Nkhondo zankhondo (Cingulata) ndi mamembala a gulu lankhondo lankhondo komanso banja lankhondo. Zinyama zoterezi zili mgulu la nyama zakusiku zomwe zimakhala zokha. Imodzi mwa nyama zakale kwambiri komanso zosazolowereka padziko lapansi lathuli amatchedwa amadilla kapena "ma dinosaurs amthumba".
Kufotokozera za nkhondoyo
Zimavomerezedwa kuti ma armadillos oyamba padziko lapansi adapezeka zaka 55 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo kupulumuka kwawo, mosiyana ndi oimira nyama zambiri, nyama zotere zimakhalapo chifukwa cha mtundu wina wa chipolopolo. Aaztec amatcha armadillos "akalulu akamba", zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kuthekera kwa nyama yotereyi yokhala ndi makutu ataliatali kukhala m'mabowo omwe adakumba, ngati akalulu amtchire.
Maonekedwe
Carapace ya armadillos ndi nthabwala yosalala, yamutu ndi m'chiuno, komanso mitundu ingapo ya mikwingwirima yofanana ndi hoop, yomwe imazungulira thupi kuchokera mbali ndi kumtunda. Ziwalo zonse za chipolopolocho ndizolumikizana chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa minofu yolumikizana, yomwe imapatsa chivundikirocho chitetezo chokwanira. Pamwamba pa chipolopolocho pali mbale zowonda za polygonal kapena mawonekedwe apakati. Mbale zotere ndi epidermis.
Zishango zimapanga zida pamiyendo, ndipo mchira wa nyama umakutidwa ndi mphete zamfupa... Mimba ndi gawo lamkati lamankhwala a armadillo ndi ofewa, osaziteteza kotheratu, okutidwa ndi tsitsi losalala. Tsitsi lalfupipafupi ngati limeneli limathanso kupezeka pakati pa mbale zonse za mafupa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale mamba othina amalowa. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho umasiyanasiyana bulauni mpaka pinki. Mitundu ya tsitsi imatha kuyambira pagulu loyera mpaka loyera.
Lamulo la armadillo ndi lonyansa, lolemera kwambiri. Utali wonse wamthupi nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 12.5-100 cm, wokhala ndi kulemera kwa 60-90 kg. Kutalika kwa mchira wa chinyama ndi masentimita 2.5-50. Mphuno ya nyama yaying'ono ndi yaying'ono, yamakona atatu kapena yayitali. Maso si akulu kwambiri, okutidwa ndi zikope zakuda kwambiri.
Miyendo yayifupi ndi yolimba, yosinthidwa bwino pokumba. Mapazi akutsogolo ali ndi zala zitatu kapena zisanu, zokhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu komanso zowongoka, zowoneka bwino. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya armadillo ili ndi zala zisanu. Chigoba cha nyama chimakhala chofewa m'mbali mwa dorsoventral. Oimira ena onse am'nyumba yamamayi alibe mano oterewa, kuchuluka kwake mu armadillos kumasiyana zidutswa 28 mpaka 90. Chiwerengero chonse cha mano chimatha kusiyanasiyana osati ndi oimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso anthu azaka zosiyana kapena zogonana.
Armadillos ali ndi mano ang'onoang'ono ozungulira opanda enamel ndi mizu. Nthawi yomweyo, mano akukula mosalekeza. Lilime lomwe limayimira mitundu yambiri ndilolimba komanso lalitali, lomwe nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito kuti zigwire ndikudya chakudya chomwe chapezeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tisaiwale kuti armadillos sangathe kupirira kutentha kozizira, chifukwa chake kufalikira kwawo pamitengo kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.
Armadillos ali ndi luso lakumva komanso kununkhiza bwino, ndipo maso a nyama zotere amakhala ofooka, motero sangathe kusiyanitsa mitundu yazinthu zozungulira. Njira zamagetsi zimachepetsedwa, ndipo zizindikiritso za kutentha kwa thupi zimadalira chilengedwe, chifukwa chake zimatha kutsika kuchokera ku 36 mpaka 32 ° C.
Moyo, machitidwe
Kumene kumakhala ma armadillos, maderawa amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa dothi lamchenga, komanso pomanga nyumba zawo, nyama zoterezi zimasankha malo omwe ali pafupi ndi nyerere zokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza chakudya.
Pomwe amakhala ndi moyo wawokha okha, ma armadillos amakonda kulumikizana ndi anzawo achikulire makamaka munthawi yoswana. Nthawi zina, armadillos amapezeka awiriawiri kapena ang'onoang'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakukumba maenje, ma armadillos amateteza mutu wawo, ndipo ziwalo zakumbuyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chilombocho pongoyenda mobisa.
Nthawi yonse yamasana, nyama zakutchire zimapuma manda awo, ndipo usikuwo zimangopita kukasaka chakudya.... Ngakhale chiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri chingawopsyeze nyama yapakati. Mwachitsanzo, armadillo yapinki nthawi yomweyo imadzibisa yokha mumchenga, womwe umapangidwa ndi zikhadabo zazitali. Kuchokera kumbali, kusuntha koteroko kumafanana ndi kusambira wamba. Zinyama zimatha kuthamanga mwachangu ndikusambira bwino.
Kodi armadillo amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Pakadali pano palibe deta yodalirika yokhudza kutalika kwa moyo wa armadillo m'chilengedwe, koma zikuwoneka kuti nyamayo imatha kukhala zaka 8-12. Ali mu ukapolo, msinkhu wa nyama yotereyi ndiwotalikirapo, motero imatha kufikira zaka makumi awiri.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, koimiridwa ndi mawonekedwe azakugonana, kudawonekera munyama pakusintha kwachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yoti "okhwima okha ndi omwe amapulumuka", palinso lingaliro lenileni la kusankha mwa njira yakuchotsa anthu osakwanira pazinthu zoberekera. Amuna achikulire a armadillo nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera kuposa akazi.
Mitundu ya zombo zankhondo
Zombo zankhondo zikuyimiridwa ndi banja limodzi lamakono komanso awiri akale, omwe atha kale. Zonsezi, mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yazombo zankhondo zili m'gulu lomwe liripo masiku ano, koma otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:
- Sitima yankhondo yankhondo zisanu ndi zinayi (Dasypus novemcinctus. Carapace ndi bulauni ndi thupi lotsika pang'ono. Mchira umakwirira mphete zokwana 12-15. Magulu ang'onoang'ono amatseka pakamwa, pakhosi ndi pansi;
- Kutalika kwa tsitsi lalitali (Chaetophractus vellerosus) amasiyana ndi kutalika kwa thupi, komwe sikupitilira kotala la mita. Thupi lonse la nyama, komanso carapace, limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lofiirira;
- Bristly armadillo (Chaetophractus villosus) imadziwika ndi utoto wachikaso, kupezeka kwa chipolopolo kumbuyo, kumtunda kwa mutu ndi mchira. Pakatikati mwa dorsal pali malamba 6-7, oyimiridwa ndi mizere yopingasa yamapale osunthika okhala ndi mawonekedwe a oblong-quadrangular. Mutu wake ndiwotakata komanso mosabisa, wokhala ndi mizere yolunjika ya scutes pansi pa maso. Mbali yakumtunda kwa miyendo yakutsogolo imakutidwa ndi mamba osakhazikika amitundumitundu, pomwe thupi lonse limakhala ndi khungu lakuda ndi lamakwinya lokhala ndi njerewere;
- Chombo chankhondo chosanja (Chlamyphorus truncatusImasiyana kutalika mpaka 90-115 cm, kupatula mchira, imakhala ndi pinki kapena pinki wotumbululuka. Mukakhala ndi mantha, nyamayi imatha kudzikwirira yokha m'masekondi ochepa;
- Chombo cha zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi (Euphractus sexcinctus) ndi wa monotypic genus Euphractus. Thupi la nyama yoyamwitsa nthawi zambiri imakhala yachikasu, koma ina imakhala yakuda kapena yoyera kofiira bulauni;
- Chombo chachikulu cha nkhondo (Priodontes maximusAli ndi kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 75-100 cm, wolemera 18-19 mpaka 30-35 kg. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtundu wa armadillo, ili ndi chipolopolo chofiirira kwambiri komanso chosanjikiza. Mimba ya nyama ndiyopepuka. Mphuno yamachubu imakhala ndi mano mpaka zana kuloza chammbuyo.
Zombo zankhondozi zimadziwika ndi omwe amapambana. Asitikali aku Spain awa adavala zida zachitsulo zopeka, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chipolopolo cha nyama yoyamwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kutalika kwa thupi, komwe makolo amakono a armadillos anali nako, kunali pafupifupi mita zitatu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Maonekedwe a Nkhondo Yankhondo ya Nine-Belt anafalikira ku Central, North ndi South America... Amadziwika ndi kapangidwe kake kazachilengedwe komanso kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo kuyandikira kwa munthu kwa omwe akuyimira mitunduyi sizowonjezera. Ma armadillos okhala ndi tsitsi lalitali amapezeka ku Gran Chaco, komanso m'mapampu aku Argentina, Chile, Bolivia ndi Paraguay, komwe amakhala m'malo ouma okhala ndi nkhalango zochepa, kumadera otentha, kumapiri audzu okhala ndi tchire ndi masamba ochepa.
Bristly armadillo amakhala kumadera a Argentina, Paraguay ndi Bolivia. Chombo cha mikanda isanu ndi umodzi chafalikira ku Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia ndi Paraguay. Anthu osiyana amapezeka ku Suriname. Giant armadillos ambiri amakhala ku South America, kufalikira kuchokera kudera lakumwera kwa Venezuela kupita kudera la Paraguay ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina.
Zakudya za Armadillo
Zakudya zofananira zama armadillos mwachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo zakudya za nyama ndi zomera, koma chiswe ndi nyerere ndizomwe zimakometsa kwambiri zinyama zotere. Nyama yovulazirayi imadya nyama zopanda msana ndi tizilombo tina, kudya msuzi wawo, achikulire, komanso abuluzi, akangaude, mphutsi ndi zinkhanira. Armadillos amatha kudya nyama yowonongeka ndi zinyalala, komanso mazira a mbalame ndi zipatso.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala m'gulu la nyama pafupifupi zamtundu uliwonse. Oimira gulu lankhondo komanso banja lankhondo akugwiritsa ntchito mwakhama mphuno yabwino komanso yosalala bwino, yomwe imawalola kuti azinunkhiza zakudya ngakhale mobisa. Mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo zazitali komanso zamphamvu, nyamayo imakumbidwa, kenako imasonkhanitsidwa ndi lilime lalitali, lokakamira kwambiri ndipo imadyedwa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Njira zoberekera za armadillos zimawerengedwa kuti ndizapadera pakati pa zinyama.... Choyamba, chofunikira kwambiri ndikutha kuchedwetsa kukula kwa intrauterine ya mluza.
Kutalika kwakuchedwa kumeneku kumatha kukhala miyezi iwiri kapena inayi, ndipo nthawi zina kumatha zaka ziwiri. Njirayi imalola kuti chiweto chanyama chachikazi "chidziwe" nthawi yomwe mwana wabadwira nyengoyo, yodziwika bwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza chakudya chochuluka komanso kutentha koyenera.
Mbali yachiwiri ya kubereka kwa armadillos imayimiriridwa ndikuti kwa mitundu ina, kuphatikiza mikanda isanu ndi inayi, kubadwa kwa mapasa amodzi okha ndizodziwika. Chiwerengero cha ana obadwa chimasiyana kuyambira m'modzi mpaka atatu kapena anayi, koma nthawi zonse ana obadwa kumene amakhala azimayi kapena amuna, omwe ali ndi chigoba chofewa cha pinki. Nyama ikamakula ndikukhwima, chipolopolocho chimayamba kuuma, chomwe chimachitika chifukwa chakukula kwamphamvu kwa mafupa.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale pali zida zodalirika zotetezedwa ngati chipolopolo, zinyama zili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe m'malo awo okhala. Nthawi zambiri, nthumwi zamatchire amphaka ndi amphaka, komanso nyama zankhumba ndi ng'ona, zimasaka armadillos, zokulirapo.
Ziweto monga agalu ndi amphaka zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu osati kwa achinyamata okha komanso ma armadillos akuluakulu. Mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imasakidwa ndi anthu, popeza nyama ya armadillos imadyedwa ndi nzika zakomweko, ndipo zipolopolozo zimagulitsidwa kwa alendo ngati zikumbutso zosowa komanso zotsika mtengo. Zombo zankhondo zingapo zimamwalira pansi pamagalimoto amisewu m'misewu ikuluikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala kwambiri, mitundu iwiri yokha ya mtundu wa mikanda itatu yamiyala imasiyana pakutha kukulunga mpira wolimba kwambiri podzitchinjiriza, ndipo ena onse m'banjamo alibe mwayi wotere chifukwa cha malamba ndi mbale zochulukirapo.
Pofuna kuthawa adani awo, ma armadillos amagwiritsa ntchito zida zanzeru komanso zodzitetezera. Ngati zolusa zimayesa kulowa mdzenje la nyamayi, ndiye kuti khomo limatsekedwa mwachangu mothandizidwa ndi mbale zamfupa zolimba. Kuchokera panja, kutsekeka koteroko kumafanana ndi botolo lamabotolo m'maonekedwe ake, kotero chilombocho sichikhala ndi mwayi wofikira nyama yake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi, chiwonetsero chonse cha omwe akuyimira gulu lankhondo kuchokera ku banja lankhondo chidachepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, pakadali pano, mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yazinyama zoterezi zalembedwa mu International Red Book.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Nyama za ku Africa
- Saiga kapena saiga
- Bandicoots (Chilatini Bandicota)
- Manatee (Chilatini Trichechus)
Zombo zikuluzikulu komanso zankhondo zokumbidwa tsopano zikuopsezedwa kuti zitha ndipo zikusowa chitetezo chapadera.
