Hafu ya kavalo, theka la mbidzi ndi kamphira kakang'ono - koteroko ndi okapi, yemwe kupezeka kwake kwakhala pafupifupi chidwi chachikulu cha asayansi m'zaka za zana la 20.
Kufotokozera kwa okapi
Okapia johnstoni - Okapi wa Johnston, kapena okapi chabe, ndiye yekhayo artiodactyl wamtundu womwewo Okapia, membala wa banja la akadyamsonga... Komabe, kufanana kwakukulu sikuli ndi akadyamsonga mofanana ndi makolo awo, komanso mbidzi (malinga ndi utoto) ndi akavalo (mu thupi).
Maonekedwe
Okapi ndi wokongola modabwitsa - chovala chovala chokoleti chofiirira pamutu, mbali ndi chotupa mwadzidzidzi chimasintha miyendo ndi kamvekedwe koyera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yosasinthasintha yomwe imafanana ndi mbidzi. Mchira ndiwofulumira (30-40 cm), ndikutha mu ngayaye. Koposa zonse, okapi amafanana ndi kavalo wachikuda wakuda, yemwe amapeza nyanga zazing'ono (ma ossicons) okhala ndi nyanga, chaka chilichonse amalangiza nsonga.
Ndi artiodactyl yayikulu, pafupifupi 2 mita kutalika, yomwe imakula polemera munthu wamkulu mpaka 2.5 centres pakatalika pofota 1.5-1.72 m. Pamutu pamutu ndi makutu zimabwereza maziko a chokoleti cha thupi, koma mphuno (kuyambira pansi pa makutu mpaka khosi) utoto woyera ndi maso akulu akuda osiyana. Makutu a okapi ndi otambalala, otupa kwambiri komanso oyenda kwambiri; khosi ndi lalifupi kwambiri kuposa la tambala ndipo ndilofanana ndi 2/3 kutalika kwa thupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Okapi ali ndi lilime lalitali komanso locheperako, pafupifupi masentimita 40 labuluu, mothandizidwa ndi nyama, kutsuka m'maso mwakachetechete osapanikizika kufikira ma auricles.
Mlomo wakumtunda wagawidwa pakatikati ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kopanda khungu. Okapi alibe ndulu, koma ali ndi matumba patsaya mbali zonse za pakamwa pomwe chakudya chimatha kusungidwa.
Moyo, machitidwe
Okapi, mosiyana ndi akadyamsangala, amakonda kukhala okha ndipo samakonda kusonkhana m'magulu (nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mukafuna chakudya). Madera azimuna amathamangirana ndipo alibe malire omveka (mosiyana ndi madera aakazi), koma nthawi zonse amakhala akulu m'derali ndipo amafika 2.5-5 km2. Nyama zimadya msana kwambiri masana, zikudutsa mwakachetechete m'nkhalango, koma nthawi zina zimalola kuti ziwombe. Amapuma usiku osataya chidwi chawo: sizosadabwitsa kuti kuchokera ku mphamvu za okapi, kumva ndi kununkhira kumapangidwa bwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Okapi Johnston alibe zingwe zomveka, motero mawu amapangidwa mpweya ukamatuluka. Nyamazo zimalankhulana pakati pawo ndi muluzi wofewa, phokoso kapena kutsokomola.
Okapi amadziwika ndi kusamalika bwino ndipo amakonda kunyambita khungu lawo lokongola kwanthawi yayitali, zomwe sizimawalepheretsa kudzilemba okha mkodzo. Zowona, zonunkhira zotere zimangosiyidwa ndi amuna okhaokha, ndipo zazikazi zimadziwitsa zakomwe zimakhalapo popaka khosi lawo ndi zotulutsa zonunkhira paziphuphu. Amuna amapaka makosi awo pamtengo.
Akasungidwa pamodzi, mwachitsanzo, kumalo osungira zinyama, okapis amayamba kutsatira maulamuliro omveka bwino, ndipo polimbana ndi ukuluwo amamenya kwambiri anzawo ndi mitu yawo ndi ziboda. Utsogoleri ukapezeka, nyama zowoneka bwino zimayesera ngakhale kupitirira omwe ali pansi pake powongola khosi lawo ndikukweza mitu yawo. Okapis otsika nthawi zambiri amaika mutu / khosi lawo pansi pomwe amalemekeza atsogoleri.
Kodi okapi amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Amakhulupirira kuti m'nkhalango zakutchire zimakhala zaka 15-25, koma zimakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo osungira nyama, nthawi zambiri zimadutsa zaka 30.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna ndi akazi, monga lamulo, amasiyanitsidwa ndi ma ossicons... Kutuluka kwamfupa kwamphongo, kwamphindi 10-12 masentimita, kuli pakatikati pa mafupa ndikulowera chakumbuyo moyenera. Nsonga za ma ossicons nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda kanthu kapena zimathera mumitengo yaying'ono yonyansa. Amayi ambiri alibe nyanga, ndipo ngati amakula, amakhala ochepera kuposa amuna ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala okutidwa ndi khungu. Kusiyana kwina kumakhudza mtundu wa thupi - akazi okhwima ogonana amakhala akuda kuposa amuna.
Mbiri yakudziwika kwa Okapi
Mpainiya wa okapi anali woyenda wotchuka waku Britain komanso wofufuza malo waku Africa a Henry Morton Stanley, omwe adakafika ku nkhalango zamvula za ku Congo mu 1890. Ndipamene adakumana ndi akalulu, omwe sanadabwe ndi mahatchi aku Europe, akunena kuti pafupifupi nyama zomwezi zimayendayenda m'nkhalango zakomweko. Pambuyo pake, zidziwitso za "akavalo amnkhalango", zomwe zalembedwa mu imodzi mwa malipoti a Stanley, zidagamulidwa kuti zifufuze Mngelezi wachiwiri, Kazembe wa Uganda Johnston.
Mwambo woyenera udadzipeza mu 1899, pomwe kunja kwa "kavalo wamnkhalango" (okapi) adamufotokozera kazembeyo mwatsatanetsatane ndi ma pygmies komanso mmishonale wotchedwa Lloyd. Umboni unayamba kubwera wina ndi mnzake: posakhalitsa alenje aku Belgian adapatsa Johnston zidutswa ziwiri za zikopa za okapi, zomwe adazitumiza ku Royal Zoological Society (London).
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumeneko, zidapezeka kuti zikopazo sizinali za mtundu uliwonse wa mbidzi, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira ya 1900 kufotokoza nyama yatsopano (yolemba za Sklater) kudasindikizidwa pansi pa dzina lenileni "kavalo wa Johnston".
Ndipo patangopita chaka chimodzi, pamene zigaza ziwiri ndi khungu lathunthu zidafika ku London, zidawonekeratu kuti anali kutali ndi equine, koma ofanana ndi zotsalira za makolo amtchire omwe adatha. Nyama yosadziwika idasinthidwa mwachangu, kubwereka dzina loyambirira "okapi" kuchokera kwa mayiyu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Okapi amapezeka ku Democratic Republic of the Congo (omwe kale anali Zaire), ngakhale sizinali kale kwambiri, ma artiodactylswa amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Uganda.
Zambiri mwa ziweto zimakhazikika kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Republic of the Congo, komwe kuli nkhalango zambiri zovuta kuzimva. Okapi amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi zigwa ndi madambo, osapitilira 0,5-1 km pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe pali zobiriwira.
Zakudya za Okapi
M'nkhalango zamvula, nthawi zambiri m'munsi mwake, okapi amayang'ana mphukira / masamba a mitengo ya euphorbia ndi zitsamba, komanso zipatso zosiyanasiyana, nthawi ndi nthawi kupita kukadya udzu. Zonse pamodzi, chakudya cha okapi chimakhala ndi mitundu yopitilira 100 yochokera m'mabanja 13 azomera, omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa pazakudya zake.
Ndipo mitundu 30 yokha ya chakudya chodyera imadyedwa ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala zodetsa nkhawa.... Zakudya zamtundu wa okapi nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi chakudya chodyera komanso chakupha (ngakhale anthu):
- masamba obiriwira;
- masamba ndi mphukira;
- ferns;
- udzu;
- zipatso;
- bowa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku chimachokera masamba. Okapi amawavula ndikungoyenda pang'ono, popeza kale adalumikiza mphukira ndi lilime lake losuntha la 40 sentimita.
Kuwunika kwa ndowe zakutchire kunawonetsa kuti nyama zomwe zimamwa kwambiri zimadya makala, komanso dothi lodzaza ndi mchere wa saltpeter lomwe limakuta m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ananena kuti mwanjira imeneyi okapis amathandiziranso kuchepa kwa mchere m'thupi mwawo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Okapi ayamba masewera osakanikirana mu Meyi - Juni kapena Novembala - Disembala. Pakadali pano, nyama zimasintha chizolowezi chokhala zokha ndikusintha kuti zibereke. Komabe, atagwirizana, banjali limatha, ndipo nkhawa zonse za mwana zimagwera pamapewa a amayi. Mkazi amabereka mwanayo kwa masiku 440, ndipo atatsala pang'ono kubereka amapita m'nkhalango yakuya.
Okapi amabweretsa imodzi yayikulu (kuyambira 14 mpaka 30 kg) ndi mwana wodziyimira pawokha, yemwe pakatha mphindi 20 apeza kale mkaka m'mawere a mayi, ndipo atatha theka la ola amatha kutsatira mayi. Akabadwa, wakhanda nthawi zambiri amagona mwakachetechete mnyumba (yopangidwa ndi mkazi patatha masiku angapo atabadwa) pomwe amapeza chakudya. Mayi amapeza mwanayo ndikumveka kofanana ndi komwe kumamvekedwa ndi okapi wamkulu - kutsokomola, kulira malikhweru osamveka kapena kulira kotsika.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tithokoze makonzedwe anzeru am'mimba, mkaka wonse wamayi umaphatikizana ndi galamu womaliza, ndipo okapi yaying'ono ilibe ndowe (zomwe zimanunkhira), zomwe zimawapulumutsa kuzilombo zodyera.
Mkaka wa amayi umasungidwa muzakudya za mwana pafupifupi mpaka atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi: kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira, mwana wamwamuna amamwa mosalekeza, ndipo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yachiwiri - nthawi ndi nthawi, nthawi ndi nthawi amapaka mawere. Ngakhale atasinthana ndi chakudya chodziyimira pawokha, mwana wamphongo wamkuluyo amakondana kwambiri ndi mayi ndipo amakhala pafupi.
Komabe, kulumikizaku ndikolimba mbali zonse ziwiri - mayi amathamangira kukateteza mwana wawo, ngakhale atakhala pachiwopsezo chotani. Amagwiritsa ntchito ziboda zamphamvu ndi miyendo yolimba, yomwe amamenyera zolusa zomwe zimakakamiza. Kapangidwe kathupi ka nyama zazing'ono sikutha msinkhu kuposa zaka zitatu, ngakhale kuthekera kwakubereka kumatseguka kale - mwa akazi azaka 1 miyezi 7, komanso mwa amuna azaka ziwiri miyezi iwiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wamkulu wachilengedwe wa okapi wovuta amatchedwa nyalugwe, koma, kuwonjezera apo, chiwopsezocho chimachokera kwa afisi ndi mikango.... A Pygmies akuwonetsanso zolinga zosakondera nyama zokhwasuka, zopanga okapis pofuna nyama ndi zikopa zokongola. Chifukwa chakumva kwawo mwatcheru komanso kumva kununkhiza, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ma pygmies azemba ma okapis, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amapanga maenje oti agwire.
Okapi ali kundende
Pomwe dziko lapansi lidazindikira zakupezeka kwa okapi, malo osungira nyama adayesetsa kupezetsa nyama yosowa m'mitengo yawo, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Okapi woyamba adapezeka ku Europe, kapena kani, ku Antwerp Zoo, mu 1919 kokha, koma, ngakhale anali wachinyamata, adakhala kumeneko masiku 50 okha. Kuyesera kotsatiraku sikunapambane, mpaka mu 1928 okapi wamkazi adalowa m'malo osungira nyama ku Antwerp, omwe adapatsidwa dzina loti Tele.
Adamwalira mu 1943, koma osati chifukwa cha ukalamba kapena kuyang'anira, koma chifukwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ikuchitika, ndipo panalibe kalikonse kodyetsa ziweto. Kufuna kupeza ana okapi mu ukapolo kunathekanso kulephera. Mu 1954, pamalo omwewo, ku Belgium (Antwerp), okapi wakhanda adabadwa, koma sanasangalatse omvera ndi alendo opita kumalo osungira nyama kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa adamwalira posachedwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kubereka bwino kwa okapi kunachitika pambuyo pake, mu 1956, koma ku France, makamaka, ku Paris. Masiku ano okapi (anthu 160) samangokhala, komanso amaberekanso m'malo osungira 18 padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndipo kwawo kwa artiodactyls, likulu la DR Congo, Kinshasa, siteshoni yatsegulidwa, pomwe akuchita misampha yovomerezeka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Okapi ndi mtundu wotetezedwa kwathunthu pansi pa malamulo aku Kongo ndipo adatchulidwa pa IUCN Red List monga adapangidwira pachiwopsezo, koma osati pa CITES Appendices. Palibe chidziwitso chodalirika pakukula kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi... Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwakum'mawa, chiwerengero chonse cha okapi ndiopitilira anthu zikwi khumi, pomwe malinga ndi magwero ena ali pafupi anthu 35-50,000.
Chiwerengero cha nyama chakhala chikuchepa kuyambira 1995, ndipo izi, malinga ndi oteteza zachilengedwe, zipitilizabe kukula. Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa anthu zidatchulidwa:
- kufutukula malo okhala anthu;
- kuwononga nkhalango;
- kutaya malo okhala chifukwa chodula mitengo;
- nkhondo, kuphatikizapo nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Congo.
Mfundo yomaliza ndi imodzi mwazowopseza kupezeka kwa okapi, pomwe magulu ankhondo osaloledwa amalowerera m'malo atetezedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimachepetsedwa mwachangu m'malo omwe amasakira nyama ndi zikopa zokhala ndimisampha yapadera. Opha nyama zam'deralo samayimitsidwa ndi Okapi Conservation Project (1987), yopangidwa kuti iteteze nyamazi ndi malo awo.
