Osati aliyense akudziwa kuti pambuyo pa kutha kwa ma dinosaurs, superpredator Megalodon adakwera pamwamba pa mndandanda wazakudya, komabe, adatenga mphamvu pazinyama zina osati pamtunda, koma m'madzi osatha a Nyanja Yadziko Lonse.
Kulongosola kwa Megalodon
Dzinalo la shark wamkulu yemwe amakhala ku Paleogene - Neogene (ndipo malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, lidafika ku Pleistocene) limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Greek ngati "dzino lalikulu"... Amakhulupirira kuti megalodon idasunga zamoyo zam'madzi kwakanthawi, zikuwonekera zaka 28.1 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zidazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 2.6 miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe
Chithunzi chojambula pamanja cha megalodon (nsomba yodziwika bwino kwambiri, yopanda mafupa) idabwezedwanso kuchokera m'mano ake, ndikumwazika kunyanja. Kuphatikiza pa mano, ofufuzawo adapeza ma vertebrae ndi zipilala zonse zam'mimba, zosungidwa chifukwa cha calcium yambiri (mcherewo udathandizira ma vertebrae kupilira kulemera kwa shark ndi katundu yemwe adachitika poyeserera kwa minofu).
Ndizosangalatsa! Pamaso pa katswiri wazomasulira wa ku Denmark komanso wa geologist Niels Stensen, mano a shark amene anazimiririka amawerengedwa ngati miyala wamba mpaka atazindikira miyala yomwe ili ngati mano a megalodon. Izi zidachitika m'zaka za zana la 17, pambuyo pake Stensen adatchedwa katswiri woyamba paleontologist.
Poyamba, nsagwada za shark zinamangidwanso (ndi mizere isanu ya mano olimba, omwe kuchuluka kwake kudafika 276), komwe, malinga ndi paleogenetics, inali yofanana ndi mita 2. Kenako adatenga thupi la megalodon, ndikupatsa kukula kwakukulu, komwe kunali kwa akazi, komanso kutengera kulingalira kwa ubale wapakati pa chilombocho ndi shark yoyera.
Mafupa omwe adachira, a 11.5 m kutalika, amafanana ndi mafupa a shark yoyera yayikulu, adakulanso kwambiri m'lifupi / kutalika, ndikuwopseza alendo opita ku Maryland Maritime Museum (USA). Chigaza chofalikira kwambiri, nsagwada zazikulu za toothy komanso mphuno yayifupi - monga akatswiri a zachthyologists amati, "pamaso pa megalodon panali nkhumba." Maonekedwe onyansa komanso owopsa.
Mwa njira, lero asayansi achoka kale ku thesis yokhudzana ndi kufanana kwa megalodon ndi karcharodon (white shark) ndikuwonetsa kuti kunja kwake kumafanana ndi shark wokulitsa wochulukirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, zidapezeka kuti mayendedwe a megalodon (chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi malo apadera azachilengedwe) anali osiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba zonse zamasiku ano.
Makulidwe a Megalodon
Mikangano yokhudza kukula kwakukulu kwa chilombocho ikupitirirabe, ndipo njira zingapo zakonzedwa kuti zitsimikizire kukula kwake: wina akuwonetsa kuyambira kuchuluka kwa mafupa a m'mimba, ena amafanana pakati pa kukula kwa mano ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Mano amakona atatu a megalodon akadapezekabe m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufalikira kwa ashaka awa m'nyanja zonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Karcharodon ili ndi mano ofanana mofananamo, koma mano a chibale chawo chomwe chatha ndiochulukirapo, olimba, pafupifupi katatu kukula komanso otetemera mofanana. Megalodon (mosiyana ndi mitundu yofanana kwambiri) ilibe ma denticles ofananira nawo, omwe pang'onopang'ono adazimiririka m'mano ake.
Megalodon anali ndi mano akulu kwambiri (poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina zamoyo zomwe zatha) m'mbiri yonse ya Dziko Lapansi.... Kutalika kwawo kwa oblique, kapena kutalika kwazitali kudafika 18-19 cm, ndipo dzino laling'ono kwambiri la canine lidakula mpaka 10 cm, pomwe dzino la shark loyera (chimphona cha dziko lamakono la shark) silipitilira 6 cm.
Kuyerekeza ndi kuphunzira zotsalira za megalodon, yopangidwa ndi mafupa osakanikirana ndi mano ambiri, zidatsogolera ku lingaliro la kukula kwake kwakukulu. Ichthyologists ndikutsimikiza kuti megalodon wamkulu amatha kufikira 15-16 mita ndi matani pafupifupi 47 matani. Zida zina zochititsa chidwi zimawoneka ngati zotsutsana.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nsomba zazikulu, zomwe megalodon anali nazo, sizimakonda kusambira posachedwa - chifukwa cha izi samapilira mokwanira komanso kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kake. Kagayidwe kake kakuchedwa kuchepa, ndipo mayendedwe awo sali olimba mokwanira: mwa njira, malinga ndi izi, megalodon siyofanana kwenikweni ndi yoyera ngati ndi whale shark. Malo ena osatetezeka a superpredator ndi mphamvu yotsika ya chichereŵechereŵe, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zochepa ku mafupa, ngakhale poganizira kuchuluka kwawo.
Megalodon sakanakhoza kukhala ndi moyo wokangalika chifukwa chakuti mnofu waukulu wa minofu (minofu) unamangiriridwa osati ndi mafupa, koma khunyu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chilombocho, chofunafuna nyama, chimakonda kukhala momubisalira, popewa kufunafuna mwamphamvu: megalodon idasokonezedwa ndi liwiro lotsika komanso mphamvu zochepa. Tsopano njira 2 zimadziwika mothandizidwa ndi omwe nsombazi zidapha omwe adazunzidwa. Anasankha njirayi, akuyang'ana kukula kwa malo opatsirana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njira yoyamba inali nkhosa yamphongo yophwanya, yogwiritsa ntchito ma cetaceans ang'onoang'ono - megalodon idagunda malo okhala ndi mafupa olimba (mapewa, msana wapamwamba, chifuwa) kuti athyole ndikuvulaza mtima kapena mapapo.
Atakumana ndi ziwalo zofunikira, wovulalayo sanathenso kuyenda ndipo anamwalira ndi kuvulala kwamkati mwamkati. Njira yachiwiri yomenyerayi idapangidwa ndi Megalodon pambuyo pake, pomwe asitikali akuluakulu omwe amapezeka mu Pliocene adalowa m'malo omwe amasaka. Akatswiri ofufuza zachipatala apeza ma vertebrae ndi mafupa ambiri am'miyendo yamiyala yamiyala yayikulu ya Pliocene yomwe ili ndi zikwangwani zochokera ku megalodon. Zotsatira izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro loti wolombayo adayamba kupewetsa nyama yayikulu ndikudula / kudula zipsepse zake kapena mapiko ake, kenako ndikumaliza.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa moyo wa megalodon sikunapitirire zaka 30 mpaka 40 (ndi momwe nsomba zambiri zimakhalira). Zachidziwikire, pakati pa nsomba zamatendawa palinso zotengera zazitali, mwachitsanzo, nsombazi, zomwe nthumwi zawo nthawi zina zimakondwerera zaka zana. Koma nsombazi zimakhala m'madzi ozizira, zomwe zimawapatsa chitetezo china, pomwe megalodon amakhala m'madzi ofunda. Zachidziwikire, chilombocho sichinali ndi mdani wowopsa, koma iye (monga shark ena onse) analibe chitetezo kumatenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zotsalira zakale za megalodon zidanenanso kuti padziko lapansi panali anthu ambiri ndipo amakhala pafupifupi m'nyanja zonse, kupatula madera ozizira. Malinga ndi akatswiri a ichthyologists, megalodon idapezeka m'madzi ozizira komanso otentha am'madera onse awiri, momwe kutentha kwamadzi kumasinthasintha pakati pa + 12 + 27 ° C.
Mano akulu a shark ndi ma vertebrae amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, monga:
- Kumpoto kwa Amerika;
- South America;
- Japan ndi India;
- Europe;
- Australia;
- New Zealand;
- Africa.
Mano a Megalodon adapezeka kutali ndi makontinenti akulu - mwachitsanzo, ku Mariana Trench ku Pacific Ocean. Ndipo ku Venezuela, mano a superpredator amapezeka m'madzi opanda mchere, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti athe kunena kuti megalodon imatha kusintha moyo wamadzi abwino (ngati ng'ombe shark).
Zakudya za Megalodon
Mpaka anamgumi okhala ndi mano ngati anamgumi akupha atawonekera, chilombocho, monga ziyenera kuchitira superpredator, adakhala pamwamba pa piramidi yazakudya ndipo samangodzisankhira posankha chakudya. Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zimafotokozedwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa megalodon, nsagwada zake zazikulu ndi mano akulu okhala ndi malire osaya. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, megalodon adalimbana ndi nyama zotere zomwe palibe nsombazi wamakono yemwe amatha kuzigonjetsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchokera kwa akatswiri a ichthyologists, megalodon, ndi nsagwada yake yayifupi, samadziwa momwe (mosiyana ndi chimphona chachikulu) kuti agwire ndikuthyola nyama zazikulu. Kawirikawiri ankang'amba zidutswa za chikopa ndi minofu yapamwamba.
Tsopano zatsimikiziridwa kuti chakudya choyambirira cha Megalodon chinali nsomba zazing'ono ndi akamba, omwe zipolopolo zawo zimayankha bwino pakukakamizidwa kwa minofu yamphamvu ya nsagwada komanso kukhudzidwa kwa mano ambiri.
Zakudya za Megalodon, limodzi ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndi akamba am'madzi, zimaphatikizapo:
- anamgumi mutu;
- anamgumi ang'onoang'ono a umuna;
- anamgumi;
- kuvomerezedwa ndi cetops;
- cetotherium (anamgumi a baleen);
- porpoises ndi ma sireni;
- dolphins ndi pinnipeds.
Megalodon sanazengereze kuwukira zinthu zazitali kuyambira 2.5 mpaka 7 m, mwachitsanzo, anamgumi akale a baleen omwe samatha kulimbana ndi chiwonetserochi ndipo analibe liwiro lothawa. Mu 2008, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku United States ndi Australia adakhazikitsa mphamvu yoluma megalodon pogwiritsa ntchito zoyeserera zamakompyuta.
Zotsatira zowerengera zidawonedwa kuti ndizodabwitsa - megalodon idafinya wolakwirayo kuposa 9 kuposa shark iliyonse yapano, ndipo imawonekera katatu kuposa ng'ona yokhotakhota (yomwe ili ndi mbiri yoluma yamphamvu yoluma). Zowona, potengera kuluma kwamphamvu, megalodon idali yotsika kuposa mitundu ina yakufa, monga Deinosuchus, Tyrannosaurus, Goffman's Mosasaurus, Sarcosuchus, Puruszaurus ndi Daspletosaurus.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale anali wosatsutsika wa superpredator, megalodon inali ndi adani akulu (nawonso ndi omwe amapikisana nawo pakudya). Akatswiri a zachipatala amadziwika pakati pa nyangayi, makamaka, anamgumi a umuna monga zygophysites ndi a leviathans a Melville, komanso nsomba zina zazikulu, monga Carcharocles chubutensis kuchokera ku mtundu wa Carcharocles. Anangumi aamuna ndi anamgumi omwe amapha pambuyo pake sankawopa shark wamkulu ndipo nthawi zambiri ankasaka megalodon wachinyamata.
Kutha kwa megalodon
Kutha kwa zamoyo kuchokera pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi kumangokhala pamphambano ya Pliocene ndi Pleistocene: amakhulupirira kuti megalodon adamwalira pafupifupi zaka 2.6 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo mwina pambuyo pake - zaka 1.6 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kutha zifukwa
Akatswiri a paleontologists sanathenso kutchula chifukwa chomwe chidapangitsa kuti kufa kwa megalodon, chifukwa chake amalankhula za zinthu zingapo (zolusa zina zapamwamba komanso kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse). Zimadziwika kuti nthawi ya Pliocene, pansi pake panali pakati pa North ndi South America, ndipo nyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic zidagawidwa ndi Isthmus of Panama. Mafunde ofunda, atasintha mayendedwe, sakanatha kuperekanso kutentha komwe kumafunikira ku Arctic, ndipo dera lakumpoto la dziko lapansi linakhazikika bwino.
Ichi ndiye chinthu choyambirira choyipa chomwe chimakhudza moyo wama megalodoni, ozolowera madzi ofunda. Ku Pliocene, anamgumi ang'onoang'ono adasinthidwa ndi yayikulu, yomwe idakonda nyengo yozizira yakumpoto. Anthu a anamgumi akuluakulu anayamba kusamuka, kusambira m'madzi ozizira nthawi yotentha, ndipo megalodon idataya nyama yomwe imakonda kudya.
Zofunika! Pakati pa Pliocene, popanda chaka chonse mwayi wopeza nyama zazikulu, ma megalodons adayamba kufa ndi njala, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu azidya anzawo, pomwe achinyamata adakhudzidwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chachiwiri chakutha kwa megalodon ndikuwonekera kwa makolo a anamgumi amakono opha, anamgumi okhala ndi mano, opatsidwa ubongo wopitilira muyeso ndikukhala ndi moyo wosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kolimba komanso choletsa kagayidwe kake, ma megalodons anali ocheperapo ndi anamgumi okhala ndi kusambira kwakukulu komanso kusunthika. Megalodon analinso pachiwopsezo m'malo ena - sichimatha kuteteza mitsempha yake, komanso nthawi ndi nthawi imayamba kuyenda mosafanana (monga shark ambiri). Ndizosadabwitsa kuti anamgumi opha anthu nthawi zambiri amadya ma megalodons achichepere (obisala m'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja), ndipo atagwirizana, amapheranso achikulire. Amakhulupirira kuti megalodons aposachedwa kwambiri omwe amakhala ku Southern Hemisphere adamwalira.
Kodi Megalodon ali moyo?
Akatswiri ena a cryptozoologists amakhulupirira kuti chilombocho chimapulumuka mpaka pano. Mukumaliza kwawo, amapitilira kuchokera ku chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino: mtundu wina amadziwika kuti watha ngati zizindikilo zakupezeka kwake padziko lapansi sizipezeka zaka zopitilira 400 zikwi.... Koma bwanji, pankhaniyi, kutanthauzira zomwe apeza akatswiri a paleontologists ndi ichthyologists? Mano "atsopano" amamegalodoni omwe amapezeka mu Nyanja ya Baltic osati patali ndi Tahiti adadziwika kuti ndi "achichepere" - zaka zamano zomwe sizinakhale ndi nthawi yokwanirirapo zaka 11 zikwi.
Chodabwitsa china chaposachedwa, kuyambira 1954, ndi mano 17 owopsya omwe adalumikizidwa mchombo cha sitima yaku Australia Rachelle Cohen ndipo adapezeka akutsuka pansi pa zipolopolo. Mano adasanthulidwa ndipo chigamulo chidaperekedwa kuti ndi cha megalodon.
Ndizosangalatsa! Okayikira amatcha a Rachelle Cohen amatengera chinyengo. Otsutsa awo satopa kubwereza kuti Nyanja Yadziko Lonse yaphunziridwa ndi 5-10% pakadali pano, ndipo sizingathetseretu kukhalapo kwa megalodon yakuya.
Otsatira malingaliro amakono a megalodon adadzikonzekeretsa ndi mfundo zachitsulo zosonyeza chinsinsi cha mtundu wa shark. Chifukwa chake, dziko lapansi lidaphunzira za whale shark kokha mu 1828, ndipo mu 1897 kokha ndi shark yanyumba yomwe idatuluka mkatikati mwa Nyanja Yapadziko Lonse (zenizeni komanso mophiphiritsira), yomwe kale idadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosakhalakonso.
Ndi mu 1976 mokha, pomwe anthu adadziwana ndi anthu okhala m'madzi akuya, nsombazi, pomwe m'modzi wa iwo adakwatidwa ndi zingwe zoponyedwa ndi chombo chofufuzira pafupi. Oahu (Hawaii). Kuyambira pamenepo, nsomba zazikulu zokhala ndi milomo yayikulu sizinawoneke kopitilira 30 (nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati kugwera pagombe). Sizinathekebe kuchita kusanthula kwathunthu kwa World Ocean, ndipo palibe amene adadzipangira ntchito yayikulu chonchi. Ndipo megalodon yomwe, itasinthidwa ndimadzi akuya, siyiyandikira kugombe (chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu).
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Shark (lat Selachii)
- Anangumi ndi zilombo zam'nyanja
- Whale wakupha (Latin Orcinus orca)
- Narwhal (lat. Monodon monoceros)
Otsutsana kwamuyaya a super-shark, anamgumi aumuna, adazolowera kuthamanga kwa gawo lamadzi ndikumva bwino, akuponya ma kilomita 3 ndipo nthawi zina amayandama kuti apume. Megalodon, kumbali inayo, ali (kapena anachita?) Ali ndi mwayi wosatsutsika wa thupi - uli ndi mitsempha yomwe imapatsa thupi mpweya. Megalodon ilibe chifukwa chomveka chofotokozera kupezeka kwake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali chiyembekezo kuti anthu adzamvanso za izi.
