Njati - izi ndi zomwe North America amagwiritsira ntchito kuyitcha njati. Ng'ombe yamphongo yamphamvuyi imadziwika kuti ndi nyama zakutchire komanso zoweta m'maiko atatu - Mexico, USA ndi Canada.
Kufotokozera kwa njati
Njati zaku America (njati za njati) ndi za banja la bovids kuyambira pa artiodactyls ndipo, pamodzi ndi njati za ku Europe, ndi za mtundu wa Bison (njati).
Maonekedwe
Njati za ku America sizikanasiyana mosiyana ndi njati ngati sizinali za mutu wotsika ndi utoto wakuthwa, womwe umayang'anitsitsa maso ndikupanga ndevu zowoneka bwino pachibwano (ndimomwe zimakhalira pakhosi). Tsitsi lalitali kwambiri limakula pamutu ndi m'khosi, mpaka theka la mita: chovalacho ndichofupikirako, chimaphimba hump, mapewa ndipo pang'ono ndi miyendo yakutsogolo. Mwambiri, kutsogolo konseko kwa thupi (kumbuyo kwa msana) kumakhala ndi tsitsi lalitaliYu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malo otsika kwambiri, kuphatikiza ndi mane opindika, amapatsa njati zazikulu, ngakhale kukula kwake sikofunikira - amuna achikulire amakula mpaka mamitala atatu (kuchokera pamphu mpaka kumchira) pa 2 mita kufota, ndikulemera matani 1.2-1.3.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tsitsi lakuthwa pamutu waukulu wakuthwa, maso akulu akuda ndi makutu opapatiza samawoneka, koma nyanga zazifupi zakuthwa zimawoneka, zimasunthira mbali ndikusunthira pamwamba. Njati sizili ndi thupi lolingana kwenikweni, chifukwa mbali yake yakutsogolo imachita bwino kuposa yakumbuyo. Scruff imatha ndi hump, miyendo siyokwera, koma yamphamvu. Mchirawo ndi wamfupi kuposa uja wa njati za ku Europe, ndipo amakongoletsedwa kumapeto kwake ndi burashi wonenepa kwambiri.
Chovalacho nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofiirira kapena chofiirira, koma pamutu, m'khosi ndi kutsogolo kwake chimakhala chamdima kwambiri, ndikufika chakuda bulauni. Nyama zambiri zimakhala zofiirira komanso zoyera, koma njati zina zimawonetsa mitundu yosiyana siyana.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Popeza njati zaku America zidawonongedwa zisanaphunzire, ndizovuta kuwunika momwe amakhalira. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti njati zimagwirira ntchito limodzi m'magulu akuluakulu mpaka mitu 20,000. Njati zamakono zimasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, osapitirira nyama 20-30. Pali umboni kuti ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zomwe zili ndi ana amphanga zimapanga magulu osiyanasiyana, monga akunenera, mwa jenda.
Zambiri zotsutsana zimalandilidwanso ponena za gulu la ziweto: akatswiri ena owona za ziweto amati ng'ombe yodziwa bwino kwambiri imasamalira ng'ombe, ena amakhulupirira kuti gululo likuyang'aniridwa ndi ng'ombe zingapo zakale. Njati, makamaka achinyamata, zimachita chidwi kwambiri: chilichonse chatsopano kapena chosadziwika chimakopa chidwi chawo. Akuluakulu amateteza nyama zazing'ono m'njira iliyonse, amakonda masewera akunja mumlengalenga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njati, ngakhale zili ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lawo, akuwonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu pangozi, ndikupita kukathamanga liwiro lofika 50 km / h. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, njati zimasambira bwino kwambiri, ndikugwetsa tiziromboti kuchokera ku ubweya, nthawi zina zimakwera mumchenga ndi fumbi.
Njati zimatha kumva kununkhira, komwe kumathandiza kuzindikira mdaniyo pamtunda wopitilira 2 km, ndi madzi - pamtunda wa makilomita 8... Kumva ndi masomphenya sizowopsa kwambiri, koma amachita gawo lawo mwa anayi. Kuyang'ana pang'ono pa njati ndikokwanira kuzindikira mphamvu zake, zomwe zimachulukanso chilombocho chikapweteka kapena kutsekedwa.
Zikatere, njati zachilengedwe zomwe sizabwinobwino zimakwiya msanga, posankha kuwukira komwe kuthawa. Mchira wowongoka komanso fungo lakuthwa, lamphamvu limatha kuzindikiridwa ngati chisonyezo chakusangalala kwambiri. Nyama nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu awo - zimalira modekha kapena kung'ung'udza mosiyanasiyana, makamaka gulu likamayenda.
Kodi njati zimakhala motalika bwanji
Kutchire komanso kumapululu aku North America, njati zimakhala zaka 20-25.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Ngakhale zowoneka, zazikazi ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa amuna kukula kwake, komanso, alibe chiwalo chakumaliseche chakunja, chomwe ng'ombe zonse zimapatsidwa. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumatha kutsatiridwa mu mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a malaya amitundu iwiri ya njati zaku America, zotchedwa Bison bison bison (steppe bison) ndi Bison bison athabascae (njati zamnkhalango).
Zofunika! Mitundu yachiwiri yachiwiri idapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Malinga ndi akatswiri a zinyama, njati za m'nkhalango sizinthu zina koma njuchi zazing'ono kwambiri (Bison priscus) zomwe zidakalipo mpaka pano.
Zambiri zamalamulo ndi chovala chomwe chinawonetsedwa mu njati:
- Ndi yopepuka komanso yocheperako (mkati mwa msinkhu / kugonana komweko) kuposa njati zamatabwa;
- pamutu waukulu pamakhala "chisoti" chokhuthala pakati pa nyanga, ndipo nyanga zomwezo sizimatulukira pamwamba pa "kapu" iyi;
- Cape yodziwika bwino ya ubweya, ndipo utoto wake ndi wopepuka kuposa wa njati zamtchire;
- pamwamba pachimake chili pamwamba pamiyendo yakutsogolo, ndevu zoyera komanso zotchedwa mane pakhosi zimapitilira nthiti.
Maonekedwe abwino a thupi ndi malaya, omwe amadziwika mu njati zakutchire:
- zokulirapo komanso zolemera (m'zaka zofananira komanso zogonana) kuposa njati zakutchire;
- mutu wopanda mphamvu, pali zingwe zomangirizidwa pamphumi ndi nyanga zomwe zimatuluka pamwamba pake;
- kape wa ubweya wotchulidwa pang'ono, ndipo ubweyawo ndi wakuda kuposa uja wa njati;
- pamwamba pake pamadutsa miyendo yakutsogolo, ndevu ndizowonda, ndipo mane pammero ndiopanda ntchito.
Pakadali pano, njati za m'nkhalango zimangopezeka m'nkhalango zosamva za spruce zomwe zimakula m'mitsinje ya Buffalo, Peace ndi Birch mitsinje (yomwe imadutsa m'madzi a Bolshoye Slavolnichye ndi Athabasca).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, mitundu iwiri ya njati, yomwe anthu onse amafikira nyama 60 miliyoni, amapezeka pafupifupi kumpoto kwa America. Tsopano mitunduyi, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kopanda tanthauzo kwa mitunduyo (yomalizidwa ndi 1891), yafupika kumadera angapo kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Missouri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pofika nthawi imeneyo, njati za m'nkhalango zinali zitatsika kwambiri: nyama 300 zokha ndi zomwe zidapulumuka zomwe zimakhala kumadzulo kwa Mtsinje wa Slave (kumwera kwa Nyanja Yaikulu ya Akapolo).
Zadziwika kuti kalekale, njati zidakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, madzulo a nyengo yozizira, ndikupita kumwera ndikubwerera kuchokera kumeneko ndikutentha. Tsopano, kusuntha kwa njati kuchokera kutali sikungatheke, chifukwa malire a malirewo amakhala ochepa ndi malo osungira nyama, omwe azunguliridwa ndi malo olimapo. Njati zimasankha malo osiyanasiyana okhalamo, kuphatikizapo nkhalango, mapiri otseguka (mapiri ndi malo athyathyathya), komanso nkhalango, zotsekedwa pamlingo wina ndi mzake.
Zakudya za njati zaku America
Njati zimadya msipu m'mawa ndi madzulo, nthawi zina zimadyetsa masana ngakhale usiku... Ma steppe amatsamira paudzu, akutola makilogalamu 25 patsiku, ndipo nthawi yozizira amasintha nsanza za udzu. Nkhalango, pamodzi ndi udzu, zimasiyanitsa zakudya zawo ndi zomera zina:
- mphukira;
- masamba;
- ndere;
- ubweya;
- nthambi za mitengo / zitsamba.
Zofunika! Chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wonyezimira, njati zimalekerera chisanu cha 30-degree, kumadya chakudya pachipale chofewa mpaka mita 1. Kupita kukadyetsa, amayang'ana malo okhala ndi chipale chofewa pang'ono, komwe amaponyera chipale chofewa ndi ziboda zawo, kukulitsa fossa pomwe mutu ndi mphuno zimazungulira (monga njati).
Kamodzi patsiku, nyama zimapita pachitsime chothirira, ndikusintha chizolowezi chokha mu chisanu choopsa, pomwe malo osungira madziwo amakhala oundana ndi njati ndipo njati zimayenera kudya chisanu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mchitidwewu umayamba kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala, pomwe ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zimagawidwa m'magulu akulu mowonekera bwino. Nyengo yakuberekana ikafika kumapeto, gulu lalikulu limayambanso kugawikana. Njati ndi mitala, ndipo amuna akuluakulu sali okhutira ndi mkazi mmodzi, koma amasonkhanitsa akazi.
Kusaka ng'ombe kumatsagana ndi kubangula komwe kumamveka bwino nyengo ya 5-8 km. Ng'ombe zambiri, nyimbo zawo zimamveka bwino. Potsutsana ndi akazi, ofunsira sikuti amangokhalira kumangokhalira kukwatirana, koma nthawi zambiri amachita ndewu zachiwawa, zomwe nthawi zina zimapwetekedwa kwambiri kapena kufa kwa m'modzi mwa omenyera ufuluwo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kubala kumatenga miyezi 9, kenako ng'ombeyo imabereka mwana mmodzi. Ngati alibe nthawi yoti apeze ngodya yokhayokha, wakhanda amawonekera pakati pa gulu. Pachifukwa ichi, nyama zonse zimabwera kwa mwana wang'ombeyo, kumununkhiza ndikumunyambita. Ng'ombe imayamwa mafuta (mpaka 12%) mkaka wa m'mawere pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
M'mapaki a zinyama, njati zimakhala bwino osati ndi nthumwi zokha, komanso njati. Maubwenzi abwino oyandikana nawo nthawi zambiri amatha ndi chikondi, kukwatirana komanso mawonekedwe a njati zazing'ono. Otsatirawa mosiyana amasiyana ndi hybrids ndi ziweto, chifukwa ali ndi chonde chochuluka.
Adani achilengedwe
Amakhulupirira kuti mulibe njati ngati izi, ngati simukumbukira mimbulu yomwe imapha ng'ombe kapena okalamba kwambiri. Zowona, njati zinaopsezedwa ndi Amwenye, omwe moyo wawo komanso miyambo yawo makamaka idadalira nyama zamphamvu izi. Amwenye Achimereka ankasaka njati pahatchi (nthawi zina m'chipale chofewa), atanyamula mkondo, uta kapena mfuti. Ngati kavalo sanagwiritse ntchito kusaka, njati zinkakwezedwa m'mapanga kapena m'makhola.
Lilime ndi hump yolemera kwambiri zimayamikiridwa makamaka, komanso nyama yowuma komanso yosungunuka (pemmican), yomwe amwenye adasunga nthawi yachisanu. Khungu la njati zazing'ono lidasanduka zovala zakunja, zikopa zakuda zidasandulika chikopa chouma choumbika bwino komanso chowotcha, pomwe zidendemo zidadulidwa.
Amwenye adayesera kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zonse ndi nyama, ndikupeza:
- njati zikopa - zishalo, teepees ndi malamba;
- kuyambira matope - ulusi, zingwe zopota ndi zina zambiri;
- mafupa - mipeni ndi mbale;
- kuchokera ziboda - guluu;
- kuchokera tsitsi - zingwe;
- kuchokera ndowe - mafuta.
Zofunika! Komabe, mpaka 1830, munthu sanali mdani wamkulu wa njati. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi sichinakhudzidwe ndi kusaka kwa Amwenye, kapena kuwombera njati kamodzi kwa azungu omwe anali ndi mfuti.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mgwirizano wapakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe umaphimbidwa ndi masamba angapo owopsa, limodzi lomwe linali tsogolo la njati... Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18, ziweto zosawerengeka (pafupifupi mitu 60 miliyoni) zimayendayenda m'mapiri osatha a North America - kuchokera kunyanja zakumpoto za Erie ndi Great Slave kupita ku Texas, Louisiana ndi Mexico (kumwera), komanso kuchokera kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Rocky kupita kugombe lakummawa kwa Atlantic Ocean.
Chiwonongeko cha njati
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa njati kunayamba mzaka za m'ma 30s m'zaka za zana la 19, ndikukula kwambiri kuposa zaka 60, pomwe ntchito yanjanji yopitilira malire idakhazikitsidwa. Apaulendo adalonjezedwa zokopa zochititsa chidwi - kuwombera njati kuchokera m'mawindo a sitima yapamtunda, ndikusiya nyama mazana ambiri zomwe zikukha magazi.
Kuphatikiza apo, ogwira ntchito mumsewu amadyetsedwa nyama yanjati, ndipo zikopa adatumizidwa kukagulitsa. Kunali njati zambiri kotero kuti osaka nyama nthawi zambiri ankanyalanyaza nyama yawo, kumangodula malilime okha - mitembo yotere imamwazika paliponse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Magulu a oponya mivi ophunzitsidwa mosalekeza adatsata njati, ndipo pofika ma 70 kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimawombedwa chaka chilichonse zidapitilira miliyoni 2.5. Msaki wotchuka, wotchedwa Buffalo Bill, adapha njati 4280 mchaka chimodzi ndi theka.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mafupa a njati amafunikanso, obalalika matani kudutsa madambo: makampani amawoneka kuti amatenga izi, zomwe zimatumizidwa kukapanga utoto wakuda ndi feteleza. Koma njati sizinaphedwe kokha chifukwa chodyera zipani za ogwira ntchito, komanso kupangitsa mafuko aku India kufa ndi njala, omwe amatsutsa mwamphamvu kutsamunda. Cholingacho chinakwaniritsidwa m'nyengo yozizira ya 1886/87, pomwe Amwenye zikwizikwi adamwalira ndi njala. Mfundo yomaliza inali 1889, pomwe ma bison 835 okha mwa mamiliyoni adapulumuka (kuphatikiza nyama mazana awiri kuchokera ku Yellowstone National Park).
Kutsitsimutsa njati
Akuluakulu adathamangira kukapulumutsa nyamazo pomwe mitunduyo inali m'mphepete - m'nyengo yozizira ya 1905, American Bison Rescue Society idapangidwa. Mmodzi m'modzi (ku Oklahoma, Montana, Dakota ndi Nebraska) malo osungirako apadera adakhazikitsidwa kuti azikhalamo njati.
Kale mu 1910, ziweto ziwirikiza kawiri, ndipo patatha zaka 10, chiwerengero chake chinawonjezeka mpaka anthu 9,000... Kuyenda kwake kupulumutsa njati kunayamba ku Canada: mu 1907, boma linagula nyama 709 kwa eni ake, kuzipititsa ku Wayne Wright. Mu 1915, Wood Buffalo National Park (pakati pa nyanja ziwiri - Athabasca ndi Great Slave) idapangidwa, yopangira njati zamtchire zomwe zatsala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 1925-1928. Njati zopitilira 6,000 zidabweretsedwa kumeneko, zomwe zimadwala chifuwa chachikulu cha m'nkhalango. Kuphatikiza apo, alendo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zamatchire ndipo pafupifupi "amameza" omalizawa, kuwachotsera gawo lawo.
Njati zoyera za m'nkhalango zidapezeka m'malo amenewa mu 1957 - nyama 200 zidadyedwa kumadera akutali kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa pakiyi. Mu 1963, njati 18 zidachotsedwa pagulu lazo ndikutumizidwa kumalo osungira tsidya lina lamtsinje. Mackenzie (pafupi ndi Fort Providence). Njati zina zowonjezera 43 zinabweretsedwanso ku Elk Island National Park. Tsopano ku United States kuli njati zakutchire zoposa 10 zikwi, ndipo ku Canada (malo osungira ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe) - opitilira 30 zikwi, omwe pafupifupi 400 ndi nkhalango.
