Arapaima ndi chinthu chenicheni chamoyo, nsomba yomwe ndi yofanana ndi ma dinosaurs. Cholengedwa chodabwitsa ichi chomwe chimakhala m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja ku South America chimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamadzi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi: ndi anthu ena okhawo a beluga omwe amatha kupitirira kukula kwa arapaima.
Kufotokozera kwa arapaima
Arapaima ndi nsomba zamadzi zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi otentha... Ndi wa banja la Aravan, lomwe, ndi la Aravana. Arapaima gigas - ndizomwe dzina lake la sayansi limamveka. Ndipo zotsalira zamoyozi zili ndi mawonekedwe apadera angapo.
Maonekedwe
Arapaima ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zamadzi: nthawi zambiri imakula mpaka mita ziwiri, koma ena mwa mitundu iyi amatha kutalika mamita atatu. Ndipo, ngati mumakhulupirira umboni wa mboni zowona ndi maso, ndiye kuti palinso anthu ena mpaka mamitala 4.6 kutalika. Kulemera kwazithunzi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zinagwidwa kunali 200 kg. Thupi la nsombayi ndilotalikirapo, lathyathyathya pang'ono kenako limagundika mwamphamvu pamutu wawung'ono.
Chigoba chili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba pang'ono, maso amasunthira kumunsi kwa mphuno, pakamwa sikokulirapo ndipo ili pamtunda. Mchira ndi wolimba komanso wamphamvu, chifukwa chake, nsomba imatha kuponya mwamphamvu, mwachangu ndipo imathandizanso kuti idumphire m'madzi, kuthamangitsa nyama. Masikelo okutira thupi amakhala ndi mapangidwe angapo, akulu kwambiri komanso ophatikizidwa. Mbale zamathambo zimaphimba mutu wa nsombazo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha mamba ake apadera, olimba modabwitsa, omwe ali olimba kakhumi kuposa mphamvu yamfupa, arapaima amatha kukhala m'madamu omwewo okhala ndi ma piranhas, omwe samayesa kuwukira, osadzivulaza okha.
Zipsepse za pectoral za nsombazi zili m'malo otsika: pafupifupi pafupi ndi mimba. Zipsepse zakuthambo ndi kumatako ndizotalikirapo ndipo zimawoneka kuti zasunthira kumchira wokha. Chifukwa chakapangidwe kameneka, mtundu wina wamatayala umapangidwa, womwe umapangitsa kuti nsomba zizithamanga zikafulumira kukadya.
Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi la zotsalira zamoyozo ndi zofiirira ndi bulauni wonyezimira. Pafupi ndi zipsepse zopanda ulusi, utoto wa azitona umayenda bwino kukhala wofiira, ndipo pamlingo wa mchira umakhala wofiira kwambiri. Mchira umayikidwa ndi malire akuda, amdima. Ma operculums amathanso kukhala ofiira ofiira. Kugonana kwam'magulu mwa nsombazi kumawonetsedwa bwino: champhongo chili ndi thupi lochepa komanso lowala. Ndipo achichepere okha, mosasamala za kugonana kwawo, ali ndi mtundu wofanana, osati wowala kwambiri.
Khalidwe, moyo
Arapaima amayesetsa kutsatira moyo wapansi, koma amathanso kusaka pafupi ndi dziwe. Nsomba yayikuluyi nthawi zonse imakhala ikufunafuna chakudya, chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kuyiona ili phee: pokhapokha pakatsata nyama kapena kupumula kwakanthawi. Arapaima, chifukwa cha mchira wake wamphamvu, imatha kudumpha kuchokera m'madzi mpaka kutalika kwake, ndiye kuti, 2-3, mwina 4 mita. Nthawi zambiri amachita izi kuthamangitsa nyama yake, kuyesera kuthawa kapena kuthawa ndi nthambi zazing'ono zamtengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pamwamba pa pharynx ndikusambira chikhodzodzo mu cholengedwa chodabwitsa ichi mwadzaza maukonde olimba amitsempha yamagazi, ndipo momwe amapangidwira amafanana ndi maselo, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala ofanana ndi kapangidwe ka minofu yam'mapapo.
Chifukwa chake, pharynx ndi kusambira chikhodzodzo mu nsombazi zimagwiranso ntchito za chiwalo chowonjezera cha kupuma. Chifukwa cha iwo, arapaima amatha kupuma mpweya wamlengalenga, womwe umamuthandiza kupulumuka chilala.
Malo osungirawa akakhala osaya, amadzibisa okha mumtambo wonyowa kapena mchenga, koma nthawi imodzimodziyo imakwera pamwamba mphindi zingapo kuti ipume, komanso, imachita izi mwaphokoso kuti mawu akumveka mokweza amapita kutali kudera lonselo. Sizingatheke kutcha arapaima nsomba yokongoletsera ya aquarium, komabe, nthawi zambiri imasungidwa mu ukapolo, komwe, ngakhale sikukula mpaka kukula kwakukulu, imatha kutalika kwa 50-150 cm.
Nsombazi nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama ndi m'madzi.... Kumusunga mu ukapolo sikophweka, pokhapokha ngati mukusowa aquarium yayikulu ndikusamalira kutentha kwapamwamba. Kupatula apo, kutsitsa kutentha kwa madzi ngakhale ndi madigiri a 2-3 kumatha kubweretsa zovuta ku nsomba yokonda chonchi. Komabe, arapaima imasungidwa ndi akatswiri ena am'madzi am'madzi, omwe, amatha kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Kodi arapaima amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Palibe chidziwitso chodalirika kuti zimphona zotere zimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji m'chilengedwe. Poganizira kuti m'madzi am'madzi nsomba zotere, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso chisamaliro chawo, amakhala zaka 10-20, titha kuganiza kuti m'malo awo achilengedwe amakhala zaka zosachepera 8-10, pokhapokha, atagwidwa kale asodzi paukonde kapena pa harpoon.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zinthu zakale izi zimakhala ku Amazon, m'maiko monga Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana ndi Brazil. Komanso, mitunduyi idakhala m'malo opezeka ku Thailand ndi Malaysia.
Mwachilengedwe, nsombazi zimakonda kukhazikika m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi omwe amadzaza ndi madzi, koma zimapezekanso m'madamu ena amadzi osefukira ndi madzi ofunda, kutentha kwake kumakhala pakati pa + 25 mpaka + 29 madigiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi yamvula, arapaima amakhala ndi chizolowezi chosamukira ku nkhalango zomwe zimasefukira madzi, ndipo nyengo yoyambayi ikayamba, amabwerera ku mitsinje ndi nyanja.
Ngati, ndikuyamba kwa chilala, sikutheka kubwerera kumalo awo, arapaima imapulumuka nthawi ino m'madzi ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala pakati pa nkhalango madzi ataphwera. Chifukwa chake, kubwerera kumtsinje kapena kunyanja, ngati ali ndi mwayi wokwanira kupulumuka nthawi yadzuwa, nsomba imabwerera pokhapokha nyengo yamvula yotsatira, pomwe madzi ayambanso kuchepa.
Zakudya za Arapaima
Arapaima ndi nyama yolusa komanso yoopsa, yomwe ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono. Koma saphonya mwayi wosaka nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame zomwe zakhala panthambi zamtengo kapena kutsikira kumtsinje kapena kunyanja kuti akamwe.
Achinyamata amtunduwu amadziwika kuti ndi achiwerewere kwambiri pakudya ndipo amadya chilichonse: nsomba zapakatikati, mphutsi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, njoka zazing'ono, mbalame zazing'ono kapena nyama, komanso nyama zakufa.
Ndizosangalatsa!"Mbale" yomwe amakonda Arapaima ndi wachibale wawo wakutali, Aravana, yemwenso ndi wa dongosolo la Aravana.
Ali mu ukapolo, nsomba izi zimadyetsedwa makamaka ndi chakudya chamapuloteni: zimawadyetsa nsomba zam'nyanja kapena zamchere, nyama ya nkhuku, nyama yang'ombe, komanso nkhono ndi amphibiya. Poganizira kuti m'malo awo achilengedwe arapaima amakhala nthawi yayitali kufunafuna nyama, nsomba zazing'ono zimalowetsedwa mu aquarium yomwe imakhalamo. Akuluakulu amadyetsa motere kamodzi patsiku, koma achinyamata ayenera kudyetsedwa katatu, osachepera. Ngati kudyetsa kwachedwa, ndiye kuti akuluakulu omwe adakula amatha kuyamba kusaka nsomba zomwe zimakhala mumtsinje womwewo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Zazimayi zimatha kubereka pokhapokha zikafika zaka zisanu ndi kukula kwa mita imodzi ndi theka... Mwachilengedwe, kubzala ku arapaima kumachitika kumapeto kwa dzinja kapena koyambirira kwamasika: pafupifupi, mu February-Marichi. Nthawi yomweyo, mkazi amakonzekeranso chisa choyika mazira pasadakhale, ngakhale asanabadwe. Pazifukwa izi, amasankha dziwe losaya komanso lotentha lokhala ndi mchenga, pomwe kulibe chilichonse kapena sichimawoneka pang'ono. Kumeneko, pansi pake, amakumba bowo masentimita 50 mpaka 80 m'lifupi ndi masentimita 15 mpaka 20 kuya, kenako, pobwerera ndi yamphongoyo, amaikira mazira akuluakulu.
Pakatha masiku awiri, mazirawo amatuluka ndipo mwachangu amatuluka. Nthawi yonseyi, kuyambira kuyikira mazira achikazi komanso mpaka nthawi yomwe ana amakhala odziyimira pawokha, yamphongo ili pafupi ndi ana ake: amateteza, amasamalira, amasamalira komanso amamudyetsa. Koma mkazi nayenso samapita patali: amateteza chisa, kusunthira pamenepo osaposa mita 10-15.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poyamba, mwachangu nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi wamwamuna: amadyanso zinthu zoyera, zomwe zimasungidwa ndimatenda omwe ali pafupi ndi maso ake. Zomwezo, chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake, zimagwiranso ntchito ngati nyali zazing'ono zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisambira mwachangu kuti asataye abambo awo.
Poyamba, achinyamata amakula mwachangu ndikulemera bwino: pafupifupi, amakula masentimita 5 pamwezi ndikuwonjezera magalamu 100. Mwachangu amayamba kukhala ndi moyo wodya nyama pasanathe sabata atabadwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amadziyimira pawokha. Poyamba, kuyamba kusaka, amadya nyama zam'madzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, ndipo pambuyo pake amapita ku nsomba zazing'ono ndi nyama zina "zazikulu".
Komabe, nsomba zazikulu zimapitirizabe kusamalira ana awo kwa miyezi ina itatu. Mwina chisamaliro ichi, chachilendo kwa nsomba zina, chimafotokozedwa ndikuti mwachangu ma arapaim sadziwa kupuma mpweya wammlengalenga mpaka zaka zina ndipo makolo awo adzawaphunzitsa pambuyo pake.
Adani achilengedwe
M'malo awo achilengedwe, arapaima ilibe adani, popeza ngakhale ma piranha amalephera kuluma pamiyeso yake yolimba modabwitsa. Pali umboni wosatsimikiza kuti anyaligator nthawi zina amasaka nsombazi, koma ngakhale izi, malinga ndi zomwe zidachitikira, ndizosowa kwambiri.
Mtengo wamalonda
Arapaima amadziwika kuti ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri cha Amwenye aku Amazonia kwazaka zambiri.... Kwa utoto wonyezimira wofiirira wa nyama ya nsombayi komanso zolemba zofiira pamiyeso yake, aborigine aku South America adatcha "piraruka", kutanthauza "nsomba yofiira" ndipo dzina lachiwirili adapatsidwanso arapaima pambuyo pake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amwenyewa adapanga njira yawoyokha yogwira arapaima zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo: monga lamulo, adatsata nyama yawo ndi mawu ake omveka bwino, kenako amenya nsomba ndi haru kapena kuwagwira ndi maukonde.
Nyama ya Arapaima imawerengedwa kuti ndi yokoma komanso yathanzi, ndipo mafupa ake amagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati mankhwala achi India. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mbale, ndipo mafayilo amisomali amapangidwa ndi sikelo ya nsomba iyi, yomwe imafunikira kwambiri pakati pa alendo ochokera kumayiko ena mumsika wokumbutsa. Nyama ya nsombayi imawerengedwa kuti ndi yofunika komanso yofunika kwambiri. Ndipo kufunika kwake m'misika ku South America kumakhalabe kokwera nthawi zonse. Pachifukwa ichi ngakhale kuletsedwa kwa asodzi m'malo ena sikumapangitsa arapaima kukhala osafunika komanso nyama zosakidwa kwa asodzi akumaloko.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha kusodza mwadongosolo, makamaka, pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde, kuchuluka kwa arapaima kwapitilira kuchepa pazaka zana zapitazi, komanso, izi ndizowona makamaka kwa anthu akulu kwambiri a arapaima, omwe anali osakidwa mwadala, popeza nsomba yayikulu yotereyi yakhala ikuwoneka ngati yosangalatsa kugwira. Pakadali pano, m'malo okhala anthu ambiri ku Amazon, tsopano ndizosowa kwambiri kupeza mtundu wa mitundu iyi yopitilira mamitala awiri. M'madera ena osiyanasiyana, kusodza sikuletsedwa, koma izi sizilepheretsa osaka nyama komanso Amwenye am'deralo kuti agwire arapaima: pambuyo pake, oyambawo amakopeka ndi nsomba iyi pamtengo wokwera kwambiri wa nyama yake, ndipo omalizawo amachita zomwezi zomwe makolo awo adachita kwazaka zambiri, kwa omwe arapaima nthawi zonse amakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachakudya.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Odula matope
- Goblin shark, kapena goblin shark
- Ma stingray (lat. Batomorphi)
- Monkfish (anglers)
Alimi ena aku Brazil, akufuna kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa nsombazi ndipo atalandira chilolezo ku boma, apanga njira yobereketsera mitundu iyi muukapolo. Pambuyo pake, adagwira nsomba zachikulire m'malo awo achilengedwe ndipo, atawasunthira m'malo osungira, adayamba kubzala arapaima mu ukapolo, m'mayiwe ndi malo osungira. Chifukwa chake, anthu okhudzidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa mitundu yapaderayi akukonzekera kudzaza msika ndi nyama zogwidwa ndi arapaim, motero, amachepetsa kugwira kwawo m'malo osungira zachilengedwe, momwe asodziwa akhala kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Zofunika! Chifukwa chakuti palibe chidziwitso pa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi komanso ngati ikuchepa kapena ayi, IUCN silingathe ngakhale arapaima kukhala mtundu wotetezedwa. Nsomba iyi idapatsidwa Chidziwitso Chosakwanira Cha data.
Arapaima ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa chomwe chatsalabe mpaka pano... Chifukwa chakuti m'nkhalango mulibe adani, kupatula kuukira kwa nsomba za alligator, zikuwoneka kuti mtunduwu uyenera kutukuka. Komabe, chifukwa chakufunidwa kwa nyama ya arapaim, kuchuluka kwawo kumachepa mosalekeza. Omenyera ufulu wa nyama akutenga njira zonse zotetezera zotsalira zazamoyozi, zomwe zakhalapo kwa mamiliyoni ambiri kwazaka zambiri, kupatula apo, nsomba iyi yakhala ikuyesera kuswana muukapolo. Ndipo ndi nthawi yokhayo yomwe ingadziwitse ngati zoyesayesizi zikhala zopambana komanso ngati, chifukwa cha iwo, zidzatheka kusunga ma arapaim m'malo awo achilengedwe.
