Trout ndi dzina lomwe limaphatikiza mitundu ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zamadzi nthawi yomweyo, zomwe ndi za banja la Salmonidae. Trout imaphatikizidwa m'mitundu itatu mwa isanu ndi iwiri yapabanja: char (Salvelinus), salmon (Salmo) ndi Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus).
Kufotokozera za Trout
Trout amagawana zikhalidwe zingapo wamba... Pa gawo la khumi la thupi lawo lokulirapo, lomwe lili pansi pa mzere wolowera komanso kutsogolo kwa ofukula, omwe amatsitsidwa kumapeto kwa dorsal fin, pali masikelo 15-24. Chiwerengero chonse cha mamba pamwamba pa chimbudzi chakumapeto chimasiyanasiyana kuyambira zidutswa khumi ndi zitatu mpaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Thupi la nsombayo limakanikizidwa pambuyo pake pamlingo wosiyanasiyana, ndipo mphuno yayifupiyo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Coulter ali ndi mano ambiri.
Maonekedwe
Kuwonekera kwa nsomba mumtundu wina kumatengera mtundu wa nsombazi pamtundu wina:
- Nsomba zofiirira - nsomba yomwe imatha kukula kupitirira theka la mita, ndipo ikafika zaka khumi, munthu amafika polemera makilogalamu khumi ndi awiri. Woimira banjali wamkulu kwambiri amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa thupi lokhalitsa lokhala ndi masikelo ocheperako, koma ochepa. Brook trout ali ndi zipsepse zazing'ono ndi kamwa yayikulu yokhala ndi mano ambiri;
- Mtsinje wa nyanja - nsomba yokhala ndi thupi lolimba poyerekeza ndi brook trout. Mutuwo ndi wopanikizika, motero mzere wotsatira ukuwonekera bwino. Mtundu umasiyanitsidwa ndi msana wofiirira, komanso mbali ya silvery ndi mimba. Nthawi zina pamakhala timadontho tambiri tambiri pamiyeso ya nyanja yamchere;
- Utawaleza wa utawaleza - nsomba yamadzi oyera yokhala ndi thupi lalitali. Kulemera kwake kwa nsomba yayikulu pafupifupi pafupifupi makilogalamu asanu ndi limodzi. Thupi limakutidwa ndi mamba yaying'ono kwambiri. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa abale kumayimiriridwa ndi kupezeka kwa mzere wofiira pinki pamimba.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya trout imasiyana mitundu, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri, koma zapamwamba zimawoneka ngati mtundu wa azitona wakuda kumbuyo ndi utoto wobiriwira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi zomwe awona, mbalame zodyetsedwa bwino nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi yunifolomu yofananira ndimitundu yocheperako, koma kusintha kwa mtunduwo kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuwoka kwa nsomba kuchokera ku dziwe lachilengedwe kupita kumadzi opangira kapena mosemphanitsa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mitundu iliyonse yamtunduwu imakhala ndi zizolowezi zawo, koma mawonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nsombazi zimadaliranso nyengo, malo okhala, komanso mawonekedwe anyengoyi. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi zambiri za mitundu yotchedwa brown "wamba" yamtunduwu imatha kusamuka mwachangu. Nsombazi sizingasunthire kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuyerekeza ndi nsomba zam'madzi, koma zimatha kukwera kapena kutsika ndikamabereka, kudyetsa kapena kufunafuna malo okhala. Nyanja yam'madzi yam'madzi imatha kusamukanso.
M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba yotulutsa nyama imatsika, komanso imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi akasupe kapena malo akuya kwambiri amitsinje, pafupi kwambiri mpaka pansi pa dziwe. Madzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi ndi kusefukira kwamadzi nthawi zambiri amakakamiza nsomba zotere kuti zizikhala pafupi ndi magombe otsetsereka, koma pomwe nyengo yachilimwe imayamba, trout imayenda mwamphamvu pansi pa mathithi, m'madziwe ndi m'mitsinje, komwe ma eddies amapangidwa ndi pano. M'malo amenewa, mumapezeka nsomba mumakhala pansi komanso mumakhala osungulumwa mpaka nthawi yophukira.
Utali wautali mumakhala moyo wautali
Nthawi yayitali yamoyo wamtchire wokhala m'madzi am'madzi ndiwotalikirapo kuposa ena amtundu uliwonse wamtsinje. Monga lamulo, nyanja yamtchire imakhala zaka makumi angapo, ndipo kwa anthu okhala mumtsinje kuli zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pamiyeso ya trout, pali mphete zokulira zomwe zimapanga nsomba zikamakula ndikuwoneka ngati minofu yolimba yatsopano yomwe imamera m'mbali mwake. Mphete zamitengoyi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera msodzi wa nsomba zazingwe.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna achikulire amasiyana m'njira zina zakunja ndi akazi okhwima ogonana. Nthawi zambiri, champhongo chimakhala chochepa thupi, mutu wokulirapo komanso mano ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kumapeto kwa nsagwada zam'munsi zazimuna zazikulu, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopindika mozama.
Mitundu ya Trout
Mitundu yayikulu ndi yazinthu zazing'ono zamtundu wina wamtundu wina wa oimira banja la Salmonidae:
- Mitundu ya Salmo ikuphatikizapo: Adriatic trout (Salmo obtusirostris); Brook, nyanja trout kapena brown trout (Salmo trutta); Mbalame yam'madzi yotchedwa Turkish (Salmo platycephalus), nsomba yotentha (Salmo letnica); Marble trout (Salmo trutta marmoratus) ndi Amu Darya trout (Salmo trutta oxianus), komanso Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan);
- Mtundu wa Oncorhynchus umaphatikizapo: Arizona trout (Oncorhynchus apache); Nsomba ya Clark (Oncorhynchus clarki); Biwa Trout (Oncorhynchus masou rhodurus); Gil Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae); Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus aguabonita) ndi Mykiss (Oncorhynchus mykiss);
- Mtundu wa Salvelinus (Loaches) umaphatikizapo: Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis; Pali American (Salvelinus fontinalis); Chachikulu mutu (Salvelinus confluentus); Malmö (Salvelinus malma) ndi Lake christivomer char (Salvelinus namaycush), komanso Silver char yomwe sinathenso (Salvelinus fontinalis agassizi).
Kuchokera pakuwona kwa majini, ndi nyanjayi yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri pakati pa zinyama zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ziwombankhanga zakutchire zaku Britain zimaimiridwa ndi kusiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwake kuli kwakukulu kuposa anthu onse padziko lathuli ophatikizidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nyanja yam'madzi yotchedwa Lake trout ndi utawaleza ndi ya banja la Salmonidae, koma ndioyimira mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ili ndi makolo omwewo, omwe adagawika m'magulu angapo zaka miliyoni zapitazo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo okhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zamtundu wina ndizokulirapo... Oimira banja amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, komwe kuli nyanja zamadzi oyera, mitsinje yamapiri kapena mitsinje. Ambiri amakhala m'matumba amadzi oyera ku Mediterranean ndi Western Europe. Trout ndi nsomba yotchuka kwambiri ku America ndi Norway.
Nyanja yamtchire imakhala m'madzi oyera oyera komanso ozizira, momwe nthawi zambiri amapangira ziweto ndipo amakhala pansi kwambiri. Brook trout ndi m'gulu la mitundu ya anadromous, chifukwa imatha kukhala ndi mchere wokha, komanso m'madzi oyera, momwe anthu angapo amalumikizana m'magulu ambiri. Mtundu uwu wamatope umakonda madera omwe akukhala oyera komanso opindulitsa ndi mpweya wokwanira wa oxygen.
Oimira nsomba zamtundu wa utawaleza amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific, komanso pafupi ndi North America ku matupi amadzi. Posachedwa, nthumwi za mitunduyo zidasamutsidwa kupita kumadzi a Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Madagascar ndi South Africa, komwe adakhazikika bwino. Utawaleza samakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa, chifukwa chake amayesa kubisala pakati pamiyala kapena miyala masana.
Ku Russia, nthumwi za banja la Salmon zimapezeka m'chigawo cha Kola Peninsula, m'madzi a m'nyanja za Baltic, Caspian, Azov, White ndi Black, komanso mitsinje ya Crimea ndi Kuban, m'madzi a Onega, Ladoga, Ilmensky ndi Peipsi. Trout imadziwikanso kuti ndi yotchuka pakulima kwamasamba kwamakono ndipo imakula mwamphamvu kwambiri pamakampani ambiri.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Trout ndi woimira wamba wa nyama zam'madzi... Nsomba zoterezi zimadyetsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ndi mphutsi zawo, ndipo zimathanso kudya abale ang'onoang'ono kapena mazira, ankhandwe, kafadala, molluscs ngakhale nkhanu. Pakati pa kusefukira kwamadzi, nsomba zimayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi magombe otsetsereka, pomwe madzi akulu amatsukidwa kuchokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja mphutsi zambiri ndi mphutsi zomwe nsomba zimadya.
M'chilimwe, trout imasankha maiwe akuya kapena kupindika kwa mitsinje, komanso madera amadzi ndi malo omwe amapangira madzi, kulola nsomba kusaka bwino. Trout imadyetsa m'mawa kapena madzulo. Pakugwa mvula yamkuntho yamphamvu, sukulu zamasamba zimatha kukwera pamwamba pomwepo. Kumbali ya zakudya, mwana wamtchire wamtundu uliwonse sakhala wodzitama, ndipo pachifukwa ichi amakula mwachangu kwambiri. M'chaka ndi chilimwe, nsomba zoterezi zimadyedwa ndi "chakudya" chouluka, chomwe chimalola kuti zikule mafuta okwanira.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yobisalira nsomba zamtchire m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe ndizosiyana, kutengera kutalika ndi kutentha kwa madzi, komanso kutalika kwakunyanja. Kubereka koyambirira kumapezeka kumadera akumpoto ndi madzi ozizira. M'dera la Western Europe, nthawi zina zimabereka nthawi yozizira, mpaka zaka khumi zapitazi za Januware, komanso m'misewu ya Kuban - mu Okutobala. Mtsinje wa Yamburg umayamba mu Disembala. Malinga ndi zomwe ena awona, nsomba nthawi zambiri zimasankha usiku wowala mwezi kuti zibereke, koma nsonga yayikulu imachitika nthawi yayitali kuyambira kulowa kwa dzuwa mpaka mdima wathunthu, komanso nthawi ya mbandakucha.
Trout amafika pofika zaka pafupifupi zitatu, koma ngakhale amuna azaka ziwiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mkaka wokhwima. Nsomba zazikulu sizimera pachaka, koma patatha chaka. Chiwerengero cha mazira mwa anthu akuluakulu ndi masauzande angapo. Monga lamulo, azimayi azaka zinayi kapena zisanu amakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi, ndipo azaka zitatu amakhala ndi mazira 500. Pakubala nsomba, trout imakhala ndi imvi yakuda, ndipo mawanga ofiira amafiira kapena kutha.
Pobzala nsomba zamtchire, mipata imasankhidwa yomwe ili ndi miyala pansi pake ndipo ili ndi miyala yayikulu kwambiri. Nthawi zina nsomba zimatha kuphulika pamiyala ikuluikulu, pansi pake pamchenga wabwino. Asanabadwe, zazikazi zimagwiritsa ntchito mchira wawo kukumba dzenje lotalika ndi lakuya, pochotsa miyala pamchere ndi dothi. Mkazi m'modzi nthawi zambiri amatsatiridwa ndi amuna angapo nthawi imodzi, koma mazirawo amapatsidwa umuna ndi wamwamuna mmodzi wokhala ndi mkaka wokhwima kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Trout amatha kusankha wokwatirana naye potengera mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino, omwe amalola oimira banja la Salmon kuti akhale ndi ana omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amafunikira, kuphatikiza kukana matenda ndi zinthu zina zosayenera.
Trout caviar ndi yayikulu kukula, lalanje kapena mtundu wobiriwira. Kutentha kwa nyanja trout kumathandizidwa ndikusambitsa mazirawo ndi madzi oyera ndi ozizira odzaza ndi mpweya wokwanira. Pazifukwa zabwino zakunja, mwachangu amakula mwachangu, ndipo chakudya cha mwachangu chimaphatikizapo daphnia, chironomids, ndi oligochaetes.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani owopsa kwambiri opanga mazira ndi ma pike, burbots ndi imvi, komanso achikulire omwe, koma osakhazikika pagulu. Anthu ambiri amamwalira mchaka choyamba chamoyo. Avereji ya anthu omwe amafa panthawiyi ndi 95% kapena kupitilira apo. Kwa zaka zikubwerazi, chizindikiro ichi chikuchepa mpaka 40-60%. Adani oyambilira a trout wofiirira, kuphatikiza pike, burbot ndi imvi, nawonso ndi zisindikizo ndi zimbalangondo.
Mtengo wamalonda
Trout ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda. Kusodza kwamalonda kwakhala kwachititsa kuti kuchepa kwa mitundu yambiri ya anthu, kuphatikizapo Sevan.
Masiku ano, minda yambiri yamatope ikufuna kuthana ndi vuto lakuchulukitsa nsomba za banja la Salmon, kukweza nthumwi za mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'mafamu a khola komanso m'minda yapadera ya nsomba. Mitundu ina yamtundu wakutchire yakhala ikutha kukhala m'malo opangidwa kwazaka zopitilira makumi atatu, ndipo Norway yakhala mtsogoleri wazinthu zoterezi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Trout imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kutentha kwa dziko, komwe kumafotokozedwa ndikudalira kwa anthu pakupezeka kwa madzi ozizira komanso oyera. Kutentha kwambiri, pamakhala zovuta pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zoterezi. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba za anthu obereka zimasokoneza mtundu wa trout.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Nsomba ya makerele
- Pollock
- Saika
- Kaluga
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi asayansi munyanja zaku Scottish awonetsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba mumtundu wa trout kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa kukula ndi kulemera kwa achikulire, ndi zotchinga zingapo monga ma ngalande, malo opitilira madamu komanso madamu oletsa kupezeka kwa malo obisalapo ndi malo okhala. Pakadali pano, trout yapatsidwa gawo lotetezera.
