Cholengedwa chodabwitsa pambuyo pake ndi jumper yamatope. Amatanthauza nsomba, koma ngati chofufumitsa ndi maso akhungu ndi bulu lalikulu lalikulu kapena buluzi, wopanda miyendo yakumbuyo.
Kufotokozera kwa mudskipper
Amadziwika mosavuta ndikutupa kwambiri (motsutsana ndi thupi), kuwonetsa ubale wapabanja ndi banja la goby, komwe opanga matope amapanga mtundu wawo wa Periophthalmus. Aquarists amadziwa bwino mitundu ya Periophthalmus barbarus (West Africa, kapena wamba mudskipper) - nsomba izi zimagulitsidwa nthawi zambiri ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizoyimira zazikulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Akuluakulu, okongoletsedwa ndi zipsepse zakumaso ndi mzere wonyezimira wabuluu m'mbali mwake, amakula mpaka 25 cm.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri ta mudskippers, tomwe timadziwika kuti Indian kapena pygmy jumpers, ndi amtundu wa Periophthalmus novemradiatus... Kukula, "amasambira" mpaka masentimita 5 ndipo amadziwika ndi zipsepse zachikasu zakumaso, m'malire ndi mzere wakuda wokhala ndi madontho ofiira / oyera. Pali malo akulu lalanje kutsogolo kwakumaso.
Maonekedwe
Mud Jumper imadzutsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuyambira pakusilira mpaka kunyansidwa. Ingoganizirani kuti chilombo chokhala ndi maso okhala pafupi pafupi (wowonera mbali 180 °) chikuyandikira, chomwe sichimangoyenda ngati periscope, komanso "kuphethira". M'malo mwake, izi ndizosatheka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zikope. Ndipo kuphethira sikungokhala kungochotsa maso m'maso awo kuti anyowetse diso.
Mutu waukulu ukuyandikira gombelo ndipo ... nsombayo imakwawira kumtunda, nthawi yomweyo imagwira zipsepse ziwiri zolimba zam'mimba ndikukoka mchira wake. Pakadali pano, amafanana ndi munthu wolumala yemwe ali ndi msana wakufa ziwalo.
Phokoso lalitali lakumbuyo, lomwe limakhudza kusambira (ndikuwopseza adani), limapinda pansi kwakanthawi, ndipo ntchito zazikuluzikulu zimasamutsidwira kuzipsepse zakuthambo ndi mchira wamphamvu. Yotsirizira, yobwera mosavuta kumbuyo kwa thupi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito nsomba zikauluka m'madzi kapena kuzikankhira pamalo olimba. Chifukwa cha mchira, jumper yamatope imalumphira mpaka theka la mita kapena kupitilira apo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anatomically / physiologically, mudskippers ali m'njira zambiri ofanana ndi amphibiya, koma kupuma kwa gill ndi zipsepse sizimatilola kuiwala kuti mtundu wa Periophthalmus ndi wa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray.
Wolumpha matope, ngati chule weniweni, amatha kuyamwa mpweya kudzera pakhungu ndikusintha kukhala kaboni dayokisaidi, yemwe amathandiza kupuma kunja kwa madzi. Mukakhala kumtunda, mikoko yamatope (kupewa) kuti imitseke mwamphamvu.
Nsagwada zama volumetric zimafunikira kuti madzi am'nyanja asungebe, chifukwa (pamodzi ndi mpweya womeza) jumper yamatope imasunga mpweya wofunikira kwa thupi kwakanthawi. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi mimba yonyezimira komanso imvi / maolivi, yomwe imadzipukutira ndi mikwingwirima kapena madontho osiyanasiyana, komanso khola lachikopa lapachika pamlomo wapamwamba.
Moyo, machitidwe
Jumper yamatope (chifukwa cha malo apakatikati pa amphibiya ndi nsomba) imapatsidwa luso lapadera ndipo imadziwa momwe ingamire pansi pa dziwe ndikukhala kunja kwa gawo lamadzi. Thupi la mudskipper limakutidwa ndi mamina, ngati achule, omwe amafotokozedwa ndikukhalitsa kwawo kunja kwa madzi. Ikugwera m'matope, nsombayo nthawi yomweyo imakonza khungu ndikuzizira.
Kawirikawiri, nsomba imayenda m'madzi, ikukweza mutu wake ndi maso a periscope pamwamba pake. Mafundewo akayamba, olowa matope amabowola m'matope, kubisala m'mayenje, kapena kumira pansi kuti azitha kutentha thupi. M'madzi, amakhala ngati nsomba zina, kupitiriza kupuma kwawo mothandizidwa ndi mitsempha. Nthawi ndi nthawi, olumpha matope amatuluka m'madzi akuya kupita kumtunda kapena kukwawa pansi atamasulidwa m'madzi pambuyo pa mafunde ochepa. Kutambasula kapena kulumpha kumtunda, nsomba zimatenga madzi kuti anyowetse mphepo zawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pamtunda, kumva kwamatope (amamva kulira kwa tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka) ndipo masomphenya amakodzedwa mobwerezabwereza, kuthandiza kuwona nyama zakutali. Kukhala tcheru kumatayika kwathunthu ndikamizidwa m'madzi, pomwe nsombazo nthawi yomweyo zimasanduka myopic.
Ambiri mwa omwe amatulutsa matope amadzipangitsa kukhala omenyera nkhondo osagonjetseka omwe sangapikisane ndi anthu amtundu wawo ndikuteteza madera awo. Kukula kwa mikangano yolumpha kumadalira mitundu yawo: munthu wokangana kwambiri, malinga ndi akatswiri am'madzi, amapezeka ndi amuna a Periophthalmus barbarus, akuukira zamoyo zonse zoyandikana nawo.
Makhalidwe owonjezeka a anthu ena akulu sawalola kuti azisungidwa m'magulu, ndichifukwa chake omenyera amakhala m'madzi osiyana... Mwa njira, jumper yamatope imatha kuyenda pamtunda osati kokha mopingasa, komanso mozungulira, kudalira zipsepse zakumbuyo pakukwera mitengo. Kusunganso ndege yoyimirira kumaperekedwanso ndi omata: m'mimba (zazikulu) ndi othandizira omwe ali pamapiko.
Zipsepse zokoka zimathandiza kugonjetsa kutalika kulikonse - nkhuni zolowera / mitengo yomwe ikuyandama m'madzi, ikukula m'mbali mwa mitengo kapena pamakoma a aquarium. Mwachilengedwe, kukwawa pamwamba pazachilengedwe kumateteza zotchingira matope ku mafunde, omwe amatha kunyamula nsomba zing'onozing'onozi kunyanja, komwe ziwonongeka posachedwa.
Kodi jumper yamatope amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Pazoyipa, ma mudskippers amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 3, koma ndi zofunikira zokha. Mukamagula nsomba kuchokera ku mtundu wa Periophthalmus, pangani chilengedwe m'dera lanu la aquarium. Madzi a m'nyanjayi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madzi amchere pang'ono, poganizira kuti matope amatengera moyo wamchere ndi madzi abwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakusintha, mtundu wa Periophthalmus udapeza njira yapadera yosinthira kagayidwe kake kuti kakhale kotsika kwambiri pakusintha sing'anga yamadzi kukhala yamlengalenga (komanso mosemphanitsa).
Zoyipa zakugonana
Ngakhale akatswiri odziwa zachthyologist ndi ma aquarists amavutika kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi okhwima ogonana a mtundu wa Periophthalmus. Ndizosatheka kudziwa komwe amuna kapena akazi ali mpaka osungitsa matope akwaniritse chonde. Kusiyana kokha kumawonedwa mu chikhalidwe cha nsombazo - akazi amakhala odekha komanso amtendere kuposa amuna.
Mitundu yotuluka yolumpha
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo sanasankhebe kuchuluka kwa mitundu yopanga mtundu wa Periophthalmus: ena amatcha nambala 35, ena amangowerenga khumi ndi awiri okha. Chodziwika kwambiri komanso chodziwika bwino ndi mudskipper wamba (Periophthalmus barbarus), omwe nthumwi zake zimakhala m'madzi amchere m'mbali mwa West Africa (kuchokera ku Senegal mpaka ku Angola), komanso pafupi ndi zilumba za Gulf of Guinea.
Pamodzi ndi Periophthalmus barbarus, mtundu wa Periophthalmus umaphatikizapo:
- P. argentilineatus ndi P. cantonensis;
- P. chrysospilos, P. kalolo, P. gracilis;
- P. magnuspinnatus ndi P. modus;
- P. minutus ndi P. malaccensis;
- P. novaeguineaensis ndi P. pearsei;
- P. novemradiatus ndi P. sobrinus;
- P. waltoni, P. spilotus ndi P. variabilis;
- P. weberi, P. walailakae, ndi P. septemradiatus.
M'mbuyomu, mitundu ina inayi idadziwika kuti idapangidwa ndi matope, omwe amadziwika kuti Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Periophthalmodon tredecemradiatus, Periophthalmodon freycineti, ndi Periophthalmodon septemradiatus (chifukwa chodziwika ndi mtundu wina wa Periophthalmodon).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gawo logawidwa kwa omata matope limakwirira Asia, pafupifupi madera otentha a ku Africa ndi Australia.... Mitundu ina imakhala m'mayiwe ndi mitsinje, ina yazolowera moyo wam'madzi amchere am'mphepete mwa nyanja.
African states, komwe mitundu yambiri yamatope, Periophthalmus barbarus, imapezeka:
- Angola, Gabon ndi Benin;
- Cameroon, Gambia ndi Congo;
- Cote d'Ivoire ndi Ghana;
- Guinea, Equatorial Guinea ndi Guinea-Bissau;
- Liberia ndi Nigeria;
- Sao Tome ndi Principe;
- Sierra Leone ndi Senegal.
Anthu okhala m'matope nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nyumba zam'madzi a mangrove, m'mitsinje, ndi m'mphepete mwa matope, kuti mupewe magombe oyenda mwamphamvu.
Zakudya Zam'madzi a Matope
Ambiri opanga matope amatha kusintha zakudya komanso amakhala omnivores (kupatula mitundu yochepa chabe ya nyama zomwe zimakonda ndere). Chakudya chimapezeka pamafunde ochepa, kukumba zinyalala zofewa ndi mutu waukulu wammbali.
Mwachilengedwe, chakudya cha mudskipper, mwachitsanzo, Periophthalmus barbarus, chimakhala ndi zakudya zazomera ndi nyama:
- arthropods ang'onoang'ono (nkhanu ndi nkhanu);
- nsomba zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo mwachangu;
- mangrove oyera (mizu);
- udzu wam'madzi;
- mphutsi ndi ntchentche;
- crickets, udzudzu ndi kafadala.
Mu ukapolo, zakudya zomwe zimadya matope zimasintha pang'ono. Akatswiri a zamadzi amalangiza kudyetsa Periophtalmus wopangidwa ndi nyumba zakudya zosakanikirana za nsomba zowuma, nsomba za minced (kuphatikizapo nkhanu), ndi nthenda zamagazi.
Nthawi ndi nthawi mutha kudyetsa olumpha ndi tizilombo tamoyo, monga njenjete kapena ntchentche zazing'ono (makamaka ntchentche za zipatso)... Ndizoletsedwa kudyetsa nsombazo ndi ziphuphu ndi njuchi, komanso kuwapatsa nyama zomwe sizipezeka mumitengoyi, kuti zisayambitse kugaya chakudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Olanda matope amuna, owopsa kuyambira pakubadwa, amakhala osapiririka nthawi yobereka, pomwe amayenera kuteteza gawo lawo ndikumenyera akazi. Yamphongo imadzitama ndi dorsal fin ndikuima moyang'anizana ndi wopikisana nayo, kutsegula pakamwa pake pangodya. Otsutsa amaopseza zipsepse zawo zam'mimba mwamantha, kulumphirana mpaka wina atathawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuti akope mkazi, njira ina imagwiritsidwa ntchito - njondayo imawonetsa kudumphadumpha. Pomwe chilolezo chapezeka, kutulutsa mazira kwamkati kumachitika, komwe bambo amamangira.
Amakumba dzenje ndi thumba la mpweya m'nthaka yaulesi, yokhala ndi zitseko zodziyimira zokha za 2-4, pomwe ma tunnel amapita pamwamba. Kawiri patsiku, ngalandezi zimadzazidwa ndi madzi, motero nsomba zimayenera kuzitsuka. Ngalande zimakhala ndi zolinga ziwiri: zimawonjezera mpweya kulowa mumphanga ndikulola makolo kuti apeze mwachangu mazira omata pamakoma ake.
Wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amayang'anira zowomberazo mosinthana, nthawi yomweyo kuwunika momwe mpweya ulili woyenera, momwe amakokera thovu la mpweya mkamwa mwawo ndikudzaza phanga nawo. M'malo opangira, matope osabereka samabala.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe akuluakulu am'matope ndi amphamba, nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi njoka zamadzi.... Pamene adani ayandikira, jumper yamatope imatha kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa kale, ndikusunthira kulumpha kwakukulu, ikubowola m'mabowo amatope pansi kapena kubisala m'mitengo ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Ziwanda zam'nyanja
- Nsomba za Marlin
- Dontho nsomba
- Moray
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mtundu waposachedwa wa IUCN Red List uli ndi mitundu yokhayo yamatope, Periophthalmus barbarus, mgulu la mitundu yocheperako. Pali madope ambiri omwe mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe sanavutike kuwawerenga, ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa anthu sikukuwonetsedwa.
Zofunika! Periophthalmus barbarus amawerengedwa kuti ndi Osadandaula (chifukwa chosowa zoopsa) komanso mdera la Central ndi West Africa.
Zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mudskipper ndikuwedza kwake m'misodzi yakomweko ndikugwira ngati nsomba zam'madzi.
