Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo akangotchula pterodactyl (dinosaur wouluka, buluzi wouluka, ngakhale chinjoka chouluka), amavomereza kuti anali woyamba kubalasa wamapiko ndipo mwina, kholo la mbalame zamakono.
Kufotokozera kwa pterodactyl
Liwu lachi Latin lotchedwa Pterodactylus limabwerera ku mizu yachi Greek, lotanthauziridwa kuti "chala chamapiko": pterodactyl adapeza dzinali kuchokera pachala chachinayi cholumikizidwa mwamphamvu cham'mbuyo, pomwe mapiko achikopa adalumikizidwa. Pterodactyl ndi ya genus / suborder, yomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la ma pterosaurs, ndipo imangowonedwa kuti si pterosaur woyamba kutchulidwa, komanso buluzi wotchulidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya paleontology.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Pterodactyl sinkawoneka ngati chokwawa ngati mbalame yokhotakhota yomwe ili ndi mlomo waukulu (ngati chiulu) ndi mapiko akulu... Pterodactylus antiquus (mitundu yoyamba komanso yotchuka kwambiri yodziwika) sinali yayikulu - mapiko ake anali mita imodzi. Mitundu ina ya pterodactyls, malinga ndi akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale omwe anafufuza zotsalira zoposa 30 (mafupa athunthu ndi zidutswa), anali ochepa kwambiri. Digitalwing wamkulu anali ndi chigaza chachitali komanso chochepa thupi, chokhala ndi nsagwada zopapatiza, zowongoka, pomwe mano aming'onoting'ono amakula (ofufuza adawerengera 90).
Mano akulu kwambiri anali kutsogolo ndipo pang'onopang'ono adayamba kuchepa kummero. Chigaza ndi nsagwada za pterodactyl (mosiyana ndi mitundu yofananira) zinali zowongoka ndipo sizinapindire kumtunda. Mutuwo unkakhala pakhosi losunthika, lokhathamira, pomwe panalibe nthiti za khomo lachiberekero, koma ma vertebrae a khomo lachiberekero amawoneka. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kwake kunakongoletsedwa ndi lokwera lachikopa lalitali, komwe kumakula pterodactyl ikakhwima. Ngakhale anali ndi kukula kwakukulu, mapiko adijito adawuluka bwino - mwayiwu unaperekedwa ndi mafupa owala komanso opanda pake, pomwe mapiko ake akulu adalumikizidwa.
Zofunika! Mapikowo anali khola lalikulu lachikopa (lofanana ndi phiko la mleme), lokhazikika pachala chachinayi ndi mafupa a dzanja. Miyendo yakumbuyo (yokhala ndi mafupa osakanikirana a mwendo wakumunsi) inali yocheperako kutalika ndi yakutsogolo, pomwe theka linagwa chala chakumiyendo chachinayi, litavala ndodo yayitali.
Zala zouluka zinapinda, ndipo nembanemba yamapikoyo inali ndi minofu yopyapyala, yokutidwa ndi khungu yothandizidwa ndi timizere ta keratin kunja ndi ulusi wa collagen mkati. Thupi la pterodactyl lidakutidwa ndi kuwala pansi ndipo limapereka chithunzi chokhala wopanda kulemera (kumbuyo kwa mapiko amphamvu ndi mutu waukulu). Zowona, sianthu onse owonetsa pterodactyl wokhala ndi thupi lopapatiza - mwachitsanzo, a Johann Hermann (1800) adamupaka utoto.
Maganizo amasiyana pamchira: akatswiri ena akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti poyamba unali wawung'ono kwambiri ndipo sunatenge gawo lililonse, pomwe ena amalankhula za mchira wokongola kwambiri womwe wasowa pakupanga chisinthiko. Otsatira chiphunzitso chachiwiri amalankhula zakufunika kwa mchira, womwe pterodactyl imayendetsa mlengalenga - kuyendetsa, kutsika nthawi yomweyo kapena kukwera mofulumira. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo "amatsutsa" ubongo chifukwa cha imfa ya mchira, yomwe chitukuko chake chinapangitsa kuchepa ndi kusowa kwa mchira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Pterodactyls amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zokonzedwa bwino, ndikuwonetsa kuti amakhala ndi moyo wosangalala komanso wokonda kucheza. Sizikudziwika ngati pterodactyls imatha kukupiza mapiko awo, pomwe kuyandama kwaulere sikokayika - mpweya woyenda mosavutikira umathandizira mosavuta zingwe zopepuka za mapiko otambasulidwa. Mwachidziwikire, mapiko a zala adziwa bwino makina okhathamira, omwe anali osiyana ndi mbalame zamakono. Pothawira, pterodactyl mwina imafanana ndi albatross, ikugwedeza mapiko ake mozungulira, koma kupewa mayendedwe mwadzidzidzi.
Ndege yowuluka nthawi ndi nthawi idasokonezedwa ndi hover yaulere. Muyenera kukumbukira kuti albatross ilibe khosi lalitali komanso mutu waukulu, ndichifukwa chake chithunzi cha mayendedwe ake sichingafanane ndi kutha kwa pterodactyl. Nkhani ina yotsutsana (yokhala ndi magulu awiri a otsutsa) ndi yakuti zinali zosavuta kuti pterodactyl ichoke pamalo athyathyathya. Msasa woyambawo ulibe chikaikiro chakuti buluzi wamapikoyu adanyamuka mosavuta pamalo athyathyathya, kuphatikizapo nyanja.
Ndizosangalatsa! Otsutsa awo amaumirira kuti pterodactyl imafunikira kutalika (thanthwe, phompho kapena mtengo) kuti iyambire, pomwe idakwera ndi zikoko zake zolimba, ikukankhira pansi, ikulowera pansi, ikutambasula mapiko ake, kenako kenako nkuthamanga.
Mwambiri, mapiko achala adakwera bwino pamapiri ndi mitengo iliyonse, koma pang'onopang'ono ndikuyenda movutikira pamtunda: mapiko opindidwa ndi zala zopindika zomwe zimamuthandiza sizimusokoneza.
Kusambira kunapatsidwa bwino kwambiri - nembanemba za kumapazi zidasanduka zipsepse, chifukwa kutsegulira kunali kofulumira komanso koyenera... Maso akuthwa adathandizira kuyendetsa msanga posaka nyama - pterodactyl idawona komwe masukulu owala a nsomba akuyenda. Mwa njira, kunali mlengalenga pomwe ma pterodactyls amadzimva otetezeka, ndichifukwa chake amagona (ngati mileme) mlengalenga: ataweramitsa mitu yawo, atagwira nthambi / mwala wokhala ndi miyendo yawo.
Utali wamoyo
Poganizira kuti ma pterodactyls anali nyama zamagazi (ndipo mwina makolo a mbalame zamasiku ano), kutalika kwa moyo wawo kuyenera kuwerengedwa ndikufanizira ndi kutalika kwa nthawi ya mbalame zamasiku ano, zofananira kukula kwa mitundu yomwe yatha. Poterepa, muyenera kudalira chidziwitso cha ziwombankhanga kapena ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhala zaka 20 mpaka 40, ndipo nthawi zina zaka 70.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Mafupa oyamba a pterodactyl anapezeka ku Germany (dziko la Bavaria), kapena m'malo mwake, m'miyala ya Solnhofen, yomwe ili kutali ndi Eichshtet.
Mbiri yakusokeretsa
Mu 1780, zotsalira za chirombo chosadziwika ndi sayansi zidawonjezeredwa pamndandanda wa Count Friedrich Ferdinand, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi, adafotokozedwa ndi Cosmo-Alessandro Collini, wolemba mbiri waku France komanso mlembi wa Voltaire. Collini adayang'anira dipatimenti ya mbiri yakale (Naturalienkabinett), yotsegulidwa kunyumba yachifumu ya Charles Theodore, Wosankhidwa ku Bavaria. Zolembedwazo zimadziwika kuti ndizomwe zidapezeka koyambirira pterodactyl (munjira yopapatiza) ndi pterosaur (mwa mawonekedwe wamba).
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali mafupa ena omwe amati ndi oyamba - otchedwa "specimen of Pester", omwe adasankhidwa mu 1779. Koma zotsalazo poyamba zimanenedwa ndi mitundu yakufa ya crustaceans.
Collini, yemwe adayamba kufotokoza chiwonetserochi kuchokera ku Naturalienkabinett, sanafune kuzindikira nyama yowuluka mu pterodactyl (mwamakani akukana kufanana ndi mileme ndi mbalame), koma adaumirira kuti ndi nyama zam'madzi. Chiphunzitso cha nyama zam'madzi, ma pterosaurs, chakhala chikuthandizidwa kwakanthawi.
Mu 1830, nkhani yolembedwa ndi katswiri wazanyama waku Germany a Johann Wagler yokhudza ena amphibiya idawonekera, yowonjezeredwa ndi chithunzi cha pterodactyl, yomwe mapiko ake adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mapiko. Wagler anapitilira ndikuphatikizira pterodactyl (pamodzi ndi nyama zina zam'madzi zam'madzi) mgulu lapadera la "Gryphi", lomwe limakhala pakati pazinyama ndi mbalame..
Lingaliro la Hermann
Katswiri wazowona zanyama waku France a Jean Herman anaganiza kuti chala chachinayi chinali chofunikira ndi pterodactyl kuti chikhale ndi mapiko ake. Kuphatikiza apo, mchaka cha 1800 anali a Jean Hermann omwe adadziwitsa wazachilengedwe waku France a Georges Cuvier zakukhalako kwa zotsalazo (zofotokozedwa ndi Collini), kuwopa kuti asitikali a Napoleon adzawatengera ku Paris. Kalatayo, yolembedwera Cuvier, idalinso ndi kumasulira kwa wolemba zakufa zakale, limodzi ndi fanizo - chojambula chakuda ndi choyera cha cholengedwa chokhala ndi mapiko otseguka, ozungulira, kuyambira pachala champhete mpaka kumapazi aubweya.
Kutengera mawonekedwe a mileme, Herman adayika nembanemba pakati pakhosi ndi dzanja, ngakhale kulibe tizidutswa ta nembanemba / tsitsi pachitsanzo chomwecho. Herman analibe mwayi wofufuza zotsalazo, koma adati nyama yomwe yatha ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Mwambiri, Cuvier adagwirizana ndikutanthauzira kwa chithunzi chomwe chikufotokozedwa ndi Hermann, ndipo, atachichepetsa kale, m'nyengo yozizira ya 1800 adasindikiza zolemba zake. Zowona, mosiyana ndi Hermann, Cuvier adayika nyama yomwe yatha ngati chokwawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 1852, pterodactyl yamkuwa imayenera kukongoletsa munda wazomera ku Paris, koma ntchitoyi idathetsedwa mwadzidzidzi. Zifanizo za pterodactyls zidakhazikitsidwa, koma patadutsa zaka ziwiri (1854) osati ku France, koma ku England - ku Crystal Palace, yomangidwa ku Hyde Park (London).
Amatchedwa pterodactyl
Mu 1809, anthu adadziwitsidwa bwino za buluzi wamapiko waku Cuvier, komwe adapatsa dzina loyambirira la sayansi Ptero-Dactyle, lochokera ku mizu yachi Greek πτερο (wing) ndi (κτυλος (chala). Nthawi yomweyo, Cuvier adawononga lingaliro la a Johann Friedrich Blumenbach lonena za mitundu ya mbalame za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mofananamo, zidapezeka kuti zakale sizidalandidwe ndi gulu lankhondo laku France, koma anali ndi physiologist waku Germany a Samuel Thomas Semmering. Adasanthula zotsalazo mpaka adawerenga cholembedwa cha 12/31/1810, chomwe chimafotokoza zakusowa kwawo, ndipo mu Januware 1811 Semmering adatsimikizira Cuvier kuti zomwe apezazo sizinasinthe.
Mu 1812, Wachijeremani adasindikiza nkhani yake, pomwe adafotokoza kuti nyamayo ndi mtundu wapakati pakati pa mileme ndi mbalame, ndikupatsa dzina lake Ornithocephalus antiquus (mutu wakale wamutu wa mbalame).
A Cuvier adatsutsa Semmering mu nkhani yotsutsa, ponena kuti zotsalazo zinali za reptile. Mu 1817, kachiwiri, pterodactyl specimen idapezeka ku Solnhofen deposit, yomwe (chifukwa chakufupikitsa mphuno) yotchedwa Sömmering yotchedwa Ornithocephalus brevirostris.
Zofunika! Zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomu, mu 1815, katswiri wazachilengedwe waku America a Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, potengera zolemba za Georges Cuvier, adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito liwu loti Pterodactylus kutanthauza mtunduwo.
Kale munthawi yathu, zopezeka zonse zidayesedwa bwino (pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana), ndipo zotsatira zafukufuku zidasindikizidwa mu 2004. Asayansi afika pozindikira kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa pterodactyl - Pterodactylus antiquus.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Pterodactyls idawonekera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic (zaka 152.1-150.8 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo idazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 145 miliyoni zapitazo, kale munthawi ya Cretaceous. Zowona, akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale amakhulupirira kuti kutha kwa Jurassic kunachitika zaka 1 miliyoni pambuyo pake (zaka 144 miliyoni zapitazo), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti buluzi wouluka adakhala ndikumwalira munthawi ya Jurassic.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zambiri zotsalira zidapezeka m'miyala ya Solnhofen (Germany), zochepa kudera la mayiko angapo aku Europe komanso m'maiko ena atatu (Africa, Australia ndi America).
Zomwe apezazi zikusonyeza kuti ma pterodactyls anali ofala padziko lonse lapansi.... Zidutswa zamafupa a pterodactyl zimapezeka ngakhale ku Russia, m'mbali mwa Volga (2005)
Zakudya za Pterodactyl
Kubwezeretsa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa pterodactyl, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale adazindikira kuti ilibe kuthamanga pakati pa nyanja ndi mitsinje, yodzaza ndi nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zoyenera m'mimba. Chifukwa cha maso ake akuthwa, buluzi wouluka adazindikira patali momwe masukulu a nsomba amasewera m'madzi, abuluzi ndi zokwawa za amphibiya, komwe nyama zam'madzi ndi tizilombo tambiri timabisala.
Chakudya chachikulu cha pterodactyl chinali nsomba, zazing'ono komanso zazikulu, kutengera msinkhu / kukula kwa mlenje yekha. Njala ya pterodactyl idagwera pamwamba pa dziwe ndikumulanda wosasamala ndi nsagwada zake zazitali, komwe kunali kosatheka kutuluka - idagwiridwa mwamphamvu ndi mano akuthwa a singano.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kupita ku chisa, ma pterodactyls, monga nyama wamba, adapanga madera ambiri. Zisa zimamangidwa pafupi ndi madzi achilengedwe, nthawi zambiri pamapiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amati zokwawa zouluka zinali ndi udindo wobereka, kenako kusamalira ana, kudyetsa anapiye ndi nsomba, kuphunzitsa luso louluka, ndi zina.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
Adani achilengedwe
Pterodactyls nthawi ndi nthawi anali kugwidwa ndi adani akale, onse apadziko lapansi ndi mapiko... Mwa omalizawa, kunalinso abale apafupi a pterodactyl, ramphorhynchia (pterosaurs yayitali kwambiri). Kutsikira padziko lapansi, pterodactyls (chifukwa chakuchedwa kwawo ndi ulesi) adakhala nyama yosavuta ya ma dinosaurs odyetsa. Kuopsezaku kunachokera kwa akuluakulu a Compsognaths (ma dinosaurs ochepa) komanso ma dinosaurs onga abuluzi (theropods).
