Mbira ya uchi imafanana ndi mbira kapena wolverine m'mawonekedwe ake, ndi mtundu wa skunk, chifukwa mtundu wake umatengera kusiyana kwa mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera. Nyama iyi, yomwe imakhala ku Africa ndi madera ena a ku Asia, imadziwika kuti ndiyo nyama zolimba kwambiri: ndiponse, mikango imaziwopa. Anthu osamudziwa komanso kumva dzina la chirombochi amatha kumusokoneza ndi chimbalangondo. Koma, mbira ya uchi ndi ya banja la weasel, ngakhale samawoneka ngati owoneka mokongola komanso opunduka, kapena achibale, omwe ndi abale ake akutali.
Kufotokozera kwa mbira
Mbira,... Mbalame zoyambirira za uchi zimapezeka ku Middle Pliocene ku Asia, ndipo pakadali pano mtundu uwu wagawika m'magulu 12, mosiyana kukula, mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala ndi zoyera kapena zotuwa, komanso mthunzi wawo.
Maonekedwe
Honey badger ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri kubanja la marten: kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafikira pafupifupi masentimita 80, ndipo mchira kutalika kwake ndi 25. Kulemera kwake kwa nyama, kutengera jenda, kumatha kukhala makilogalamu 12 mwa amuna ndi makilogalamu 9 mwa akazi. Phalaphalalo ndilofanana ndi chimbalangondo: chimakhala ndi thupi lolimba pang'ono lopindika pang'ono koma pang'ono pang'ono, miyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu zopindika. Komanso kutalika kwa zikhadabo zakutsogolo kwa nyama kumatha kufikira 4-5 cm.
Mbira ya uchi imakhala ndi timinyewa tating'onoting'ono pakati pa zala zakumapazi, ndipo zidendene za mapazi ake ndizanthete komanso zilibe tsitsi. Zoyikapo zokha ndizazikulu, zazitali kutalika, ndi zala, makamaka pamapazi akutsogolo, komwe kutalika kwa zikhadazo kumakhala kotalikirapo, kumawoneka kosiyana pang'ono. Mutu wa nyama ndi wokulirapo, wokhala ndi mbali yayitali komanso yolimba, koma umachepetsa mphuno. Mphuno imawoneka yayifupi kwambiri komanso yosalala kumapeto. Maso a mphalapala ndi amdima komanso ochepa, kotero kuti nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta kuwawona motsutsana ndi tsitsi lakuda la malasha la nyama.
Makutu a badger ndi ochepa kwambiri, amachepetsedwa, kotero kuti nawonso sawoneka pakati pa ubweya wake wonenepa, koma kupezeka kwathunthu mbali yakunja ya khutu sikumapangitsa kumva kwa nyama kukhala kovuta. Chovala cha mbira cha uchi chimakhala cholimba komanso cholimba. Kutengera ndi subspecies, ubweya wa nyamazi utha kukhala wokulirapo kapena wocheperako. Koma, ngakhale zitakhala zazitali bwanji, cholinga chachikulu chaubweya wolimba komanso wolimba wa badger ndikuteteza nyama kuti isalumidwe ndi njuchi, mabulu, akalulu owopsa, njoka ndi zinkhanira.
Mtundu wa cholengedwa chodabwitsa ichi ndi chophatikizana chowala, chosiyanitsa choyera ndi chakuda, kangapo - imvi yamitundumitundu ndi yakuda. Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mbira ya uchi umaoneka motere: pamwamba pa thupi ndi mutu ndizopakidwa utoto woyera, kenako nkukhala kamvekedwe kowala kwambiri, kofiirira, kamakafika mpaka pamimba ndikusintha mwadzidzidzi kukhala kapezi wakuda wamakala. Mtundu wakuda umapezekanso pamutu, chifukwa ndi utoto woyera kapena wotuwa mpaka pamphumi ndi m'makutu.
Makina oterewa amawonekera patali, zimawoneka kuti zikuchenjeza nyama zina kuti ndibwino kuti musayandikire mwiniwake wa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso osiyana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Congo ndi ku Ghana, kuli mitundu ina ya uchi mbira, yomwe imakhala yakuda kwathunthu kopanda mawanga oyera kapena imvi. Chovala chake ndi chachifupi komanso chochepa kuposa china cha makoswe, koma nthawi yomweyo chimakhala cholimba ngati chawo komanso chimateteza mbira yakuda ku kulumidwa ndi mphalapala zamphongo ndi zokwawa zomwe zimasaka.
Mchira wa nyamayi ndi wamfupi, wonenepa m'munsi, koma woloza kumapeto, wokutidwa kwambiri ndi tsitsi... Kutengera mtundu wina wamtundu womwe munthu wapatsidwa ndi wake, mchira wake umatha kukhala wocheperako. Komanso, mbira za uchi, zomwe zimakhala m'magulu osiyanasiyana, zimatha kuvala mchira, kuwongola, kapena kuponyera mphete kumbuyo kwake.
Khalidwe, moyo
Ngakhale kuti nyamayi ikuwoneka ngati yopanda vuto lililonse, mbira ya uchi ndi nyama yolimba, yodzikongoletsa komanso yowopsa, yomwe mawonekedwe ake ndimakhalidwe ake amakumbutsa kwambiri wachibale wakutali wa mphalapala yemwe amakhala kumadera akutali kwambiri - wolverine. Ma Honey badger amakhala otuluka madzulo kapena usiku. Koma m'malo ena osakhalamo, komanso nthawi yozizira, ma ratel amatha kuwona masana.
Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti moyo wa nyama imeneyi umadalira nyengo yake. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yotentha, nthawi yotentha kwambiri komanso yothina masana, mbira za uchi zimapita kukasaka nyama usiku, ndipo masana zimagona m'mabowo. M'nyengo yozizira, ma ratel amatha kugwira ntchito osati usiku komanso masana. Ndipo kugwa, nyama izi zimawoneka zikusaka m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Ziwetozi zomwe zimakhala mdera lakumpoto komwe zimakhala, m'nyengo yozizira, zimatha kugwera munthawi yobisalira panthawi yozizira kwambiri. Koma, mwambiri, machitidwe oterewa ndiosiyana ndi iwo. Mbira ya uchi imakhala mu maenje akuya mita imodzi mpaka itatu, yomwe iyemwini amakumba mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo zake zamphamvu zam'mbuyo ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu komanso zazitali. M'mayenje amenewa, nyama imakonza zipinda zogona zokha, zomwe zimadzaza ndi zofunda zofewa.
Nthawi zambiri, pagawo la uchi badger, pamakhala mabowo angapo, kuwonjezera apo, mlimi samapuma masiku awiri motsatizana mnyumba yomweyo, ndipo nthawi iliyonse amakhala mdzenje lina. Izi sizosadabwitsa, poganizira kuti chilombocho chimasinthana kwakutali ndipo chimapambana mtunda wautali kwambiri kuti chibwerere pambuyo paulendo wautali kupita kubowo komwe idagona dzulo.
Nthawi zambiri mbira imayenda pansi, koma ngati kuli kotheka, nyamayi imatha kukwera mumtengo popanda zovuta. Nthawi zambiri, amachita izi akaganiza zokadya uchi wanjuchi zamtchire zomwe zimamanga zisa zawo pamenepo.
Mwachilengedwe, ankhondo amakhala osungulumwa. Achinyamata okha ndi omwe amatha kupanga ziweto zochepa, ndipo ngakhale mbira zimakhala m'magulu am'banja nthawi yobereka ndi kulera ana. Pakati pa nyengo yokwanira, mutha kuwonanso nyama izi zikuyenda ziwirizi: wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Koma atakwatirana, amapatukana komanso amakhala moyo wawokha.
Ma ratel ndi nyama zakutchire. Nyama iliyonse yayikulu imapatsidwa gawo lokulirapo, lalikulu makilomita angapo. Nyama zimayika malire azinthuzi mothandizidwa ndi chinsinsi chapadera chobisika ndi tiziwalo timene timakhala kumbuyo kwa thupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Rathel ndi nyama yolimba mtima modabwitsa yomwe imatha kulimbana ndi chilombo chachikulu komanso chowopsa ngati kambuku kapena mkango mopanda mantha. Ndipo osaka ku Kenya amakhulupirira kuti mukadya mtima wa mbira, mutha kukhala olimba mtima komanso olimba ngati nyama iyi.
Ma Honey badger amateteza molimba mtima malo awo ndi malo awo kuti asalandiridwe ndi alendo. Iwo, mosazengereza, amalowa mu duel ndi mdani aliyense, mosasamala kukula kwake ndipo, chosangalatsa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amagonjetsa nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuposa iwo. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo, kulimba mtima kwawo, komanso nkhanza zomwe zimawonetsedwa pankhondo, ankhondo nthawi zambiri amafananizidwa ndi nkhandwe, zomwe zimawerengedwanso kuti ndi nyama zowopsa komanso zowopsa, ngakhale sizili zazikulu kwambiri.
Ngati ndi kotheka, mwachitsanzo, ngati angamuwombere mwadzidzidzi, mbira ingagwiritse ntchito "chida chamankhwala" - kuwombera mdani ndi madzi okhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa, nthawi zambiri kukhumudwitsa ngakhale wolusa wanjala kwambiri wofunitsitsa kupitiliza mdaniyo. Njira yodzitetezera iyi, komanso mtundu woyela ndi wakuda wa mbira ya uchi, imapangitsa kuti ikhale yofanana kwambiri ndi kanyimbi, ngakhale kuti nyama ziwirizi tsopano sizikugwirizana.
Ndipo, mbira ya uchi ndi nyama yochenjera kwambiri, yochenjera komanso yanzeru, yomwe imadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito miyala, timitengo, mitengo ndi zida zina monga zida zothandizira. Mwachitsanzo, mlimi angagwiritse ntchito njirazi kuti akafike ku chisa cha njuchi motere.
Ndipo nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo osungira nyama zimawonetsa kuthekera kopambana pothawa m'makola awo.... Chifukwa chake, m'modzi mwa oimira amtunduwu, mbira yotchedwa Stoffle, wazaka 20 zomwe adakhala ku malo osungira nyama, adaphunzira kutsegula maloko aliwonse ndikugonjetsa mpandawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda nzeru monga, mwachitsanzo, chosungira chomwe mtumikiyo adaiwala, chomwe Stoffle adayika kukhoma ndi adakwera kutuluka mu mpanda womangidwa ndi konkriti. Cholembera chomwecho adaphunzira kuumba njerwa zadothi, momwe pansi pake panali khola lotseguka kale, ndikumanga masitepe, pomwe adakwera mosavuta mpandawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, Stoffle adaphunzitsanso zachikazi za mtundu wake, zomwe zidamugwirizira kuti aiwale za kuyesa kuthawa kwakanthawi, zomwe zikutsimikiziranso kuti mbalame za uchi ndizochenjera, zanzeru komanso zophunzira zatsopano nyama zatsopano. Kunali kutha kusintha momwe zinthu zilili komanso nzeru zachilengedwe, ngati ndinganene za nyama yakutchire, yomwe idalola kuti omenyerawo azikhala m'dera lalikulu, lomwe limaphatikizapo madera osiyanasiyana.
Kodi mbira zimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti ndi angati omwe amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe. Ali mu ukapolo, nyama izi zimakhala zaka 24-25.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Sichinatchulidwe kwambiri: amuna amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi, munjira zina zonse ziganizo za amuna kapena akazi osiyanasiyana zimawoneka chimodzimodzi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo omwe mitundu iyi imagawidwa ndi yayikulu kwambiri: imaphatikizaponso ku Africa konse, kupatula madera omwe ali ndi nkhalango zamvula, komanso Arabia Peninsula, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkmenistan, kumwera kwa Kazakhstan (Karakalpakia), India ndi Nepal. Nyama iyi imatha kukhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma sakonda kutentha kwamphamvu motero imapewa madera otentha kwambiri, monga zipululu komanso zipululu.
Kutentha kwambiri sikusangalatsanso mbira za uchi - pachifukwa ichi, sakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zotentha. Kwenikweni, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimakhala m'nkhalango zochepa kwambiri komanso m'chigawo cha steppe. Komanso mbira zimatha kukhazikika kumapiri - pamtunda mpaka 3000 mita. Malo awo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi zigwa zazitali zokhala ndi mchenga wa mchenga kapena dothi lolemera, m'malo otsetsereka omwe ndizotheka kuti mbuzi za uchi zikumbe maenje.
Zakudya za uchi
Mfundo yakuti mbira imadya uchi ndi yoonekeratu ku dzina la nyamayi.... Ndipo, indedi, mlimi amayang'anitsitsa kayendedwe ka njuchi ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amawononga ming'oma yawo, komanso, samangodya zisa zokoma ndi uchi, komanso mphutsi za njuchi.
Mbalameyi imaulukira kutsogolo ndipo, ikamalira, imatiuza mbira kuti kuli chisa cha njuchi. Amakhala pamtengo kapena pachitsamba ndikulira mofuula, akuyitanitsa mbira ya uchi. Ndipo akayandikira, amathawira ku chitsamba china, pambuyo pake chilichonse chimabwereza mpaka wotsogolera uchi atsogolera mbewa ku chisa cha njuchi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbira ya uchi mpaka idachita mgwirizano wosayankhula ndi mbalame imodzi kuchokera kubanja la nkhalango - wotsogolera uchi. Akapeza chisa cha njuchi, amapatsa chilombocho chizindikiro china chosonyeza njira yoyenera kulowera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mbira ndi chitsogozo cha uchi zimayankhulana ngakhale chimodzi: chilombocho chikamva kulira kwakukulu kwa mbalame ikuloza komwe ikuyenera, imapanga mawu omwe amafanana ndi kukokomeza kapena kung'ung'udza. Chofunika kwambiri cha mgwirizano wopindulitsa pakati pa mbira ndi uchi ndikuti mbalameyo imakonda kudya mphutsi za njuchi ndipo sikukana phula lomwe limapanga zisa za uchi, koma silingathe kufikira, pomwe mbira imachita izi mosavuta. Ndipo sizovuta konse kuti nyamayo igawane nyama yake ndi wothandizira wake wokhulupirika - wowongolera uchi, zomwe amachita nthawi zonse, kusiya gawo laling'ono la mphutsi ndi zisa ndi uchi.
Ndipo komabe, uchi suli maziko a chakudya chake. Rathel ndi nyama yolusa komanso yoopsa yomwe imakonda nyama ya njoka. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, sanayimitsidwe ndi kulumidwa ndi zokwawa zapoizoni, chifukwa, kuwonjezera pa khungu lakuda kwambiri lomwe limateteza kulumidwa ndi njuchi ndi njoka, ali ndi chinthu china chodabwitsa: chitetezo cha poyizoni ngakhale njoka zakupha. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale chokwawa chakupha chikhoza kuluma mbira kumaso, yomwe ndi gawo lokhalo lomwe lili pachiwopsezo cha thupi lake, chinyama sichimafa ngakhale poizoni wa mphiri.
Poizoniyo amatha kupweteka kwambiri mbira ndikumuwumitsa kwakanthawi, koma sangaphe. Nyamayo, ikalumidwa, imagundana kwamphindi zingapo, kenako imangogona pansi atafa ziwalo kwakanthawi - kuyambira mphindi 20 mpaka maola awiri, kenako imadzuka ndikupita kukasaka nyama yatsopano.
Kawirikawiri, mbira ya uchi sichinyoza nyama iliyonse: imadya makoswe osiyanasiyana mosangalala, monga hamsters, mbewa, makoswe kapena ma gopher. Mphalapala imasakanso achule, akamba, mbalame ndi mahedgehogs. Ziweto zomwe zimakhala ku Central Asia zimatha kudyanso zinkhanira zakupha. Iye samanyozanso zakufa, zomwe ndizosowa kwa chilombo kuchokera kubanja la weasel. Nyama izi ndi mazira a mbalame zimadyedwa ngati zikwanitsa kuzipeza.
Ku Africa, ankhondo amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi midzi, komwe amawononga malo owetera njuchi ndi kuba nkhuku, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuwononga ziweto, ndichifukwa chake amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zowopsa, zomwe anthu am'deralo zimawononga nthawi iliyonse: pambuyo pake, cholengedwa chomwe chimavulaza mbalame, ndipo, nthawi zina, chifukwa cha ziweto, zimawopseza thanzi lawo, makamaka mukawona kuti anthu wamba ku Africa samakhala bwino. Koma mbira imatha kulawa zipatso kapena zakudya zina zam'madzi nthawi zina, pomwe sangapindule ndi chakudya china chilichonse.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma Honey badger samaberekana nthawi zambiri, monga akazi, akazi amtunduwu amabwera kudzasaka m'malo awo achilengedwe kamodzi pachaka. Ndipo pakadali pano, ankhondo amayenda awiri, pomwe nyama izi amakonda kukhala moyo wawokha. Akakwatirana, chachimuna chimasiya chachikazi, ndipo chimangosiyidwa chokha kuti chibereke ana omwe adzabereke mtsogolo.
Mimba ya badger imatenga miyezi 5 mpaka 7.... Ana obadwa kumene amabadwira mu dzenje, okonzeka nthawi ino ndi akazi, omwe amaphimba pansi pa chipinda chogona ndi mapesi owuma azitsamba kuti ana azikhala omasuka pamenepo. Monga lamulo, mu zinyalala mumakhala ana awiri kapena anayi opanda thandizo, akhungu komanso opanda maliseche okhala ndi khungu lakuda. Mbalame zazing'ono za uchi zimatha milungu yoyambirira ya moyo wawo m'bowo pabedi louma.
Maso a anawo amatsegulidwa m'masiku 32-35, nthawi yomweyo amayambanso kukula ubweya pang'ono. Pambuyo pake, pakatha miyezi itatu, anawo amayamba kutuluka m'dzenjemo ndikuphunzira kupeza chakudya paokha. Komabe, amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi chaka. Ndipo kokha pambuyo pa kusasitsa komaliza, nyama zazing'ono zimatha kuyamba kukhala padera ndi amayi awo ndi abale ndi alongo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mpaka anawo ataphunzira kuyenda palokha, mkaziyo mosalekeza - masiku awiri aliwonse, amawasamutsa kuchoka pa dzenje kupita lina kuti atetezeke. Ana akayamba kusunthira pawokha, banja lonse limapitilizabe kusamukira kumalo ena pafupipafupi, koma tsopano iwowo amasamukira komweko pambuyo pa amayi awo.
Kukula msinkhu mwa akazi kumachitika pafupifupi zaka 1 mwa amuna ndi zaka 1.5 mwa akazi.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a mbira ndi mimbulu ndi agalu amtchire. Mikango nthawi zambiri imapewa kukumana ndi mbira, koma ina mwa iyo imatha kusaka nyama zamtunduwu, ngakhale sizichitika kawirikawiri.Nthawi zambiri, izi zimachitika ndi nyama zomwe zathamangitsidwa kunyada kapena kuvulala, chifukwa cha njala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa choti mbuzi za uchi m'mayiko ena a ku Africa zimawerengedwa ngati tizirombo, zomwe zimawononga nkhuku ndikuwononga ming'oma, nzika zakomweko zikulimbana ndi nyamazi, ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa makoswe kumadera amenewa kwatsika kwambiri pofika pano. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nyama iyi, monga mtundu, siopsezedwa kutha: ndipotu, uchi wa mbira ndi waukulu kwambiri, ndipo dera lomwe akukhalamo ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi Honey Badger pakadali pano alandila Mkhalidwe Wosamala Wosamala.
Mbira ya uchi ndi nyama yodabwitsa, ngakhale ndi yofala, koma yophunzira pang'ono... Osati kwambiri zodziwika bwino zapadera za moyo wake. Kukana kwake kopanda mphamvu kwa njoka za njoka, zomwe zikadapha nyama yayikulu kwambiri, sikunalinso chinsinsi. Akatswiri ofufuza zinyama omwe amaphunzira nyama zosaneneka izi amasangalalanso ndi momwe mphalapalayi "imakambirana" ndi mbalame yotsogolera uchi komanso pomwe mgwirizanowu wazinyama zosiyanazi unayambira. Zina mwa zinsinsi zomwe asayansi amapatsa uchi mbuzi zitha kuthetsedwa poyang'ana chilombochi chikugwidwa. Koma zinsinsi zambiri za oyang'anira matendawo sizinawululidwebe ndipo akuyembekezera ofufuza awo.
