Beavers akhala akutchuka kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha luntha lawo, luso komanso kulimbikira kwawo. Ndipo, ngakhale, poyang'ana koyamba, imawoneka ngati nyama yachilendo, yodziwika kuyambira ubwana, inde, beaver siyophweka momwe ingawonekere. Ndipo iyi ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimapangidwanso, nyama zakale kwambiri: pambuyo pake, yoyamba ya makoswe iyi idawonekera padziko lapansi mu Eocene Epoch, yomwe ili pafupi zaka 34 miliyoni kuyambira nthawi yathu ino.
Kufotokozera kwa beavers
Beavers ndi nyama zam'madzi... Amakhala am'banja la beaver, lomwe nawonso limakhala la dongosolo la mbewa. Ndi mbewa zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Old World komanso zachiwiri zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi pambuyo pa capybara, yotchedwanso capybara.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi la beaver kumatha kufikira mita 1.3, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 30 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake mpaka 32 kg. Imeneyi ndi nyama yopanda phokoso, miyendo yake yafupikitsidwa, iliyonse ya iyo ili ndi zala zisanu, ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe imanyamula katundu wamkulu pakusambira, ndi yotukuka kwambiri kuposa yakutsogolo. Nembanemba zili pakati pa zala za chinyama ichi, chomwe chimapangidwanso bwino pamiyendo yakumbuyo. Misomali yakwaniritsidwa, yolimba mokwanira komanso yamphamvu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zikhadabo zachiwiri pamiyendo yakumbuyo ya ma beavers zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe: nyama imagwiritsa ntchito kukonza ubweya wawo pometa.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za beaver, yomwe imatha kuzindikirika mosadukiza, ndi mchira wophwatalala komanso wopingasa ngati mawonekedwe opalasa: kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 30 cm, m'lifupi mwake ndi masentimita 13. Mchira wonse, kupatula maziko ake, wokutidwa ndi ubweya, waphimbidwa mokwanira zikwapu zazikulu, zomwe pakati pawo pakukula tsitsi lalifupi komanso lochepa, komanso pakati pa mchira pali keel yothamanga kuyambira nsonga yake mpaka pansi.
Beaver, mosiyana ndi malingaliro wamba kuti imagwiritsa ntchito mchira wake ngati fosholo yomanga, kwenikweni imagwiritsa ntchito ngati chiwongolero posambira ndikusambira pansi pamadzi. Maso a nyamayi ndi yaying'ono, ndipo makutu ake otakasuka komanso amfupi satha kuwoneka chifukwa chobisika kwathunthu pansi paubweya wolimba komanso wandiweyani wa beaver. Nthawi yomweyo, kutseguka kwamakutu, monga mphuno za nyama izi, kuli ndi chinthu chimodzi chodabwitsa: amatseka pansi pamadzi.
Mano a makoswewa amathandizidwanso kukhala ndi moyo wam'madzi am'madzi: ma incisors amasiyanitsidwa pakamwa ndi zotuluka zapadera pamilomo, zomwe zimalola beaver kukukuta ngakhale m'madzi. Ubweya wa beaver umapangidwa ndi awn wopangidwa ndi tsitsi loluka komanso lopanda kanthu komanso mkanjo wamtambo, wonyezimira. Mtundu wake ukhoza kukhala mthunzi uliwonse kuchokera ku bulauni wonyezimira mpaka bulauni yakuda, koma nthawi zina pamakhalanso anthu akuda, pafupifupi owoneka akuda. Mchira ndi zikopa za beavers ndizakutulutsa zakuda.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Beaver amadzidalira kwambiri m'madzi. Kumeneko amasambira mwaluso ndikusambira, ali pamtunda akuwoneka chilombo chovuta pang'ono. Masana, nyama izi sizigwira ntchito, ntchito yawo imagwira madzulo ndipo, kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo, imapitilira mpaka 4-6 m'mawa. M'dzinja, pomwe chakudya chikusonkhanitsidwa, ma beavers amatha kugwira ntchito mpaka masana. M'nyengo yozizira, ma beavers amasintha zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndikusintha kukhala nyama zomwe zimakhala moyo wosasangalala. Koma ngati kutentha kwamlengalenga kutsikira pansi -20 madigiri, ndiye kuti samachoka kwawo.
Beavers amakonda kukhazikika m'mabanja: amuna, akazi ndi ana awo zaka ziwiri zapitazi - ndi anthu 5-8 okha... Nthawi zambiri nyamazi, posankha dera linalake, "zimapereka" cholowa m'mibadwo yotsatira. Ngati dziwe ndilaling'ono, ndiye kuti banja limodzi lokha la beavers kapena nyama imodzi yomwe sinapezebe awiri amakhala. Pamatumba akulu amadzi, tsamba la banja la beaver limatha kupitilira mpaka 2.9 km.
Beavers amayesa kukhala pafupi ndi madzi ndipo, ngati apita kumtunda, samakonda kupita patali kuchokera ku dziwe kupitirira 200 mita.
Nyumba ya beaver ndi kanyumba kapena damu, khomo lake lomwe limakhala pansi pamadzi nthawi zonse. Ma burrows amakumba m'mabanki otsetsereka komanso otsetsereka ndikupanga njira yophatikizika yokhala ndi malo 4-5. Chipinda chochezera, chomwe sichiposa mita imodzi m'lifupi ndi masentimita 40-50 kutalika, chimakhazikika pamalo osaposa mita imodzi, pomwe pansi chimakwera masentimita 20 pamwamba pamadzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukachitika kuti madzi ayamba kufika, kotero kuti nyumbayo yaopsezedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, ndiye kuti ma beavers amakanda nthaka kuchokera padenga ndipo, atayipukuta, amakweza pang'ono pansi mu dzenje lawo.
Nthawi zina makoswe amawononga denga lonse mdzenje, m'malo mwake amapanga poyala yazitsamba, motero amapanga mtundu wosintha, womwe umatchedwa theka-hema. Ngati, pazifukwa zina, zikuwoneka kuti ndizosatheka kukumba dzenje, mwachitsanzo, ngati gombe la mtsinje ndilosaya kwambiri, ndiye kuti ma beavers amamanga nyumba, zomwe ndi milu yooneka ngati mbewa ya burashi yolumikizidwa ndi matope kapena nthaka, makoma ake okutidwa ndi zinyalala zanyama ndi dongo kuti zilimbe, ikukhala ngati malo achitetezo osagonjetseka.
Nthawi yomweyo, pamwamba pakhomalo pamakhala potsegula mpweya wolowa mnyumbayo. Poyamba chisanu choyambilira, nyamazo zimapaka dongo lina, potero limatsekera nyumba zawo bwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake kutentha kumakhalabe mkati. Izi zimalepheretsa madzi kuzizira m'zimbudzi, zomwe zimapangitsa ma beavers kutuluka m'nyumba zawo ngakhale kukuzizira kwambiri.
Beavers ndi nyama zaudongo kwambiri komanso zoyera. Samatayitsa maenje ndi nyumba zawo ndi zotsalira za chakudya kapena zinyalala zina za moyo wawo. Pakakhala kuti gawo losungira madzi liyamba kusintha pansi kapena poyamba linali laling'ono, mabanja a beaver amamanga madamu, omwe amatchedwanso madamu, omwe amakweza ndikusunga mulingo wamadzi kuti asagwere pansi pazipata zanyumba kapena maenje. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yakugwa ngati maziko amadziwe amtsogolo, ndikuwakuta ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yopyapyala, komanso nthambi ndi mabulashi ndipo, nthawi zambiri, miyala. Zomangira zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi dongo kapena silt.
Pogwira ntchito yomanga ndikukonzekera chakudya, beavers amaluma mitengo pansi, kenako amawagwetsa ndikuwadula: amawatsuka nthambi, kenako amagawa thunthu lake kuti likhale losavuta kunyamula kupita kumalo osungira kapena kumanga. Mano a beaver, akakumana ndi mtengo, amagwiritsa ntchito macheka: nyama imatsamira khungwa la mtengo ndi zotumphukira zake, kenako amayenda uku ndi uku ndi nsagwada zake zapansi, ndikupanga mayendedwe asanu kapena asanu ndi amodzi pamphindikati.
Chifukwa choti nyama izi kwazaka zambiri zimapita kumtunda m'mbali mwa njira zomwe zidapondedwapo kale, zimadzaza ndi madzi ndikupanga ngalande zotchedwa beaver, pomwe ma beaver amapangira aloyi chakudya ndi zomanga zawo. Njira izi ndizosazama - zosaposa mita imodzi, osati kutalikirana - 40-50 masentimita, koma kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira ma mita mazana angapo. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, beavers amakhalanso ndi chidwi chotsimikizira ukhondo m'mitsinje, komanso kuyitanitsa mu khola kapena kanyumba kawo. Dera lomwe nyamazi zimakhala ndi kugwira ntchito zimatchedwa malo okongola chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake.
Kodi beavers amakhala motalika bwanji
M'malo awo achilengedwe, beavers amatha kukhala zaka 12 mpaka 17. Ali mu ukapolo, moyo wawo umakhala wochulukitsa kawiri ndipo amakhala wazaka 24 mpaka 34.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kunja, zazikazi za beaver zimasiyanasiyana ndi zamphongo zokulirapo pang'ono komanso kuti ndizotsogola m'banja la nyama izi.
Mitundu ya Beaver
Ngakhale kuti mabanja anayi am'mbuyomu ndi mitundu yambiri yam'mbuyomu anali am'banja la beaver, ambiri aiwo adatha, kotero kuti mpaka pano nyama zokha za mtundu wa beavers zomwe zatsala: beaver wamba ndi beaver waku Canada. Mpaka posachedwa, wachiwiri wawo amawonedwa ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyamba, koma kafukufuku wamtunduwu wasonyeza kuti awa ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu yonse iwiri ya ma beavers amakono ndi ofanana kwambiri, kotero kuti kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu sikunja kunja, koma chibadwa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti beaver wamba amakhala ndi ma chromosomes 48 mu karyotype yake, pomwe beaver waku Canada ali ndi 40 okha.
Ndi chifukwa chake kufalikira pakati pa beaver wamba komanso waku Canada sikutheka ngakhale komwe mitundu yonse iwiri imapezeka.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
M'mbuyomu, beaver wamba anali atafalikira ku Asia ndi Europe, sinali ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin kokha. Koma koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, kusaka kosalamulirika ndi zochitika zachuma za anthu zidadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mitundu iyi ya nyama ku Eurasia. Pakadali pano, beaver wamba amakhala ku Scandinavia, kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Rhone ku France, m'mabeseni a mitsinje ya Vistula ku Poland ndi Elbe ku Germany, m'nkhalango komanso, pang'ono pang'ono, madera a nkhalango za gawo la Europe la Russia, ku Belarus ndi Ukraine. Nyama izi zimapezekanso kumpoto kwa Trans-Urals, m'mitsinje ina ya Siberia, m'dera la Khabarovsk komanso ku Kamchatka. Ku Asia, imapezeka ku Mongolia komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kwa makoswewa, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi mitengo yodula komanso zitsamba m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, komanso masamba am'madzi ndi amphepete mwa nyanja omwe amakhala ndi zitsamba zouma.
Mitundu ya beaver yaku Canada ndiyotakata kwambiri: ili ponseponse ku North America, kuyambira Alaska ndi Canada mpaka kumpoto kwa Mexico komwe malire ake ndi United States amadutsa. Mitunduyi idayambitsidwa ku Scandinavia, komwe idafika ku Karelia ndi dera la Leningrad. Komanso, beaver waku Canada adakhazikika mumtsinje wa Amur, ku Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka.
Beavers amakonda mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda pang'onopang'ono, nyanja zamisomali, mayiwe, nyanja, malo osungira, ngalande zothirira ndi miyala ngati malo okhala. Nyama izi zimayesetsa kupewa mitsinje yayikulu komanso yotakata, komanso madzi osazama, omwe amaundana mpaka pansi m'nyengo yozizira.
Zakudya za Beaver
Beavers amadya zakudya zokhazokha... Amakonda kudya khungwa komanso mphukira zamitengo monga aspen, birch, willow ndi poplar, komanso masamba obiriwira, omwe pakati pake pali kakombo wamadzi, iris, bango ndi chala. Amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito khungwa ndi mphukira za linden, hazelnut, elm kapena mbalame yamatcheri ngati chakudya. Alder ndi thundu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi beavers pomanga nyumba, koma sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Nyamazi sizingakane acorn, ngakhale kuti samadya makungwa a thundu ndi nthambi. Pafupifupi, chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi beaver chimafika mpaka 20% ya kulemera kwake.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa makungwa amitengo ndi zitsamba zotsalira zimadalira nyengo: choyambirira ndiye maziko azakudya za beavers m'nyengo yozizira, koma chilimwe amadya udzu wambiri. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira, nyamazi zimakhala zikusunga chakudya chambiri, chomwe chimayika pansi pamadzi, pomwe chimasungidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa dzinja, osataya thanzi. Pofuna kuteteza chakudya kuti chisazizidwe ndi ayezi, nyama nthawi zambiri zimayesetsa kuti zilowerere, kotero kuti chakudya chimakhala pansi pa gombe lotsetsereka. Izi zimathandiza ma beavers kuti azigwiritsa ntchito chakudya ngakhale atasungidwa ndi ayezi.
Kawirikawiri, beavers amadya mitengo yochepa chabe yomwe angapeze, ndipo ngati angafunikire kusinthana ndi chakudya china, atha kukhala ndi mavuto azaumoyo. Izi ndichifukwa choti chimbudzi cha beaver chimachitika ndikamagwira ntchito kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tawo, timene timaphunzitsidwa kuwononga mitundu ina yamitengo. Ndipo kuti athe kusintha kuzolowera mtundu watsopano, zimayenera kutenga kanthawi.
Kubereka ndi ana
M'mabanja a beavers, akazi amatenga gawo lalikulu ndipo, monga lamulo, amakhala akulu kuposa anzawo. Nthawi yokhwima ya nyama izi imakhala kuyambira theka lachiwiri la Januware mpaka kumapeto kwa February. Mimba ya beavers imatenga masiku 105 mpaka 107, zomwe zimapangitsa ana 1 mpaka 6.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maina wamba a ana amtunduwu ndi ma beavers, koma pakati pa anthu amatchedwanso mphaka. Izi ndichifukwa choti phokoso lomwe ma beavers amalira limafanana ndi mphaka wa mphaka wosakhazikika.
Ana amabadwa kale ali ndi ubweya wa nkhosa komanso owonera theka, pamapeto pake amayambanso kuwona m'masiku oyamba amoyo, pambuyo pake amatha kuwona bwino ndikuyenda bwino m'chilengedwe. Pafupifupi tsiku limodzi kapena awiri atabadwa, amaphunzira kusambira: mkazi amawakakamiza kutuluka mumtsinje wofunda ndikulowa mumsewu wapansi pamadzi ndikuphunzitsa ana maluso oyenda mumadzi.
Amadyetsa ana ake masiku makumi awiri, pambuyo pake ma beaver ang'onoang'ono amayamba kudya chakudya chawo chazomera: makamaka masamba ndi zimayambira za masamba obiriwira. Koma yaikazi imadyetsabe anawo ndi mkaka mpaka miyezi itatu.
Beavers achikulire amakhala m khola kapena kanyumba ka makolo awo kwa zaka zina ziwiri, akuphunzira maluso ofunikira kuti azikhala pawokha, komanso nthawi yomweyo kuthandiza abale awo okalamba. Ndipo atakula msinkhu m'pamene amasiya "nyumba ya abambo" awo ndikuyamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale kuti beavers amamanga nyumba zomwe sizingafikire adani, izi sizikutanthauza kuti alibe adani m'malo awo achilengedwe. Kuopsa kwakukulu komwe amakoswe amtunduwu amakumana nako kumtunda, komwe samachita msanga komanso kulimba kuposa madzi. Komabe, zilombo zolusa sizimakonda kusaka mbalame zazikulu, koma sizimanyansidwa ndi achinyamata. Ena mwa adani achilengedwe a beavers wamba ndi mimbulu, nkhandwe, zimbalangondo zofiirira, nkhandwe, ziphuphu, ndi nkhono. Coyotes, cougars, zimbalangondo zakuda zaku America, zotchedwanso baribal, nsomba za marten, kapena ilka, nawonso sanyansidwa posaka ma beavers aku Canada.
M'madera akumwera komwe amakhala, ma beavers aku Canada, ngakhale nthawi zambiri, amathanso kuwopsezedwa ndi ma alligator aku America, ndipo ndiwowopsa kwa beavers onse ndi makolo awo komanso abale ndi alongo achikulire. Zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa achiwombankhanga achichepere ndi mbalame zodya nyama, monga mphamba kapena ziwombankhanga.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa chakuti ma beavers wamba amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zamtengo wapatali, kuchuluka kwawo koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 kwatsika mpaka kukula modetsa nkhawa: ndi anthu asanu kapena asanu ndi m'modzi okha omwe adatsalira, ndi nyama pafupifupi 1200. Ophimba ku Canada anali ndi mwayi kwambiri: sanasakidwe monganso abale awo aku Europe, chifukwa chake ziweto zawo zinali zochulukirapo.
Komabe, njira zapanthaŵi yake zotetezera ndikuwonjezera chiwerengerocho, zoyambirira zomwe zidabwezedwako mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la 19 ku Norway, komwe kusaka nyama izi kunali koletsedwa kwathunthu, zidapangitsa kuti asunge ma beavers aku Europe ngati mtundu. Chifukwa cha izi, mu 1998, anthu 430,000 amakhala ku Europe komanso kudera la Russia.
Zofunika! Pakadali pano, mitundu yonse ya ma beaver amakono ili ndi nkhawa. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ma subspecies aku West Siberian ndi Tuvinian a beaver wamba amalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia.
Beavers, chifukwa chokhoza kusonkhezera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'madamu, ndi cholumikizira chofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe, ndipo madamu awo amapititsa patsogolo madzi ndikumatsuka ndi matope. Nyamazi zimasakidwabe ndi alenje monga magwero aubweya wokwera mtengo ndi beaver, zomwe anthu akhala akuzipeza kale popanga mafuta onunkhiritsa komanso mankhwala. Koma m'malo ena, ma beavers amathanso kukhala ngati tizirombo: zimachitika kuti madamu awo amatsogolera kusefukira kwa nthaka yaulimi, misewu, ndipo nthawi zina madera.Poterepa, madamu nthawi zambiri amawonongedwa ndi anthu, koma ma beavers amawabwezeretsa mwachangu, ndichifukwa chake njira izi sizothandiza mokwanira ndipo ngati zithandizira kukonza izi, ndiye kwakanthawi.
Beavers ndi nyama zoyenera kulemekezedwa. Amadzionetsera ngati akatswiri aluso komanso omanga, ndipo ndizotheka kuti kunali poyang'ana nyumba zankhaninkhani pomwe anthu adamanga nyumba yawo yoyamba yakale... Chifukwa cha ukhondo wawo, a bea akhala akuonedwa ngati nyama zomwe zimakhala zadongosolo komanso zokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti ndi zithunzi zawo zomwe zimakongoletsa zovala ndi mbendera za mizinda yambiri, madera komanso madera, kuphatikiza Bevern, Biberstadt, Bobrov, Donskoy, Lomzha, Manitoba, Omli ndi Oregon.
