Ziphuphu (Viperidae)

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Viperidae, kapena viperidae, ndi banja lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limagwirizanitsa njoka zapoizoni, zomwe zimadziwika bwino ngati mphiri. Ndi njoka yomwe ndi njoka yoopsa kwambiri kumtunda kwathu, kotero ndikofunikira kuti tithe kusiyanitsa zokwawa izi kuchokera ku njoka zopanda vuto kwa anthu.

Kufotokozera kwa njoka

Njoka zonse zimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zibowo zamkati mkati ndi zazitali zazitali, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa poizoni wopangidwa ndi zotupa zapadera za poizoni, zomwe zimapezeka kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa nsagwada. Iliyonse ya mayini ili pafupi ndi pakamwa pa njoka, ndipo ili pamfupa loyenda mozungulira.

Kunja kogwiritsa ntchito, mayini amapindidwa ndikutsekedwa ndi nembanemba yapadera... Ma canine akumanja ndi kumanzere amasinthasintha mosadutsana. Pakumenyanako, kamwa ya njoka imatha kutseguka pakona mpaka madigiri a 180, ndipo fupa losinthasintha limayang'ana mayini ake patsogolo. Kutsekedwa kwa nsagwada kumachitika mukamalumikizana, pomwe minofu yolimba komanso yolimba yomwe ili mozungulira zotupa za poizoni imalumikizana kwambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa kufinya. Izi zimadziwika ngati kuluma, ndipo njoka imagwiritsa ntchito polepheretsa nyama zawo kapena podziteteza.

Mutu wa njokayo uli ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira amphona atatu okhala ndi malekezero amphongo osongoka komanso ngodya zazing'ono zowonekera kumbali. Pamapeto pake pamphuno, pakati penipeni pa mphuno, mitundu ina imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwamitengo imodzi kapena yophatikizana yopangidwa ndi masikelo. Mitundu ina ya njoka imasiyana m'malo omwe amatuluka pamwamba pamaso. Poterepa, zimapanga zofanana ndi nyanga wamba.

Maso a zokwawa ndi zazing'ono kukula, ndi mwana wopingasa bwino, yemwe amatha kutsegula osati m'lifupi monse, komanso kutseka pafupifupi kwathunthu, chifukwa chake njoka zimatha kuwona bwino. Monga lamulo, kakhonde kakang'ono kamakhala pamwamba pamaso, kamene kamapanga masikelo.

Wodzigudubuza wopangidwa bwino amapatsa njokayo mawonekedwe owopsa kapena owoneka bwino. Thupi la reptile ndi locheperako kukula ndipo limakhuthala makamaka pakati. Mtundu umasintha kwambiri kutengera malo okhala ndi zamoyo, koma nthawi zonse imangoyang'anira ndikubisa njokayo kumbuyo kwachilengedwe.

Maonekedwe

Njoka yamphongo yabanja yaku Burma, kapena njoka yaku China (Azemiops feae), ndi yamtundu wa njoka zapoizoni. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa achikulire kumafika masentimita 76-78, ndipo zishango zazikulu zili pamutu. Thupi lakumtunda ndi lofiirira. Mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndiyokoma, ndipo pali mikwingwirima yachikaso yopingasana mbali. Mutuwu ndi wachikaso kapena wakuda. Mamembala onse a banja lino ali mgulu la njoka zotumphukira.

Njoka zazingwe (Causus) ndi banja limodzi lokha kuphatikizapo mtundu umodzi wokha wa Causus. Njoka izi ndi za gulu lakale kwambiri komanso loyambirira chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu izi:

  • oviparous;
  • mawonekedwe azida zazida zakupha;
  • kukula kwachilendo pamutu;
  • ophunzira ozungulira.

Njoka zazingwe ndizocheperako, kutalika kwake sikupitilira mita, kumakhala ndi wandiweyani, wama cylindrical kapena wolimba pang'ono, osati thupi lokulirapo. Pachifukwa ichi, kuuma kwa chiberekero cha chiberekero kulibe. Mchira ndi wamfupi. Mutuwo umakutidwa ndi zikwapu zazikulu, zooneka bwino mozungulira, chifukwa cha njoka zazingwe zomwe zimafanana ndi njoka ndi njoka. Chishango cha intermaxillary ndichachikulu komanso chachikulu, nthawi zina chimasinthidwa. Masikelo mthupi ndi osalala kapena ali ndi nthiti zofooka (mizere yakumbuyo). Ana a maso ndi ozungulira.

Mutu wa dzenje, kapena rattlesnakes (Crotalinae) ndi banja laling'ono la njoka zapoizoni zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa maenje awiri oyaka kutentha omwe ali pakati pa mphuno ndi maso. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa mazana awiri ya banjali yafotokozedwa.... Pamodzi ndi mamembala ena am'banja, mitu yonse ya dzenje ili ndi mano akuthwa komanso atali ataliatali. Mutu wake, mwalamulo, ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu, ana amaso amtundu wofanana. Maenje awiri a thermoreceptor omwe ali kumutu amakhala tcheru ndi ma radiation ya infrared, yomwe imalola njoka za banja lino kuzindikira nyama yawo malinga ndi kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa chilengedwe ndi nyama. Makulidwe a mipesa ya dzenje amakhala pakati pa 50 cm mpaka 350 cm.

Banja lankhondo la Viper pakadali pano lili ndi mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ndi mitundu yopitilira khumi ndi umodzi:

  • Njoka zamitengo (Atheris);
  • Njoka zam'mapiri (Adenorhinos);
  • Njoka za ku Africa (Bitis);
  • Njoka yamphongo (Daboia);
  • Njoka zamphongo (Cerastes);
  • Efi (izi);
  • Njoka zazikulu (Masrovipera);
  • Njoka zotsutsana (Еristicophis);
  • Njoka zam'mapiri ku Kenya (Montatheris);
  • Njoka zabodza (Pseudocerastes);
  • Njoka zam'madzi (Proatheris);
  • Njoka zenizeni (Virera).

Oimira banjali alibe maenje oyang'ana kutentha (infrared), ndipo kutalika kwa akulu kumatha kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa 28-200 cm kapena kupitilira apo. Mitundu ingapo ili ndi thumba lachidziwitso lomwe lili pamphuno la njoka. Thumba loterolo ndi khola la khungu pakati pa mbale zamphongo ndi supra-nasal, zolumikizidwa ndi mitsempha ya cranial panthawi yozungulira.

Dzina lodziwika bwino laku Russia "rattlesnake" limakhalapo chifukwa chakupezeka kwapadera pagulu laling'ono la North America Yamkogolovye (Crotalus ndi Sistrurus), lomwe lili kumapeto kwa mchira. Phokoso lotere ndi masikelo osinthidwa omwe amapanga magawo osunthika. Phokoso lachilendo kwambiri "laphokoso" limachitika chifukwa cha kugundana kwa magawowo panthawi yakusunthika kwachilengedwe kwa nsonga ya mchira.

Moyo, machitidwe

Ma Vipers mwamtunduwu sali m'gulu la omwe ali ndi mbiri yoyendetsa.... Zokwawa zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zocheperako, ndipo zimatha kukhala pafupifupi tsiku lonse ili bodza, osasuntha mosafunikira. Pofika madzulo, njoka zayambitsidwa ndipo ndi nthawi ino yomwe zimayamba ntchito yomwe amakonda kwambiri, yomwe ndi kusaka. Anthu akuluakulu amakonda kugona osayenda kwa nthawi yayitali, kudikirira nyama iliyonse kuti igwere m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa. Pakadali pano, njoka siyiphonya mwayi wodyera, chifukwa chake imawukira nyama yawo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhula, mawu oti "chithaphwi chodzala ndi mamba" nthawi zambiri amakhala owona ndipo alibe nzeru.

Chodziwikiratu kuti njoka zimatha kusambira mwangwiro, motero zokwawa zoterezi zimatha kusambira mosavuta ngakhale mumtsinje waukulu kapena madzi ena aliwonse. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamadzi osiyanasiyana, komanso sizipewa madambo.

Ndi njoka zingati zomwe zimakhala

Monga lamulo, nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa oimira banja lamanjoka m'chilengedwe ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, koma zitsanzo zina zimadziwika ndi moyo wa kotala la zaka zana limodzi kapena kupitirirapo.

Zoyipa zakugonana

Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe azakugonana satengera mitundu yambiri ya njoka, kupatula kuti amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mchira wokulirapo - mtundu wa "chosungira" cha hemipenis yawo. Pakadali pano, njoka zimakhala zosagonana. Mwakuwonekera, anthu okhwima ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amasiyana pamitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza kusiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtundu. Nthawi zambiri, amuna akulu amanjoka amadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri, ndipo akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utoto wowala kwambiri. Ndi utoto wosungunuka, mawonekedwe azakugonana kulibe.

Mwazina, pafupifupi 10% ya anthu obisika, mosatengera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi, ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wina. Zazikazi zamitundu yambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokulirapo ndipo zimakhala ndi mchira wowonda kwambiri komanso wamfupi, mutu wamfupi komanso wokulirapo. Dera lamutu mwa akazi nthawi zonse limakhala lokulirapo, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ali pafupi ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu ofanana. Amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wopapatiza komanso wotambasula, womwe mndandanda wawo umafanana ndi mawonekedwe a isosceles triangle.

Mitundu ya njoka

Mu kalasi ya Reptiles, dongosolo la Scaly ndi banja la Viper, pali mabanja anayi omwe alipo:

  • Njoka za ku Burma (Azemiopinae);
  • Njoka zazing'ono (Causinae);
  • Mutu wadzenje (Crotalinae);
  • Njoka (Viperinae).

Mitu ya dzenje kale idalingaliridwa ngati banja, ndipo koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino kuli mitundu yochepera mazana atatu.

Njoka ya Viper

Chifukwa chapadera cha kapangidwe kake, poizoni wa mphiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popangira zokonzekera zambiri zamankhwala komanso zodzoladzola zodziwika bwino. Njoka ya njoka ndi malo apadera kwambiri omwe amaphatikizapo mapuloteni, lipids, peptides, amino acid, shuga ndi mchere wina.

Kukonzekera komwe kumapezeka ndi ululu wa njoka yamtunduwu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala othandizira kupweteka kwa rheumatism ndi neuralgia, pochiza matenda ena akhungu ndi matenda oopsa. Othandizira oterewa awonetsa kuchita bwino kwambiri pothana ndi mphumu ya bronchial, magazi, komanso njira zina zotupa.

Ululu wa njoka umalowa mthupi la anthu kapena nyama kudzera mumachitidwe am'mimba, pambuyo pake amalowa m'magazi nthawi yomweyo.... Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zakulumidwa ndi njoka zimaphatikizapo kupweteka kwamoto, kufiira komanso kutupa mozungulira chilondacho. Monga lamulo, mawonetseredwe onse akunja akuledzera pang'ono amasowa m'masiku angapo osakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kapena zoopsa.

Ndizosangalatsa! Chifuwa cha njoka iliyonse chimawoneka kuti ndi chowopsa kwa anthu, ndipo zotsatira za kuluma kwa ena oimira banja la Viper zitha kupha.

Mwa mitundu yayikulu ya poyizoni, zizindikilozi zimadziwika kwambiri. Pafupifupi kotala la ola pambuyo polumidwa ndi njoka, zizindikilo zowoneka bwino zikuyimiridwa ndi chizungulire, kunyansidwa komanso kukakamiza pakamwa, kumva kuzizira komanso kugunda kwamtima mwachangu. Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa zinthu za poizoni ndikumakomoka, kugwedezeka, ndi kukomoka. Njerezi zimakhala zolusa kwambiri nthawi yoswana, kuyambira pafupifupi Marichi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Meyi.

Malo okhala, malo okhala

Malo okhala nthumwi zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa njoka zapoizoni, zomwe zimadziwika bwino ngati njoka, pakadali pano ndizosiyana kwambiri. Njoka zimapezeka mdera lalikulu la Africa, komanso ku Asia ndi mayiko ambiri aku Europe. Ma Vipers amangomva bwino osati kokha m'malo owuma kwambiri, komanso nyengo yamvula yamnkhalango.

Oimira banja lino amatha kukhala m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, komanso nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhalango zakumpoto. Monga lamulo, njoka zimakonda kukhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi. Komabe, mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, anthu omwe amakhala mobisa mobisa amapezeka. Yemwe akuyimira chidwi cha mitundu imeneyi ndi njoka yapadziko lapansi, yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri yotchedwa Hairpins (Atractaspis).

Ndizosangalatsa! Kutalika kwa nyengo yozizira ya njoka kumadalira malowo, chifukwa chake mitundu yakumpoto ya mphiri yozizira kwa miyezi pafupifupi isanu ndi inayi pachaka, komanso kwa anthu okhala m'malo otentha kwambiri zotumphukira zotere zimatulukira kumtunda pafupifupi mu Marichi-Epulo, pomwe zimayamba kubereka.

Vipers hibernate, monga lamulo, kuyambira pa Okutobala-Novembala. Monga "nyumba" yabwino yozizira yokwawa zokwawa zimasankha maenje angapo omwe amapita pansi. Nthawi zambiri, kuzizira kwa njoka sikudutsa mamitala angapo, omwe amalola oimira banja la Viper kuti azikhala m'nyengo yozizira nyengo yabwino yotentha. Potengera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, akulu mazana ambiri nthawi zambiri amasonkhana mkati mwa khola limodzi.

Zakudya zamisala

Njoka ndi odyetsa odziwika kwambiri, makamaka usiku, ndipo nyama zomwe zimawagwidwa nthawi zambiri zimawabisalira... Nyamayo imaponyedwa mwachangu kwambiri, pambuyo pake kumaluma ndi mano owopsa. Mothandizidwa ndi poizoni, wovulalayo wa njokayo amafa kwenikweni mkati mwa mphindi zochepa, pambuyo pake njoka imayamba kudya.

Mukamadyetsa, nthawi zambiri nyamayo imameza yonse. Menyu yayikuluyo ya njoka imaphatikiza ndi mbewa zingapo zazikulu kwambiri, komanso abuluzi ndi nyongolotsi, achule am'madzi komanso mitundu ina ya mbalame. Njoka zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa kafadala wamkulu mokwanira, amadya dzombe, ndipo amatha kugwira agulugufe ndi mbozi.

Ndizosangalatsa! Chosangalatsa ndichakuti njoka ya Schlegel imasaka nyama yake itapachikidwa, itakhala pamtengo, ndipo nsonga yake yowala ndi nyambo.

Kubereka ndi ana

Nyengo yokhwima ya njoka zapoizoni imachitika mchaka, makamaka mu Meyi, ndipo nthawi yolera ya mphiri, limodzi ndi zokwawa zina zambiri kuchokera m'gulu la zokwawa, zimadalira nyengo ndipo zimatha kuyambira miyezi itatu mpaka isanu ndi umodzi. Nthawi zina njoka zapakati zimatha kubisala.

Monga lamulo, kuyambira ana khumi mpaka makumi awiri amabadwa, omwe nthawi yomweyo amatenga poyizoni kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Maola ochepa atabadwa, achinyamata njoka molt. Ana amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango kapena m'malo obowola, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito tizirombo podyetsa. Njoka zamphongo zimakhwima pafupifupi zaka 4 zakubadwa.

Adani achilengedwe

M'chilengedwe, mamba ali ndi adani ambiri. Ambiri aiwo sawopa konse mkwiyo wakupha wa oimira banja lalikulu lomwe limagwirizanitsa njoka zapoizoni. Ankhandwe ndi mbira, nkhumba zakutchire ndi ma ferrets, omwe ali ndi chitetezo champhamvu ku poizoni yemwe ali ndi ululu wa mphiri, amadya nyama ya njoka mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, zokwawa ngati izi nthawi zambiri zimatha kukhala mbalame zodya nyama zambiri, zoyimiriridwa ndi akadzidzi, ntchentche, adokowe ndi ziwombankhanga.

Ndizosangalatsa! Zokwawa zokwawa zimagwidwa kuti zipeze poizoni wokwera mtengo komanso wofunika kwambiri pamankhwala. Komanso, mitundu ina ya mphiri zimasakidwa mwachangu ndi omwe sangakhale terrariumists.

Matanda a nkhuni, omwe si nyama zodya njoka, nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi njoka. Nthawi zambiri, ndi mahedgehogi omwe amatuluka pankhondo ngati opambana mosagwirizana. Mdani wofunikira kwambiri wamitundu yambiri yamanjoka pano ndi anthu. Ndi anthu omwe nthawi zambiri komanso mwadala amapha njoka zilizonse zomwe angakumane nazo. Komanso njoka zimavutika ndi nkhanza nthawi zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osakasaka osasaka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chiwerengero cha mitundu ina ya mphiri chikuchepa.Mwachitsanzo, chiƔerengero chonse cha mphiri wamba chimachepa kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Chiwerengero cha anthu sichikhudzidwa chifukwa chakukula kwakhazikika kwa malo okhala njoka, ngalande zamadambo ndi kusefukira kwa mitsinje yamadzi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa misewu ikuluikulu yambiri komanso kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwamalo.

Chofunikanso ndichakuti kuwonongeka kwa chakudya cha zokwawa zokwawa... Zinthu ngati izi zimakhala chifukwa chachikulu chogawanika, komanso kusowa kwakukulu kwa anthu m'madera omwe amadziwika bwino ndi anthu. Ngakhale zili choncho kuti madera ena nkhalango ndizosungidwa bwino komanso momwe zilombo zoterezi zilili zotetezeka, njoka yodziwika imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ya zigawo zingapo nthawi imodzi, kuphatikiza Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Orenburg.

M'mayiko otukuka aku Europe, njoka zonse tsopano zikuchepa mwachangu. Pakadali pano, zopindulitsa zakupezeka kwachilengedwe kwa zokwawa zoterezi ndizodziwikiratu. Njoka zotere zimakhudzidwa ndikuwongolera kwachilengedwe kwa mbewa zopatsira matenda, zimatulutsa zida zofunikira popangira mankhwala ndi seramu yapadera "Antigadyuka".

Kanema wokhudza njoka

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Onerani kanemayo: Beautiful but Deadly? ft. Waglers Pit Viper (November 2024).