Kamba wakum'maŵa kwa Far East, yemwenso amadziwika kuti Chinese Trionix (Pelodiscus sinensis), ndi m'gulu la akamba amadzi am'madzi komanso ndi m'modzi wa mabanja atatu akalulu. Chokwawa ndi chofala ku Asia ndipo ndi kamba wotchuka kwambiri wofewa. M'mayiko ena aku Asia, chinyama chotere chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, komanso ndichinthu chodziwika bwino choswana.
Kufotokozera kwa kamba Waku Far East
Kamba kotchuka kwambiri masiku ano ali ndi mapaundi 8 a nthiti za fupa mu carapace... Mafupa a carapace amadziwika ndi punctate yaying'ono komanso chosema chowoneka bwino. Kupezekanso kwamitundu isanu ndi iwiri yamatope mu plastron kumadziwikanso, komwe kumapezeka pa hypo- ndi hyoplastrons, xyphiplastrons, ndipo nthawi zina pa epiplastrons.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa carapace wa kamba kum'mawa kwa Far, nthawi zambiri, sikupitilira kotala mita, koma nthawi zina zimapezeka ndi nkhono zazitali mpaka masentimita 35 mpaka 40. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa kamba wamkulu kumafika 4.4-4.5 makilogalamu. Carapace imakutidwa ndi khungu lofewa popanda zikopa za ma horny. Carapace yokhotakhota, yokumbutsa poto wowoneka bwino, ili ndi mapiko ofewa mokwanira omwe amathandiza kamba kudzifotsera. Mwa anthu achichepere, chipolopolocho chimakhala chazunguliro, pomwe mwa achikulire chimakhala cholimba komanso chophwatalala. Akamba achichepere amakhala ndi mizere yayitali yamatumba achilengedwe pa carapace, omwe amalumikizana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zitunda akamakula, koma mwa akulu izi zimakula.
Mbali yakumtunda ya chipolopolocho imadziwika ndi utoto wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira wobiriwira, pomwe pamakhala mawanga achikasu osiyana. Plastron ndi wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira. Young Trionix amadziwika ndi mtundu wonyezimira wa lalanje, pomwe mawanga akuda amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mutu, khosi ndi miyendo imakhalanso yobiriwira-imvi kapena bulauni-bulauni. Pali malo ang'onoang'ono amdima komanso owala pamutu, ndipo mzere wakuda komanso wopapatiza umayambira kudera lamaso, kumbuyo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Posachedwa, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Tainan, kamba adagwidwa ndi kulemera kopitilira 11 kg wokhala ndi chipolopolo cha 46 cm, chomwe chidasankhidwa ndi dziwe la famu ya nsomba.
Pali zala zisanu pamapazi a kamba, ndipo zitatu mwa izo zimathera ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Chokwawa chikudziwika ndi zala zokhala ndi mamina osambira bwino kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino. Fulu wakum'maŵa ali ndi khosi lalitali, nsagwada zolimba kwambiri zotsogola. Mphepete mwake mwa nsagwada za kamba mumaphimbidwa ndi zotupa komanso zoterera - zotchedwa "milomo". Mapeto a chimbalangondo amafika pachikale chofewa komanso chachitali, kumapeto kwa mphuno zake.
Moyo, machitidwe
Akamba akum'maŵa akutali, kapena Chinese Trionix, amakhala m'mitundu yambiri ya biotopes, kuyambira kumpoto kumpoto kwa taiga mpaka madera otentha ndi nkhalango zotentha kumwera chakumpoto. M'madera amapiri, chokwawa chimatha kukwera mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 1.6-1.7 zikwi pamwamba pa nyanja. Kamba wam'madera akutali amakhala m'madzi oyera, kupatula mitsinje yayikulu ndi yaying'ono, ma oxbows, komanso amapezeka m'minda ya mpunga. Nyama imakonda matupi amadzi otenthedwa bwino okhala ndi mchenga kapena matope, ndikupezeka kwa masamba ochepa amadzi ndi mabanki odekha.
Chinese Trionixes imapewa mitsinje yokhala ndi mafunde amphamvu kwambiri... Chokwawa chimagwira ntchito kwambiri pakangoyamba kulowa madzulo komanso usiku. Nyengo yabwino masana, nthumwi zotere za banja la akamba a Tricot nthawi zambiri zimakhala nthawi yayitali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma sizimayenda mtunda wopitilira ma mita angapo kuchokera m'mphepete mwa madzi. Pakatentha kwambiri, zimaboola mumchenga wouma kapena zimalowa m'madzi mwachangu. Chizindikiro choyamba cha ngozi, chokwawa chimangobisala nthawi yomweyo m'madzi, momwe chimakwirira pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akamba amatha kubzala m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi madzi. Ngati ndi kotheka, akamba amapita kuya kokwanira, ndikusiya mabowo pagombe, otchedwa "bays".
Akamba akum'mawa akutali amakhala nthawi yayikulu m'madzi. Zokwawa izi zimasambira ndikusambira bwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Ena mwa mpweya wa Trionix amapezeka mwachindunji kuchokera m'madzi kudzera kupuma kotchedwa pharyngeal. Mkati mwa kamba mumakhala papillae, omwe amaimiridwa ndi mitolo yambiri yotuluka m'mimba, yolowa ndi ma capillaries ambiri. M'madera amenewa, mpweya umachokera m'madzi.
Ali pansi pamadzi, kamba amatsegula pakamwa pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asambe pamwamba pa villi mkatimo. Papillae amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutulutsa urea. Ngati mumadzi muli madzi abwino kwambiri, zokwawa zam'madzi sizimatsegula pakamwa pawo. Kamba wam'mawa akutali amatha kutambasula khosi lake lalitali, chifukwa cha mpweya womwe umayamwa ndi mphuno zake pa proboscis yayitali komanso yofewa. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo ikhalebe yosaoneka bwino kwa adani ake. Pamtunda kamba amayenda bwino, makamaka zitsanzo zazing'ono za Trionix zimayenda mwachangu.
M'nyengo youma, akasinja ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi akamba amakhala osaya kwambiri, komanso kuipitsa madzi kumachitikanso. Komabe, chokwawa sichisiya malo ake okhala. Ma Trionics olandidwa amachita modzikhulupirira kwambiri ndikuyesera kuluma zopweteka kwambiri. Anthu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zilonda zazikulu ndi nsagwada zakuthwa za nsagwada. Akamba akum'maŵa akutali amabisala pansi pa dziwe, amatha kubisala m'nkhalango za mabango kufupi ndi gombe kapena kubowola pansi. Nthawi yozizira imakhala kuyambira pakati pa Seputembala mpaka Meyi kapena Juni.
Kodi Trionix amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwa moyo wa Chinese Trionix mu ukapolo kuli pafupifupi kotala la zana. Mwachilengedwe, zokwawa zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosaposa zaka makumi awiri.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kugonana kwa fulu wapathengo kumatha kudziyimira pawokha molondola kwambiri kwa anthu azaka zakubadwa zaka ziwiri. Kugonana kwamankhwala kumawonetsedwa ndi zizindikilo zina zakunja. Mwachitsanzo, zazimuna zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zokulirapo, komanso zazitali kuposa zazikazi.
Kuphatikiza apo, champhongo chimakhala ndi plastron wa concave ndipo chimakhala ndi zotupa pakhungu pam ntchafu zotchedwa "femoral spurs". Mukamayang'ana mbali ya kumbuyo kwa kamba ya Far East, pali kusiyana komwe kumatha kuwonedwa. Amuna, mchira wake wokutidwa kwathunthu ndi chipolopolo, ndipo mwa akazi, gawo la mchira likuwonekera bwino pansi pa chipolopolocho. Komanso, mkazi wamkulu amakhala ndi pamimba mosabisa kapena mopindika pang'ono.
Mitundu ya Chinese Trionix
M'mbuyomu, Chinese Trionyx chinali cha mtundu wa Trionyx, ndipo ma subspecies ochepa okha ndi omwe amadziwika ndi mitundu iyi:
- Tr. sinensis sinensis ndi ma subspecies osankhidwa omwe afalikira gawo lalikulu;
- Tr. Sinensis tuberculatus ndizochepa zomwe zimapezeka ku Central China ndi mafupa a South China Sea.
Pakadali pano, palibe subspecies ya Far East yomwe imasiyanitsidwa. Mitundu yodzipatula ya zokwawa zotere zochokera ku China yadziwika ndi akatswiri ena ndipo akuti ndi mitundu yodziyimira pawokha:
- Pelodiscus axenaria;
- Pelodiscus parviformis.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a taxonomic, mawonekedwe amtunduwu sadziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, Pelodiscus axenaria atha kukhala mwana P. sinensis. Hakamba omwe amakhala ku Russia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China ndi Korea nthawi zina amawonedwa ngati mitundu yodziyimira ya P. maackii.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma trionics achi China afalikira ku Asia konse, kuphatikiza East China, Vietnam ndi Korea, Japan, ndi zilumba za Hainan ndi Taiwan. M'dziko lathu, mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Far East.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakadali pano, nthumwi zamtundu wakum'maŵa wa Far East zafotokozedwera gawo lakumwera kwa Japan, zilumba za Ogasawara ndi Timor, Thailand, Singapore ndi Malaysia, zilumba za Hawaiian ndi Mariana.
Akamba oterewa amakhala m'madzi a mitsinje ya Amur ndi Ussuri, komanso mitsinje yawo yayikulu kwambiri komanso Nyanja ya Khanka.
Zakudya zakamba za kum'mawa
Kamba Wakum'maŵa Kutali ndi chilombo. Chokwawa ichi chimadyetsa nsomba, komanso amphibian ndi crustaceans, tizilombo tina, nyongolotsi ndi molluscs. Oimira mabanja atatu okhala ndi akamba amtunduwu komanso akamba amtundu waku Far Eastern amadikirira nyama yawo, ikubowola mumchenga kapena silt. Kuti agwire munthu yemwe akubwera, a Chinese Trionics amagwiritsa ntchito mutu wofulumira kwambiri wamutu wopingasa.
Ntchito yayikulu yodyetsa nyama zokwawa imatha kuwonedwa nthawi yamadzulo, komanso usiku. Ndipanthawi yomwe akamba sakubisalira, koma amatha kusaka mwachangu, mwamphamvu komanso mosamala madera onse osaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Monga momwe kuwonera kukuwonetsera, mosasamala za msinkhu wawo, Trionix ndi wosusuka modabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu ukapolo, kamba wokhala ndi chipolopolo kutalika kwa 18-20 cm panthawi imatha kudya nsomba zitatu kapena zinayi masentimita 10-12.
Komanso, chakudya chimafunidwa mwachangu ndi nyama zazikulu pansi penipeni pa nkhokwe. Nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zokwawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri, ndipo Trionix amayesa kumeza nyamazo, poyamba akumaluma mutu wake.
Kubereka ndi ana
Akamba akum'maŵa akutali amafika pofika zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi chimodzi za moyo wawo. M'madera osiyanasiyana, kukwelana kumatha kuchitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Juni. Pakukhwimitsa, zamphongozi zimagwira zazikazi ndi nsagwada zawo ndi khosi lachikopa kapena zikhomo zakutsogolo. Kuphatikizika kumachitika mwachindunji pansi pamadzi ndipo sikudutsa mphindi khumi. Mimba imatenga masiku 50-65, ndipo kutulutsa mazira kumayambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti.
Poika mazira, akazi amasankha malo ouma okhala ndi dothi lofunda bwino pafupi ndi madzi. Kawirikawiri, kubzala kumachitikira pa mchenga, osati pamiyala. Pofunafuna malo okhala bwino, kamba akhoza kuchoka pamadzi. M'nthaka, chokwawa chomwe chili ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo chimatulutsa msanga mwapadera, momwe kuya kwake kumatha kufikira 15-20 masentimita m'mimba mwake m'munsi mwa masentimita 8-10.
Mazira amaikidwa mu dzenje ndikuphimbidwa ndi dothi... Mikwingwirima ya kamba yomwe yangolongedwa kumene nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'malo okwera kwambiri am'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimalepheretsa anawo kutsukidwa ndi madzi osefukira a chilimwe. Malo okhala ndi zikopa amatha kupezeka pazobowola kamba kapena njira yachikazi. Pa nthawi imodzi yoswana, mkazi amaphatika kawiri kapena katatu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mazira ndi zidutswa 18-75. Kukula kwa clutch molunjika kumadalira kukula kwa mkazi. Mazira ozungulira amakhala oyera ndi utoto wa beige, koma amatha kukhala achikasu, 18-20 mm m'mimba mwake ndipo amalemera mpaka 4-5 g.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi yokwanira imatenga mwezi umodzi ndi theka mpaka miyezi iwiri, koma kutentha kukakwera kufika 32-33 ° C, nthawi yakukula imachepetsedwa kukhala mwezi. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya akamba amitundu, zokwawa zomwe zili ndi mbali zitatu zimadziwika chifukwa chosakhala ndi chilakolako chogonana.
Palibenso ma chromosomes ogonana heteromorphic. Mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala, akamba achichepere amatuluka kwambiri m'mazira, nthawi yomweyo amathamangira kumadzi... Mtunda wa mita makumi awiri umaphimbidwa mphindi 40-45, pambuyo pake akamba amafikira pansi pansi kapena amabisala pansi pamiyala.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a kamba wakum'mawa kwa Far ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana zodya nyama, komanso nyama zomwe zimakumba zisa zokwawa. Ku Far East, awa akuphatikizapo akhwangwala akuda ndi akulu akulu, nkhandwe, agalu amphaka, mbira ndi nguluwe. Nthawi zosiyanasiyana, zolusa zitha kuwononga kamba 100%.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mbali yaikulu yamitundu yake, kamba kum'maŵa kwa Far East ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino, koma ku Russia ndi chokwawa - nyama zosowa, zomwe zonse zikuchepa mofulumira. Mwazina, kuwononga akulu ndi kutolera mazira kuti adye kumathandizira kuchepa kwa chiwerengerocho. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumayambitsidwa ndi kusefukira kwamadzi nthawi yachilimwe komanso kubereka pang'onopang'ono. Kamba wam'mawa akutali adalembedwa mu Red Book, ndipo kuteteza mitunduyo kumafuna kuti pakhale malo otetezedwa komanso malo achitetezo.
