Buluzi yemwe anamwalira wotchedwa "spiny" wotchedwa Stegosaurus adakhala chizindikiro cha Colorado (USA) mu 1982 ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamadinosa odziwika kwambiri omwe amakhala padziko lathuli.
Kufotokozera kwa stegosaurus
Imadziwika chifukwa cha mchira wake wothamangitsidwa komanso zoteteza mafupa zomwe zimayenda kumbuyo.... Buluu wam'mwamba (Stegosaurus) - wotchedwa cholengedwa chofukulidwa ndi yemwe adachipeza, kuphatikiza mawu awiri achi Greek (στέγος "padenga" ndi σαῦρος "buluzi"). Stegosaurs amadziwika kuti ndi okalamba ndipo amaimira mtundu wina wa ma dinosaurs odyetsa omwe amakhala nthawi ya Jurassic, pafupifupi zaka 155-145 miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe
Stegosaurus adadabwitsa malingaliro osati kokha ndi "mohawk" wa mafupa omwe adakhazikitsa phirilo, komanso ndi mawonekedwe ake osagwirizana - mutu udatayika motsutsana ndi thupi lalikulu. Mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mkamwa wosongoka udakhala pakhosi lalitali, ndipo nsagwada zazifupi zazikulu zidathera pakamwa pa nyanga. Panali mzere umodzi wa mano ogwira ntchito pakamwa, omwe, popeza anali atatopa, adasinthidwa kukhala ena, omwe amakhala mozama mkamwa.
Mawonekedwe a mano akuchitira umboni zakukonda kwam'mimba - mitundu ingapo ya zomera. Kutsogolo kwamphamvu ndi kwamfupi kunali ndi zala 5, mosiyana ndi zazikazi zitatu zakumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, miyendo yakumbuyo inali yayitali kwambiri komanso yamphamvu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti stegosaurus amatha kukweza ndikutsamira pa iwo akamadyetsa. Mchira unkakongoletsedwa ndi zisonga zinayi zazikulu kutalika kwa 0.60-0.9 m.
Mbale
Mapangidwe amfupa amtundu wamphona zazikuluzikulu amadziwika kuti ndiwopatsa chidwi kwambiri pa Stegosaurus. Chiwerengero cha mbalecho chimasiyana kuyambira 17 mpaka 22, ndipo yayikulu kwambiri (60 * 60 cm) inali pafupi ndi chiuno. Onse omwe anali mgulu la stegosaurus adavomereza kuti ma mbalewo adabwerera kumbuyo m'mizere iwiri, koma adakangana za komwe ali (kufanana kapena zigzag).
Pulofesa Charles Marsh, yemwe adapeza stegosaurus, adatsimikiza kwanthawi yayitali kuti zikopa zamanyanga zinali zigoba zoteteza, zomwe, mosiyana ndi kamba, sizimaphimba thupi lonse, koma kumbuyo kokha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Asayansi adasiya mtunduwu mzaka za m'ma 1970, ndikupeza kuti zokongoletsa za nyanga zidadzaza mitsempha yamagazi komanso kutentha kwa thupi. Ndiye kuti, amatenga gawo la oyang'anira kutentha, monga makutu a njovu kapena matanga a spinosaurus ndi dimetrodon.
Mwa njira, chinali lingaliro ili lomwe lidathandizira kutsimikizira kuti ma mbale am'mafupa sanali ofanana, koma anali ndi phiri la stegosaurus mumayendedwe a checkerboard.
Makulidwe a Stegosaurus
Infraorder ya stegosaurs, pamodzi ndi buluzi palokha, zimaphatikizapo centrosaurus ndi hesperosaurus, yofanana ndi yoyamba mu morphology ndi physiology, koma yotsika kukula. Stegosaurus wamkulu adakula mpaka 7-9 m kutalika mpaka 4 mita (kuphatikiza mbale) kutalika, ndi unyinji wa matani 3-5.
Ubongo
Chilombochi chokhala ndi matani ambiri chinali ndi chigaza chaching'ono, chofanana ndi galu wamkulu, pomwe panali medulla yolemera 70 g (ngati mtedza waukulu).
Zofunika! Ubongo wa stegosaurus amadziwika kuti ndi wawung'ono kwambiri pakati pa ma dinosaurs onse, ngati tilingalira kuchuluka kwaubongo ndi thupi. Pulofesa C. Marsh, yemwe anali woyamba kupeza vuto losavomerezeka la anatomical dissonance, adaganiza kuti ma stegosaurs sangakhale owala ndi luntha, ndikuchepetsa maluso amoyo wamba.
Inde, malingaliro ozama anali opanda ntchito kwa herbivore iyi: a stegosaurus sanalembe zolemba, koma amangotafuna, kugona, kukopera komanso kudzitchinjiriza okha kwa adani. Zowona, kumenyanako kunkafunikirabe luntha pang'ono, ngakhale pamlingo wanzeru, ndipo akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale adaganiza zopereka ntchitoyi ku ubongo waukulu wa sacral.
Kukula kwa Sacral
Marsh adazipeza m'chiuno ndipo adati ndi pomwe pano pomwe ziwalo zazikulu za ubongo wa stegosaurus zidakulirakulira, kakhumi kakhumi kuposa ubongo. Akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zakale amathandizira C. Marsh polumikiza gawo ili la msana (lomwe limachotsa mutuwo) ndimaganizo a stegosaurus. Pambuyo pake, zidapezeka kuti makulidwe amtundu wa sacrum adawonedwa m'misewu yambiri yam'mimba, komanso m'matenda a mbalame zamakono. Tsopano zatsimikiziridwa kuti mu gawo ili la msana pali thupi la glycogen lomwe limapereka glycogen ku dongosolo lamanjenje, koma silimalimbikitsa zochitika zam'mutu mwanjira iliyonse.
Moyo, machitidwe
Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti stegosaurs anali nyama zamtundu wina ndipo ankakhala m'gulu, ena (ponena za kufalikira kwa zotsalira) amati buluzi wa padenga analipo yekha. Poyamba, Pulofesa Marsh adasankha stegosaurus ngati bipedal dinosaur chifukwa chakuti miyendo yakumbuyo ya dinosaur inali yamphamvu komanso yayitali kawiri kuposa kutsogolo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kenako Marsh adakana izi, akumangoyang'ana kwina - ma stegosaurs adayendadi ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kwakanthawi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kutsogolo, koma pambuyo pake adadzazanso anayi.
Akuyenda ndi miyendo inayi, ma stegosaurs, ngati kuli kofunikira, amayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti athyole masamba panthambi zazitali. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti stegosaurs, omwe analibe ubongo wopita patsogolo, akhoza kudziponyera pa cholengedwa chilichonse chomwe chimabwera m'masomphenya awo.
Mwachiwonekere, ornithosaurs (dryosaurs ndi otnielia) amayenda pang'onopang'ono, kudya tizilombo toswedwa mosazindikira ndi stegosaurs. Ndiponso za mbale - amatha kuwopseza adani (powonjezera kukulitsa stegosaurus), kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera olimbirana, kapena kungodziwa anthu amtundu wawo pakati pa ma dinosaurs ena odyetsa.
Utali wamoyo
Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti stegosaurs adakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji.
Mitundu ya Stegosaurus
Mitundu itatu yokha ndi yomwe yadziwika mu mtundu wa Stegosaurus (enawo amatsutsa kukayikira pakati pa akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale):
- Stegosaurus ungulatus - Yofotokozedwa mu 1879 kuchokera m'ma mbale, magawo amchira ndi mitsempha 8, ndi mafupa amiyendo omwe amapezeka ku Wyoming. Mafupa a S. ungulatus ochokera ku 1910, omwe amakhala mu Peabody Museum, adalengezedwanso pazinthu zakale izi;
- Stegosaurus amanyansidwa - wofotokozedwa mu 1887 kuchokera ku mafupa pafupifupi athunthu okhala ndi chigaza, zomwe zidapezeka chaka chatha ku Colorado. Mitunduyi imagawidwa potengera zidutswa za akulu 50 ndi achinyamata omwe adafukula ku Utah, Wyoming ndi Colorado. Mu 2013 adazindikira kuti ndiye mtundu waukulu wa Stegosaurus;
- Stegosaurus sulcatus - ofotokozedwa kuchokera m'mafupa osakwanira mu 1887. Imasiyana ndi mitundu iwiriyo ndi munga waukulu modabwitsa womwe umamera pa ntchafu / paphewa. Poyamba, ankaganiza kuti kukwerako kunali kumchira.
Mitundu yofanana, kapena yosadziwika, mitundu ya stegosaurus ndi iyi:
- Stegosaurus ungulatus;
- Stegosaurus sulcatus;
- Stegosaurus seeleyanus;
- Stegosaurus laticeps;
- Stegosaurus affinis;
- Stegosaurus madagascariensis;
- Chombo cha Stegosaurus;
- Stegosaurus marshi.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Dziko lapansi lidamva za stegosaurus chifukwa cha pulofesa waku Yale University Charles Marsh, yemwe adakumana ndi mafupa a nyama yosadziwika ndi sayansi pofukula mu 1877 ku Colorado (kumpoto kwa tawuni ya Morrison).
Stegosaurs mdziko lasayansi
Anali mafupa a stegosaurus, makamaka ma stegosaurus armatus, omwe katswiri wazakale adatenga kukhala mtundu wakale wa kamba.... Wasayansiyo adasokeretsedwa ndi zikopa zonyansa zakuthambo, zomwe adaziwona ngati zina mwa carapace yosweka. Kuyambira pamenepo, ntchito m'derali sinayime, ndipo zotsalira zatsopano za ma dinosaurs zomwe zatha za mtundu womwewo monga Stegosaurus Armatus, koma ndimosiyana pang'ono ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa, zakumbidwa kumtunda.
C. Marsh ankagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, ndipo kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu (kuyambira 1879 mpaka 1887) adalongosola mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya stegosaurus, kudalira zidutswa zomwazikana za mafupa ndi zidutswa za mafupa. Mu 1891, anthu adapatsidwa chithunzi choyamba chokhazikitsanso padenga, chomwe katswiriyu adabwerezanso kwazaka zingapo.
Zofunika! Mu 1902, katswiri wina wolemba mbiri yakale ku America a Frederick Lucas anaphwanya lingaliro la Charles Marsh loti mbale zakumbuyo za stegosaurus zimapanga denga lamatabwa ndipo zimangokhala chipolopolo chosakhazikika.
Adafotokozeranso malingaliro ake, omwe adati zikopa (zotsogozedwa ndi malekezero akuthwa) zimadutsa msana m'mizere iwiri kuyambira mutu mpaka mchira, pomwe zimathera m'mitsempha yayikulu. Analinso Lucas yemwe adavomereza kuti ma mbale akulu amateteza msana wa stegosaurus ku ziwopsezo kuchokera kumtunda, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zamapiko.
Zowona, patapita kanthawi, Lucas adakonza lingaliro lakomwe kuli ma mbale, poganiza kuti amasinthana ndi bolodi, ndipo sanayende mizere iwiri yofanana (monga amaganizira koyambirira). Mu 1910, pafupifupi atangomaliza kunena izi, panali wotsutsa kuchokera kwa pulofesa wa Yale University Richard Lall, yemwe adati kusunthika kwa ma mbale sikunali kwa moyo wonse, koma kudachitika chifukwa chakusunthidwa kwa zotsalira panthaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lall adachita nawo chidwi pomanga koyamba kwa stegosaurus ku Peabody Museum of Natural History, ndipo adaumiriza kuti zigwirizane ndi zikopa zamafupa zigwirizane (kutengera lingaliro loyambirira la Lucas).
Mu 1914, katswiri wina wamaphunziro, a Charles Gilmore, adalowa nawo mkanganowu, nati dongosolo la chess lakumbuyo linali lachilengedwe. Gilmore anafufuza mafupa angapo a denga la jester ndi kuikidwa kwawo pansi, osapeza umboni wosonyeza kuti mbalezo zinasinthidwa chifukwa cha zinthu zina zakunja.
Zokambirana zazitali zazasayansi, zomwe zidatenga pafupifupi zaka 50, zidathera pakupambana kopanda tanthauzo kwa a C. Gilmore ndi F. Lucas - mu 1924, zosintha zidapangidwa ku buku lomwe linamangidwanso la Peabody Museum, ndipo mafupa awa a stegosaurus akuti ndi olondola mpaka lero. Pakadali pano, stegosaurus amadziwika kuti ndiye dinosaur wodziwika kwambiri komanso wodziwika bwino wa nthawi ya Jurassic, ngakhale akatswiri azakale sanapezepo zotsalira zosungidwa za chimphona choterechi.
Stegosaurs ku Russia
M'dziko lathu, zitsanzo zokhazokha za stegosaurus zidapezeka mu 2005 chifukwa chantchito yowawa ya akatswiri ofufuza zakale Sergei Krasnolutsky, yemwe adafukula malo a Nikolsky a Middle Jurassic vertebrate (chigawo cha Sharypovsky, Krasnoyarsk Territory).
Ndizosangalatsa! Zotsalira za stegosaurus, zomwe zili pafupifupi zaka 170 miliyoni ndi miyezo yovuta, zidapezeka mu dzenje lotseguka la Berezovsky, magawo ake amakala omwe amapezeka pakuya kwa 60-70 m. Zidutswa za mafupa zidali 10 m kuposa malasha, zomwe zidatenga zaka 8 kuti kubwezeretsa.
Kotero kuti mafupawo, osalimba nthawi ndi nthawi, sanaphwanyike poyenda, lirilonse la iwo lidatsanuliridwa ndi gypsum mu miyala, ndipo pokhapokha atachotsedwa mosamala mumchenga. Mu labotale, zotsalazo zidamangiriridwa ndi guluu wapadera, popeza zidatsukidwa kale. Zinatenga zaka zingapo kukonzanso mafupa a Russian stegosaurus, omwe kutalika kwake kunali kotalika mita imodzi ndi theka. Chithunzichi, chowonetsedwa ku Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore (2014), chimawerengedwa kuti ndi mafupa athunthu kwambiri a stegosaurus omwe amapezeka ku Russia, ngakhale alibe chigaza.
Stegosaurs muzojambula
Chithunzi choyambirira kwambiri cha stegosaurus chinawonekera mu Novembala 1884 pamasamba a magazini yotchuka ya sayansi ku America ya Scientific American. Wolemba zolembedwazo anali A. Tobin, yemwe molakwika adamuwonetsa stegosaurus ngati nyama ya khosi lalitali pamiyendo iwiri, chotupa chake chomwe chinali chodzaza ndi mitsempha ya mchira, ndi mchira - wokhala ndi mbale zakuthambo.
Malingaliro athu omwe okhudza zamoyo zomwe zatha adalandidwa m'mapepala oyambilira omwe adasindikizidwa ndi kampani ya ku Germany "Theodor Reichard Cocoa Company" (1889). Zithunzizi zili ndi zithunzi zochokera mu 1885-1910 ndi ojambula angapo, m'modzi mwa iwo anali katswiri wazachilengedwe komanso pulofesa ku University of Berlin, Heinrich Harder.
Ndizosangalatsa! Makhadi osonkhanitsidwa anaphatikizidwa mu seti yotchedwa "Tiere der Urwelt" (Animals of the Prehistoric World), ndipo akugwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati zolembedwera masiku ano monga malingaliro akale kwambiri komanso olondola a nyama zamakedzana, kuphatikiza ma dinosaurs.
Chithunzi choyamba cha stegosaurus, chopangidwa ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wa akatswiri ofufuza zaluso Charles Robert Knight (yemwe adayamba kuchokera pakumangidwanso kwa mafupa a Marsh), adasindikizidwa mu imodzi mwa magazini ya The Century Magazine mu 1897. Zojambula zomwezo zidapezeka m'buku la Extinct Animals, lofalitsidwa mu 1906, ndi wolemba mbiri yakale a Ray Lancaster.
Mu 1912, chithunzi cha stegosaurus kuchokera kwa Charles Knight chidabwereka mopanda manyazi ndi Maple White, yemwe adalamulidwa kukongoletsa buku la nthano za sayansi la Arthur Conan Doyle la The Lost World. Mufilimuyi, mawonekedwe a stegosaurus okhala ndi zikopa ziwiri zakuthambo adawonetsedwa koyamba mufilimuyi "King Kong", yojambulidwa mu 1933.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ngati tikulankhula zakugawana kwa stegosaurs ngati mtundu (osati infraorder yayikulu ya dzina lomweli), ndiye kuti idakhudza dziko lonse la North America. Zotsalira zambiri zapezeka m'maiko monga:
- Colorado;
- Utah;
- Oklahoma;
- Wyoming.
Zotsalira za nyama zomwe zinatha zinamwazikana kudera lalikulu kumene kuli United States kwamakono, koma mitundu ina yofananira yapezeka ku Africa ndi ku Eurasia. M'masiku akutali amenewo, North America inali paradiso weniweni wa ma dinosaurs: m'nkhalango zowirira, mitengo ya herbaceous, zomera za ginkgo ndi ma cycads (ofanana kwambiri ndi mitengo ya kanjedza yamakono) adakula kwambiri.
Zakudya za Stegosaurus
Nsabwe za padenga zinali ma dinosaurs odyetserako ziweto, koma amadziona kuti ndi otsika kuposa ma ornithisch ena, omwe anali ndi nsagwada zomwe zimayenda mndege zosiyanasiyana komanso mano opangidwira kutafuna mbewu. Nsagwada za stegosaurus zimasunthira mbali imodzi, ndipo mano ake ochepa sanali oyenera kutafuna.
Zakudya za stegosaurs zikuphatikiza:
- ferns;
- nsapato za akavalo;
- nthano;
- cycads.
Ndizosangalatsa! Stegosaurus anali ndi njira ziwiri zopezera chakudya: mwina podya pang'ono (pamutu) masamba / mphukira, kapena, atayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, kuti akafike kumtunda (kutalika kwa nthambi za 6 m).
Pogwetsa masambawo, a stegosaurus mwaluso anagwiritsa ntchito mlomo wawo wamphamvu kwambiri, kutafuna ndi kumeza masambawo momwe angathere, kuwatumizira m'mimba, momwe ulendowu udayamba kugwira ntchito.
Kubereka ndi ana
Zikuwonekeratu kuti palibe amene adayang'ana masewera olimbirana a stegosaurs - akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amangonena momwe buluzi wapadenga angapitilize mpikisano wake... Nyengo yotentha, malinga ndi asayansi, idakonda pafupifupi kubala kwa chaka chonse, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi kubalana kwa zokwawa zamakono. Amuna, akumenyera kuti mkaziyo akhalebe, adathetsa ubalewo mwamphamvu, akumenya ndewu zamagazi, pomwe onse omwe anafunsidwa anavulala kwambiri.
Wopambana adapambana ufulu wokwatirana naye. Patapita kanthawi, mkazi yemwe anali ndi umuna uja adayikira mazira mdzenje lomwe adakumba kale, ndikuphimba mchenga ndikusiya. Chowotcha chidatenthetsedwa ndi dzuwa lotentha, ndipo pomaliza pake ma stegosaurs ang'onoang'ono adaswa, ndikukula msanga komanso kulemera kuti athe kulowa nawo gulu la makolo. Akuluakulu amateteza ana, kuwabisa pakati pa gulu pakawopsezedwa kunja.
Adani achilengedwe
Stegosaurs, makamaka achichepere komanso ofooka, anali kusakidwa ndi ma dinosaurs odyetsa, omwe amayenera kulimbana nawo ndi miseche iwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Cholinga chodzitchinjiriza cha mitsempha chimathandizidwa ndi mfundo ziwiri: pafupifupi 10% ya ma stegosaurs omwe adapezeka anali ndi zovulala mchira, ndipo mabowo adawoneka m'mafupa / ma vertebrae a ma allosaurs ambiri omwe amafanana ndi kukula kwa ma stegosaur.
Monga akatswiri ena ofufuza zakale amaganizira, mapiko ake am'mbali amathandizanso kuteteza adani.
Zowona, zomalizazi sizinali zamphamvu kwenikweni ndipo zidasiya mbali zawo zili zotseguka, koma ma tyrannosaurs anzeru, powona zikopa zolimba, osazengereza, adakumba.Pomwe nyama zolusa zimayesetsa kuthana ndi mbale, stegosaurus adadzitchinjiriza, miyendo ikuluikulu ndikukuyimitsa ndi mchira wake wonyezimira.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Pterodactyl (Chilatini Pterodactylus)
- Megalodon (lat. Cararodon megalodon)
Chinsinsicho chikapyoza thupi kapena vertebra, mdani wovulalayo adabwerera m'mbuyo, ndipo stegosaurus adapitiliza ulendo wake. N'kuthekanso kuti mbale, zodzaza ndi mitsempha ya magazi, panthawi yoopsa zinasanduka zofiirira ndikukhala ngati lawi la moto. Adani, kuwopa moto wankhalango, adathawa... Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti mbale zam'mafupa za stegosaurus zinali zogwira ntchito zambiri, chifukwa zimagwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
