledzera pang'ono. Pofuna kuphika, zipsepse zotentha za nsomba za poizoni zimviikidwa chifukwa cha mphindi imodzi. Ndi chakumwa chodabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti alendo amapemphedwa kuti amwe nthawi yomweyo asanamwe nsomba yakupha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Imfa yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa chodya fugu inali poyizoni wa wochita sewero Mitsugoro Bando mu 1975, yemwe adamwalira ndi ziwalo atalawa chiwindi cha nsomba m malo odyera ku Kyoto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa Takifugu sichiwopsezedwa ndi anthu, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kumayimiriridwa ndi mitundu iwiri yokha: Takifugu chinensis ndi Takifugu plagiocellatus. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu ya Takifugu chinensis ili pafupi kutha.
