Nkhosa yamphongo, nahur kapena bharal

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Nkhosa yamphongo ya buluu (mtundu wa Pseudois), yotchedwa bharal kapena nakhur m'malo okhalamo, imakhala m'mapiri, pafupifupi ku China konse, kuchokera ku Inner Mongolia mpaka ku Himalaya. Ngakhale lili ndi dzina, nyamayi ilibe chochita ndi nkhosa kapena buluu. Monga momwe kafukufuku wamakhalidwe, mawonekedwe ndi mamolekyulu awonetsa, nkhosa zofiirira ndi zofiirira zoterezi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mbuzi za Copra. Ndipo tsopano zambiri za artiodactyl yodabwitsa.

Kufotokozera kwa nahur

Ngakhale nakhura amatchedwa nkhosa yamphongo yabuluu, imawoneka ngati mbuzi... Ndi artiodactyl wamkulu wamapiri wokhala ndi mutu wa pafupifupi masentimita 115-165, kutalika kwa phewa masentimita 75-90, mchira kutalika kwa 10-20, ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 35-75. Amuna ndiwo dongosolo lokulirapo kuposa akazi. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi nyanga zokhala pamwamba pa mitu yawo. Mwa amuna, ndi zokulirapo, zimakulira m'mwamba mopindika, pang'ono kubwerera. Nyanga za nahur yamphongo zimakhala kutalika kwa masentimita 80. Kwa "azimayi" amafupikitsa komanso owongoka, ndipo amakula mpaka masentimita 20 okha.

Maonekedwe

Ubweya wa Bharal umakhala wamtundu wofiirira mpaka bulawuni wabuluu, chifukwa chake dzina lodziwika bwino la nkhosa zamtambo. Ubweya womwewo ndi wamfupi komanso wolimba, mawonekedwe a ndevu zama artiodactyls ambiri kulibe. Mzere wakuda uli pambali pa thupi, kuwonetseratu kusiyanitsa kumbuyo kwakumanja ndi mbali yoyera. Komanso, chingwe chofananacho chimagawaniza chitseko, ndikudutsa pamphuno. Kumbuyo kwa ntchafu kumawunikira, ena onse adetsedwa, akuyandikira mumthunzi wakuda.

Moyo, machitidwe

Nkhosa zamphongo za buluu zimagwira ntchito m'mawa kwambiri, madzulo, komanso masana. Amakhala makamaka m'magulu, ngakhale kulinso anthu osakwatira. Gulu limakhala la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi ana. Palinso mitundu yosiyanasiyana momwe amuna ndi akazi onse alipo, magulu azaka za akulu ndi ana. Kukula kwa ziweto kumayambira pa nkhosa ziwiri zamtambo (nthawi zambiri wamkazi ndi mwana wake) mpaka mitu 400.

Komabe, magulu ambiri a nkhosa amakhala ndi nyama pafupifupi 30. M'nyengo yotentha, amuna am'magulu ena am'malo ena amasiyanitsidwa ndi akazi. Nthawi yamoyo ya nyama ndi zaka 11 mpaka 15. Kutalika kwawo kwakukhala mdziko lapansi kumachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi olusa, omwe satsutsa kukadya zopanda pake. Mwa izi, makamaka mimbulu ndi akambuku. Komanso, baharal ndi amene amazunzidwa kwambiri ndi kambuku wa chipale chofewa kumapiri a ku Tibetan.

Gulu lankhosa labuluu limakhala ndi mitundu ingapo ya mbuzi ndi nkhosa. Magulu amakhala m'malo otsetsereka opanda mitengo, mapiri a mapiri ndi madera a shrub pamwamba pa nkhalango. Komanso m'malo otsetsereka okhala ndi udzu, pafupi ndi miyala, yomwe ndi njira zothandiza kuthawa nyama zolusa. Izi zokonda malowa ndizofanana ndi momwe mbuzi zimakhalira, zomwe zimapezeka pamapiri otsetsereka komanso amiyala. Nkhosa zimakonda kukwera mapiri okutidwa ndi udzu ndi ma sedge, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala mkati mwa miyala ya 200 mita, yomwe imatha kukwera mwachangu kuthawa adani.

Ndizosangalatsa!Kubisa kwabwino kwa utoto kumalola kuti nyamayo ibisalire ndikusakanikirana ndi mawonekedwe amalo osadziwika. Nkhosa zamtambo zimathamanga pokhapokha ngati chilombocho chazizindikira.

Nkhosa zamtambo (P.schaeferi) zimakhala m'malo otsetsereka, ouma, osabereka a Yangtze River Gorge (2600-3200 mita pamwamba pa nyanja). Pamwambapa, madera a nkhalango amatalika mamita 1000 mpaka kumapiri a Alpine, komwe kuli ena khumi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ndi mtundu wamanyanga womwe umawonetsa moyo wa nyama ndi malo okhala. Nkhosa “zamwayi” kwambiri zimakhala ndi nyanga zokulirapo komanso zazitali.

Pokhala ndi kulolerana kwamphamvu pazovuta zachilengedwe, nkhosa yamtambo imapezeka m'malo omwe amakhala otentha komanso owuma mpaka ozizira, amphepo komanso achisanu, omwe amakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 1200 mita mpaka 5300 mita. Nkhosa zimagawidwa paphiri la Tibetan, komanso kumapiri oyandikana nawo komanso oyandikira. Malo okhalamo nkhosa za buluu akuphatikizapo Tibet, madera a Pakistan, India, Nepal ndi Bhutan, omwe amalowera kumalire a Tibet, komanso mbali zina za China za Xinjiang, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan ndi Ningxia.

Nkhosa yamphongo ya buluu imakhala pamapiri otsetsereka, ouma a Mtsinje wa Yangtze, pamtunda wa mamita 2,600 mpaka 3,200... Amapezeka kumpoto, kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Batan County ku Kham (Province la Sichuan). Nahur wamba amakhalanso m'dera lino, koma amakhalabe m'mapiri okwera kwambiri kuposa oimira ochepa. Pafupifupi mamita 1,000 a nkhalango amalekanitsa mitundu iwiriyi.

Ndi anghur akukhala

Bharal amafikira kukhwima ali ndi zaka chimodzi ndi theka. Kukondana kumachitika pakati pa Okutobala mpaka Januware. Pambuyo pobereka masiku 160, yaikazi nthawi zambiri imabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi, yemwe amasiyidwa kuyamwa miyezi 6 atabadwa. Nthawi yamoyo yamphongo ya buluu imatha kukhala zaka 12-15.

Zoyipa zakugonana

Nkhosa zamtambo zimadziwika kuti ndizogonana. Amuna ndiwo dongosolo lokulirapo kuposa akazi, kusiyanasiyana kwapakati kumakhala pakati pa 20 mpaka 30 kilogalamu. Yaimuna imakhala yolemera makilogalamu 60-75, pomwe akazi sangafike pa 45. Amuna akulu amakhala ndi nyanga zokongola, zazikulu, zokulungika (zopitilira 50 cm ndikulemera makilogalamu 7-9), pomwe mwa akazi ndizochepa kwambiri.

Amphongo alibe ndevu, zotupa pamabondo, kapena fungo lamphamvu lamthupi lomwe limapezeka mu nkhosa zina zambiri. Zili ndi mchira wopyapyala, wokulira wopanda mbali yamkati, zodindika kwambiri pamiyendo yawo, ndi ziboda zazikulu ngati mbuzi. Kafukufuku wamakono potengera kusanthula kwamakhalidwe ndi chromosomal atsimikizira kuti ndi akulu kwambiri pamtundu wa mbuzi kuposa nkhosa.

Malo okhala, malo okhala

Mitunduyi imapezeka ku Bhutan, China (Gansu, malire a Ningxia-Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Xinjiang ndi kumpoto kwa Yunnan), kumpoto kwa India, kumpoto kwa Myanmar, Nepal, ndi kumpoto kwa Pakistan. Olemba angapo ati mitundu iyi ilipo ku Tajikistan (Grubb 2005), koma mpaka posachedwapa kunalibe umboni wa izi.

Misonkhoyi imakhalabe yodziwika bwino m'malo ake akulu kudera la Tibetan Plateau ku China. Apa, kufalitsa kwake kumachokera kumadzulo kwa Tibet, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Xinjiang, komwe kumapiri omwe ali m'malire a kumadzulo kwa Aru Ko, kuli anthu ochepa omwe amafalikira chakum'mawa kudera lodziyimira palokha. Zilinso chimodzimodzi kumwera kwa Xinjiang, m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Kunlun ndi Arjun.

Nkhosa zamtundu wa buluu zimapezeka kumapiri ambiri akumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Qinghai kum'mawa kwa Sichuan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Yunnan, komanso kufupi ndi Kilian ndi madera ena a Gansu.

Ndizosangalatsa!Kukula kwakum'mawa kwa magawidwe ake akuwoneka kuti akupezeka ku Helan Shan, omwe amapanga malire akumadzulo kwa Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (ndi Inner Mongolia).

Nahur amapezeka kumpoto kwa Bhutan, pamtunda wopitilira 4000-400 mita pamwamba pa nyanja... Nkhosa zamtundu wa buluu zimagawidwa mwakhama kumpoto kwa Himalayan ndi madera ozungulira India, ngakhale kufalikira kwakum'mawa kumalire a kumpoto kwa Arunachal Pradesh sikudziwikabe. Amadziwika kwambiri m'malo ambiri a East Ladakh (Jammu ndi Kashmir), komanso mbali zina za Spiti ndi chapamwamba cha Parvati Valley, kumpoto kwa Himachal Pradesh.

Nkhosa zamtundu wa buluu zimapezeka kupezeka ku Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary ndi Nanda Devi National Park, komanso pafupi ndi Badrinath (Uttar Pradesh), pamalo otsetsereka a Hangsen Dzonga (Sikkim) komanso kum'mawa kwa Arunachal Pradesh.

Posachedwa, kupezeka kwa nkhosazi kwatsimikiziridwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arunachal Pradesh, pafupi ndi malire ndi Bhutan ndi China. Ku Nepal, amagawidwa mwachangu kumpoto kwa Great Himalaya kuchokera kumalire ndi India ndi Tibet kumpoto chakumadzulo, chakum'mawa kudzera ku Dolpo ndi Mustang kupita kudera la Gorkha kumpoto-pakati pa Nepal. Gawo lalikulu logawa nkhosa zamtambo lili ku Pakistan, ndipo limaphatikizapo chigwa chapamwamba cha Gujerab ndi dera la Gilgit, kuphatikiza gawo la Khunjerab National Park.

Zakudya Zankhosa Buluu

Bharal amadyetsa udzu, ziphuphu, zomera zolimba zouma, ndi moss.

Kubereka ndi ana

Nkhosa zamtundu wa buluu zimakula msinkhu wa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, koma amuna ambiri sangakhale othandizira mokwanira gulu mpaka azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Nthawi yokhwima ndi kubadwa kwa nkhosa imasiyanasiyana kutengera malire azinyama. Mwambiri, nkhosa zamtambo zimapezeka kuti ziziswana nthawi yachisanu ndipo zimabereka chilimwe. Kubereka bwino kumatengera nyengo ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya. Nthawi yoberekera nkhosa ya bharala ndi masiku 160. Mkazi aliyense wapakati amakhala ndi mwana m'modzi. Anawo amuletsa kuyamwa ali ndi miyezi pafupifupi isanu ndi umodzi.

Adani achilengedwe

Bharal ndi nyama yokhayokha kapena amakhala m'magulu a anthu 20 mpaka 40, nthawi zambiri ogonana. Nyama izi zimagwira ntchito masana, zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri kudyetsa ndi kupumula. Chifukwa cha utoto wake wabwino kwambiri, nahur amatha kubisala mdani akamayandikira osadziwika.

Nyama zazikulu zomwe zimamsaka ndi kambuku wa Amur ndi akambuku wamba. Ana ankhosa a Nahura amatha kugwidwa ndi zilombo zazing'ono kwambiri monga nkhandwe, mimbulu, kapena ziwombankhanga zofiira.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuthekera kwakutha kwa nkhosa zamtambo zimatanthauzidwa kuti ndizowopsa kwambiri pamndandanda wofiira wa IUCN wa 2003... Bharal amatetezedwa ku China ndipo adalembedwa mu Ndandanda III ya 1972 ya Wildlife Protection Act. Kukula kwathunthu kwa anthu kuyambira 47,000 mpaka 414,000 artiodactyls.

Ndizosangalatsa!Nkhosa yamphongo yabuluu imadziwika kuti ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu pa 2003 IUCN Red List ndipo imatetezedwa pansi pa malamulo a Sichuan. Akuti mu 1997 pali nkhosa 200 zotsala zomwe zatsala.

Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhosa zamtambo kumadalira kwambiri nthawi yakusaka. Kuchokera m'ma 1960 mpaka 80, nkhosa zambiri mwa ziwetozi zinawonongedwa malonda m'chigawo cha Qinghai ku China. Pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 100,000-200,000 a nyama yabuluu ya Qinghai amatumizidwa chaka chilichonse kumsika wapamwamba ku Europe, makamaka ku Germany. Kusaka, komwe alendo ochokera kunja amapha amuna okhwima, kunakhudza kwambiri msinkhu wa anthu ena. Komabe, nkhosa zamtambo zimafalikirabe ndipo zimachuluka kwambiri m'malo ena.

Kanema wonena za nkhosa yamphongo yabuluu kapena nahur

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