Mphaka wosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi - dzina losavomerezeka lakhala likugwiridwa kwa zaka zambiri ndi nyalugwe waku Far East, yemwe udindo wake (motsutsana ndi ma subspecies ena a kambuku) amadziwika kuti ndiwovuta kwambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa nyalugwe Wakum'mawa
Woyamba, kubwerera ku 1857, pansi pa dzina lenileni Felis orientalis, adafotokozedwa ndi wolemba zachilengedwe waku Germany a Hermann Schlegel, omwe adaphunzira za khungu la nyama yophedwa ku Korea. Chilombocho chili ndi mayina ambiri - a Manchurian (osagwiritsidwa ntchito) kapena kambuku wa Amur, Far East kapena kambuku ka East Siberia, ndi kambuku wa Amur. Mitunduyi idapeza dzina lachilatini lamakono la Panthera pardus orientalis mu 1961 chifukwa cha Ingrid Weigel.
Maonekedwe
Nyama yamtchire yamphamvu yokhala ndi ubweya wokongola modabwitsa yemwe mawonekedwe ake samabwerezabwereza ngati zala zathu... Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira akambuku a Amur omwe akuwonetsedwa mwachilengedwe. Nyalugwe Wakum'mawa Kwambiri ndi wotsika kuposa kambuku wamkulu, amatenga makilogalamu 50-70 atakula ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.1-1.4 Koma kambuku amakhala ndi mchira wochititsa chidwi kwambiri (mpaka 0.9 m), pafupifupi wofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi.
Pamutu pang'ono, makutu ozungulira bwino amakhala otakata, maso ali owoneka bwino, mwana ndi wozungulira, mkamwa (monga ma feline ambiri) pali mano 30 ndi lilime loyenda lomwe limathandiza kutsuka komanso kulekanitsa nyama ndi mafupa. Nyalugwe wakum'maŵa akutali ali ndi miyendo yolimba, makamaka yakutsogolo. Amakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa kwambiri komanso zopindika, zomwe chilombocho chimazibweza poyenda kuti zisasokoneze.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'nyengo yotentha, ubweya ndi wocheperapo kawiri kuposa nthawi yachisanu: nyengo yozizira imakula mpaka 5 cm (pamimba mpaka 7 cm). Zowona, ngakhale ubweya wanthawi yachisanu sungatchedwe kuti wopanda madzi chifukwa chokwanira m'thupi.
Mtundu wa dzinja umakhala wachikaso choyera mpaka chikaso chofiirira ndi ma golide agolide kapena dzimbiri lofiira. Pofika chilimwe, malaya amakhala owala. Mbali zonse za kambuku komanso kunja kwa ziwalo nthawi zonse kumakhala kowala kwambiri.
Chokongoletsera chapadera chimapangidwa chifukwa cha mawanga akuda olimba obalalika pathupi ndikuphatikizidwa ndi ma rosettes (mabwalo akuda osakwanira omwe amatsekera mtundu wofiira mkati mwawo). Mtunduwu umalola kuti nyamazo zizidzibisa zokha posaka: mawanga amapangitsa kuti thupi liziwoneka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawoneke m'nkhalango.
Moyo, machitidwe
Moyo wa nyalugwe wakum'maŵa kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndi nyengo yovuta komanso malingaliro amphaka zakutchire: chilombocho chimakhala chosungulumwa, gawo lawo, chimagwira madzulo ndi usiku. Polumikizana ndi ma congeners, imagwiritsa ntchito mamvekedwe amawu, owonera komanso onunkhira, kapena mamaki osakaniza. Zoyambazo zimaphatikizapo zolembera zolimba pamtengo, matcheni amtundu, ndikumasula nthaka ndi chipale chofewa. Kununkhira kumachoka ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe.
Nyalugwe wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito gawo lake, misewu yokhazikika komanso malo ogona ana kwa zaka zambiri, kupondereza kupezeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Udindo ndi malo omwe ziwembu zanu sizidalira nyengoyo ndipo sizisintha chaka chonse.
Amuna samalowa m'dera la amuna, komanso akazi kukhala ndi akazi ena, koma magawo a amuna amaphatikizapo madera azimayi angapo omwe amayendera nthawi yamtunduwu. Chinyengo china ndikuti akambuku amayang'anitsitsa kuwonongeka kwa magawo awo apakati, koma osati kunja.
Ndizosangalatsa! Dera lanyumba yamwamuna ndi 250-500 km², yochulukirapo kangapo kuposa azimayi, yomwe ndi 110-130 km² pafupifupi. Nyalugwe wa Amur nthawi zonse amayenda mozungulira gawo lake, akulemba mitengo ndi zikhadabo ndikusiya zonunkhira m'malire.
Mwa njira yoperewera iyi, nyama zimagawaniza gawolo, kumadzichepetsa, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuwopseza machitidwe ndipo samangokhalira kukangana. Owonererawo sanapezepo nkhondo yakufa pakati pa anyalugwe, ngakhale adapeza zizindikiro zakulimbana pakati pa amuna awiri pamalire wamba. M'modzi mwa ofufuzawo adafotokoza zakugundana kwa "kambuku" wachinyamata, akulemba gawo la wina, pomwe mwini wake, yemwe adamupeza munthu wopanda nzeru uja, adamuyendetsa mumtengo ndikumuponyera mwachionetsero.
Nyalugwe zakum'mawa kwakutali sakonda chipale chofewa, ndichifukwa chake mwina samayesera kukhazikika kumpoto.... M'nyengo yozizira, popewa kunyalanyaza chipale chofewa, olusa amayenda kwambiri m'njira, m'njira zanyama ndi misewu. Akambuku amasaka theka loyamba la usiku, kusiya ola limodzi kapena awiri dzuwa lisanalowe. Amapitanso kumalo othirira madzi dzuwa litalowa. Zochita zamadzulo zimakhala nthawi yamasana, makamaka masiku amvula kapena achisanu.
Zofunika! Nyalugwe wa Amur amakhala ndi maso owoneka bwino, chifukwa chake amawona nyama zomwe zitha kugwera pamtunda wa 1.5 km. Kumva ndi kununkhira sizikukula bwino, kuthandiza kupewa kukumana ndi munthu.
Nyalugwe Wakum'maŵa Kutali, mosiyana ndi abale ake akumwera, sawukira anthu, amakonda kuyenda pambuyo pawo mosasamala kupezeka kwake. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amayang'aniridwa ndi akambuku achichepere, omwe chidwi chawo chimakhala chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo.
Kodi akambuku a Amur amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kumtchire, oimira mitunduyi samakhala motalika kwambiri, zaka 10-15 zokha, koma kawiri, mpaka zaka 20, m'malo osungira nyama.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyana kwakamagonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kulibe, kupatula mawonekedwe opepuka a chigaza mwa akazi ndi kukula kwawo kocheperako poyerekeza ndi amuna. Kulemera kwazimayi nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 25-42.5 kg.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Nyalugwe Wakum'maŵa Kutali ndiye wodwala chisanu kwambiri mwa mitundu 30 yodziwika bwino ya Panthera pardus, yomwe imapezeka kumpoto kwa kufanana kwa 45. Kamodzi ka nyalugwe wa Amur ku Far East adaphimba pafupifupi phiri lonse la Sikhote-Alin. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, dera logawidwa kwa nyalugwe Amur lidaphatikizapo:
- China chakum'mawa / Kumpoto chakum'mawa;
- Madera a Amur ndi Ussuri;
- Chilumba cha Korea.
Lero, nyama yosawerengeka yapulumuka mdziko lathu (pamzere wokhala 50-60 km mulifupi) kokha kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Primorye, ndipo, mwina, anthu angapo amakhala ku China, nthawi ndi nthawi kuwoloka malire a Russia ndi China.
Monga nyama zambiri zodya nyama, nyalugwe wakum'mawa chakumtunda samalumikizidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa malo okhala, koma amakonda malo olimba omwe ali ndi mapiri otsetsereka, komwe kuli malo othira madzi ndi miyala.
Nyalugwe wa Amur nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo ovuta okhala ndi nkhalango zosadukiza, pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi mitengo ya mkungudza, pomwe anthu ambiri amapezeka - ndiwo nyama yawo yayikulu.
Zofunika! Vuto ndiloti kuli nkhalango zochepa zoterezi ku Primorye. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo zisanachitike, chifukwa chokhazikitsa misewu yayikulu, kumanga mizinda ndi kudula mitengo kwakukulu, mbiri yakale ya kambuku ka Far East yatsika 40 (!) Times.
Lero, kambukuyu amafinyidwa kuchokera mbali zonse (pakati pa malire a China, nyanja, malo okhala pafupi ndi Vladivostok ndi mseu waukulu wa Vladivostok-Khabarovsk, pomwe njanjiyo imadutsa) ndipo amakakamizika kukhala ndi malo akutali a mahekitala 400. Uwu ndiye mtundu wake wamakono.
Zakudya za nyalugwe zakum'mawa
Nyalugwe wa Amur ndi nyama yodya nyama yeniyeni, yomwe chakudya chake, chomwe chimakhala chopanda ungwe, nthawi zina chimasakanikirana ndi mbalame ndi tizilombo.
Nyalugwe amasaka masewera monga:
- mbawala zamphongo ndi nyama zam'mimba;
- nguluwe zazing'ono;
- sika agwape;
- ng'ombe zofiira zofiira;
- ma grazel ndi ma pheasants;
- agalu amphaka;
- mbira ndi Manchu hare.
Eni ake a minda ya agwape amadana ndi akambuku, pomwe nyama zimadutsa nthawi ndi nthawi, kutola nyama zam'mapaki.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wodya nyama wamkulu amafunika kutulutsa 1 yayikulu kwa masiku 12-15, koma nthawi zina kumakhala pakati pa masiku awiri mpaka masiku 20-25. Chilombocho chinaphunzira kupirira njala kwanthawi yayitali.
Nyalugwe nthawi zambiri amasaka malo osankhidwa a tsambalo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri: imawukira obisalira kapena kubisala. Njira yachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati mbawala zamphongo, ndikuzibisa mukamadya kapena kupumula. Palinso gulu lina la kambuku wamkazi yemwe ali ndi ana. Pofufuza nyama yake, nyalugwe wa Amur amatsata malowo, ndikubisala, osaponda nthambi / masamba owuma, ndikuponda mosamala mizu ndi miyala.
Ikupeza masewerawa ndikuthwa kapena kulumpha kwamphamvu kwa mita 5-6, ndikuponyera pansi ndikuluma mafupa ake amtundu wa khomo lachiberekero. Sichithamangitsa nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, kuimitsa kuyitsata ngati itangotuluka pang'ono. Ndikusaka kopambana, nyalugwe amakokera nyama (kuitchinjiriza ku zotetemera) kupita m'ming'alu kapena m'mitengo, ndikuidya masiku angapo.
M'zimbudzi za kambuku, dzinthu nthawi zambiri zimapezeka (mpaka 7.6%), zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndikuthekera kwawo kuchotsa tsitsi kumtunda komwe kumalowa m'mimba mukamanyambita ubweya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kutalika kwa nyalugwe waku Far East kumangokhala m'nyengo yozizira (Disembala - Januware). Pakadali pano, zazimuna zimawonetsa chidwi chachikulu kwa zazikazi ndi zazikulu, pafupifupi mphaka zodziyimira pawokha. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ntchentche zonse, chimbalangondo chimatsagana ndi kubangula komanso ndewu zamphongo (ngakhale nyalugwe, amangokhala chete poyerekeza ndi mkango ndi kambuku, samapereka mawu nthawi zina).
Mphamvu zakubereka za nyalugwe ya Amur ndizochepa pazifukwa zingapo zomwe zimafotokozera mitala ya amuna:
- mkazi amatenga pakati kamodzi m'zaka zitatu (kangapo kamodzi pachaka);
- mu 80% ya milandu, ng'ombe 1-2 zimawonekera;
- azimayi ochepa omwe amatha kuswana;
- kufa kwambiri kwa nyama zazing'ono.
Pakadutsa miyezi itatu ikukwana bwino, yaikaziyo imabweretsa mphaka wamphongo wa tsitsi lalitali, ndipo iliyonse imalemera makilogalamu 0.5-0.7 ndipo siyopitilira masentimita 15. Anawo amayamba kuwona bwino patsiku la 7-9, ndipo kale pa tsiku la 12-15, anawo akukwawa motsatira dzenje lokonzedwa ndi mkazi m'phanga, pansi pa thanthwe losanjikizana kwambiri kapena paphokoso lamiyala.
Zofunika! Mayi amadyetsa tiana tija ndi mkaka kuyambira miyezi 3 mpaka 5-6, koma pakadutsa masabata 6-8 amayamba kuzidyetsa (belu-digested meat), pang'onopang'ono kuzoloŵera mwatsopano.
Pofika miyezi iwiri, anyalugwe ang'onoang'ono amatuluka m'dzenje, ndipo pakatha miyezi 8 amatsata amayi awo kukafunafuna chakudya, posankha mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha ali ndi zaka 9-10. Tinyama tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi mayi mpaka nthawi yotsatira yotsatira, yolumikizana mpaka kutha kwa nyengo yachisanu m'magulu atawasiya. Poyamba zimangoyendayenda kutali ndi mphalapalazi, pang'ono ndi pang'ono zimasunthira patali. Amuna achichepere amawonetsa kudziyimira pawokha pamaso pa alongo awo, koma omaliza ali patsogolo pa abale akatha msinkhu. Chonde mwa amuna chimayamba pafupifupi zaka 2-3.
Adani achilengedwe
Koposa zonse, nyalugwe waku Far East amawopa wachibale wake wapafupi komanso woyandikana naye, kambuku wa Amur, yemwe samakonda kutenga nawo mbali. Amphaka onsewa amalimbirana malo osakira kumalire akumpoto kwamtunduwu, komwe nyama zimasowa, ndipo nyalugwe wataya kambuku mukulimbana kumeneku.
Milandu yakuzunzidwa kwa akambuku ndi akambuku a Amur yajambulidwa, ndipo akatswiri a zoo agwirizana kuti kutuluka koyamba kuchokera ku South Sikhote-Alin ndikukula kwa akambukuwa m'malo awa. Kumbali imodzi, nyalugwe ndi wamkulu kuposa kambuku ndipo amasaka nyama zazikulu, koma, mbali ina, pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, simuli wopanda chidwi kwenikweni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpikisano wapa chakudya uwonjezeke.
Zimadziwika kuti zikho za nyalugwe zimamenyedwa (nthawi zambiri nthawi yachisanu) ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, kuthamangitsa ndikulanda nyama yake. Komanso, chimbalangondo chofiirira, monga cha Himalaya, chimapikisana ndi nyalugwe wa Amur kufunafuna dzenje. Zowona, nyalugwe amabwezera pa zimbalangondo za Himalaya, kusaka ana opanda mayi, kuwukira nyama zazing'ono (mpaka zaka ziwiri) komanso kudya nyama zakufa (zimbalangondo).
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi akatswiri a zoo, nthawi ina chiwopsezo chachikulu ku nyamayi ya Far East chidachitidwa ndi nkhandwe yofiyira, yomwe idakhala kumwera kwa Primorsky Krai mpaka ma 1950 ndi 1960.
Nkhandwe, yemwenso imakonda kwambiri ungulates, makamaka mbawala zamphongo, ndiyonso mpikisano wodyera nyalugwe. Nkhandwe, monga nyama yochezeka komanso yayikulu, imatha kubweretsa zoopsa (makamaka pomwe kuli mitengo yochepa), koma m'malo omwe Amur ingwe amakhala, nkhandwe ndizochepa.
Zotsatira zake, palibe chilombo chilichonse (kupatula kambuku wa Amur) yemwe amakhala ndi Kambuku wakum'mawa kwa Asia amathandizira kwambiri anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Panthera pardus orientalis (Far Eastern leopard) imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, komwe imaphatikizidwa m'gulu I, monga subspecies osowa kwambiri omwe atsala pang'ono kutha (omwe anthu ake ambiri ali ku Russia) okhala ndi malire ochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, nyalugwe wa Amur adaphatikizidwa pamasamba a Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, komanso mu Appendix I wa Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna / Flora (CITES).
Ngakhale kuti kusaka nyalugwe ndikoletsedwa kuyambira 1956, kupha nyama mopitirira muyeso kukupitilizabe ndipo ndiomwe akuchititsa kuti zamoyozi zitheke. Zowononga zimawombedwa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimagulitsidwa $ 500-1000 chilichonse, ndi ziwalo zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala akum'mawa.
Zofunika! Akambuku a Amur nawonso amaphedwa mwankhanza ndi eni mapaki a nswala, omwe nthawi ndi nthawi amapha amphaka. Nthawi zina nyalugwe amafera m'misampha ndi m'misampha yomwe asaka nyama zina zamtchire amatchera.
China chomwe chimalepheretsa kuteteza nyalugwe ndikuwonongeka kwa malo ake kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Primorye, kuphatikiza:
- kuchepetsa nkhalango chifukwa chodula mitengo;
- kumanga misewu ndi njanji;
- kumanga mapaipi;
- kutuluka kwa nyumba zogona ndi mafakitale;
- kumanga zina zomangamanga.
Komanso kuwonongeka kwa chakudya chake kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa kambuku wa Far East. Ungulates amacheperachepera chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndikusaka masewera, kuwononga nyama zakutchire komanso moto wamnkhalango. Poterepa, mphalapala za sika zokha, zomwe ziweto zake zakula kuyambira 1980, ndizosangalatsa.
Akatswiri a zooology amatcha chochitika chimodzi chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa anyalugwe a Amur - izi ndizofanana. Akambuku (chifukwa cha anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi chonde) amayenera kukwatirana ndi abale awo amwazi, zomwe zimawononga kuthekera kwakubala kwamibadwo yatsopano, zimachepetsa kukana kwawo matenda komanso mphamvu zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kopambana kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa akambuku aku Far East sikupitilira nyama 40, zambiri zomwe zimakhala ku Primorye (pafupifupi 30) ndipo gawo laling'ono ku China (osapitilira 10).
Pakadali pano, nyalugwe wa Amur amatetezedwa kumalo osungira zachilengedwe a Leopardovy komanso malo osungira zachilengedwe a Kedrovaya Pad.
