Salamanders (Sаlаmandra) ndi mtundu wa nyama zosazolowereka kwambiri zomwe zili mu Order of amphibians. Banja la Salamander ndi mtundu wa Salamander mulinso mitundu ina yambiri, yosiyana pakubadwa kwamoyo ndikukhala mdzikolo.
Kulongosola kwa Salamander
Kutanthauzira kwa dzina Salamander kuchokera ku Persian - "Burning from inside"... Mwa mawonekedwe awo, amphibiya amtunduwu amafanana ndi buluzi, koma amapatsidwa magawo osiyanasiyana: abuluzi onse ndi amtundu wa Reptile, ndipo ma salamanders ndi a gulu la Amphibian.
Ma amphibiya apachiyambi ali ndi zinthu zodabwitsa ndipo amatha kukula ndi mchira kapena ziwalo zotayika. Pakusintha kwachilengedwe, oimira onse mgululi adagawanika:
- Ma Salamanders ndi enieni (Sаlаmаndridае);
- Salamanders alibe mapapo (Plythodontidae);
- Zobisika za gill salamanders (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Zing'onozing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi salamander (Eurycea quadridigita) wokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 50-89 mm, ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri (Desmognathus wrighti), kamene kamakula mpaka masentimita asanu. Mitundu yonseyi imakhala kumadera akumpoto kwa America.
Maonekedwe
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi buluzi ndikuti salamander ili ndi khungu lonyowa komanso losalala, komanso kusowa kwa zikhadabo. Amphibian ya mchira ili ndi thupi lokhalitsa komanso lolumikizana bwino mchira. Mitundu ina imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba, kuphatikiza
Moto wowotcha moto, ndipo mamembala ena am'banjamo amadziwika ndi thupi lowonda komanso loyera. Mitundu yonse imasiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo yayifupi, koma ina sinakhale ndi miyendo yabwino kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa zala zinayi kuphazi lililonse lakumaso, ndi zisanu kumbuyo kwa miyendo yakumbuyo.
Mutu wa salamander uli ndi mawonekedwe otambasulika komanso osalala pang'ono, otupitsa maso akuda, monga lamulo, zikope zabwino. M'dera la mutu wa amphibian pali ma gland apadera otchedwa parotids, omwe amadziwika ndi amphibiya onse. Ntchito yayikulu ya glands yapaderayi ndikupanga katulutsidwe ka poizoni - bufotoxin, yomwe imakhala ndi ma alkaloid okhala ndi zotsatira za neurotoxic, zomwe zimayambitsa kufooka kapena ziwalo mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mamalia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi zambiri mumtundu wa salamander, mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imaphatikizidwa nthawi imodzi, yomwe imasandulika kukhala mikwingwirima, mabanga ndi mawanga omwe amasiyana mawonekedwe kapena kukula.
Kutengera mawonekedwe amtunduwu, kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa 5-180 cm, ndipo mawonekedwe apadera a oimira ena a salamanders atali ndikuti kutalika kwa mchira ndikutalika kwambiri kuposa kutalika kwa thupi. Mtundu wa salamander ndiwosiyanasiyana, koma Moto Salamander, womwe uli ndi utoto wowala wonyezimira, ndi umodzi mwamitundu yokongola kwambiri pakadali pano. Mtundu wa oimira ena ukhoza kukhala wamba, wakuda, wabulauni, wachikaso ndi maolivi, komanso imvi kapena pabuka.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
M'madzi, salamanders amasuntha ndikupinda mchira, kusiyanasiyana kumanzere ndi kumanja. Pamtunda, chinyama chimangoyenda mothandizidwa ndi awiriawiri a miyendo yopanda chitukuko.
Poterepa, zala zamiyendo ya mitundu ina ya salamanders zimakhala ndi zotambasula komanso zotchinga, koma zilibe zikhadabo. Oyimira onse a banja la Salamander ndi mtundu wa Salamander ali ndi kuthekera kwapadera komwe kumalola miyendo ndi mchira kuti zibwererenso.
Njira yopumira ya akulu imaperekedwa ndi mapapo, khungu kapena nembanemba yomwe imakhala mkati mwa mkamwa... Oimira amtunduwu, omwe amakhala mokhazikika m'madzi, amapuma mothandizidwa ndi mapapo ndi mawonekedwe am'mimba akunja. Mitsempha ya salamander imafanana ndi nthambi za nthenga zomwe zili pambali pamutu. Nyama zamtundu uliwonse zimakhala zovuta kupirira kutentha, chifukwa chake zimayesetsa kupewa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndipo masana zimabisala pansi pamiyala, mitengo yakugwa kapena malo obowoka nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndichizolowezi cholozera nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wawokha, koma asanagone, mozungulira Okutobala, amphibiya amtunduwu amasonkhana m'magulu, zomwe zimawalola kuti azikhala m'nthawi yovuta ya chaka.
Alpine salamanders amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'mitsinje yamapiri, komwe amabisala pansi pamiyala yambiri kapena zitsamba, koma oyimitsa moto ali ndi chidwi, amakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana, mapiri ndi madera akumapiri, komanso madera am'mbali mwa mitsinje. Amphibian otsogola amakhala ndi cholowa chamtundu winawake, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wopanda pake kapena wotchedwa usiku.
Ozimitsa moto ndi nyama zosagwira ntchito komanso zochedwa, amasambira molakwika ndikuyesera kuyandikira matupi amadzi pokhapokha pakaswana. Pakati pa Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Novembala, nthawi zambiri amapita kukakhala nyengo yachisanu, yomwe imakhala mpaka kutentha kwa kasupe. Oimira mitunduyo amakhala nthawi yachisanu atabisala pamizu yamitengo kapena masamba angapo agwa, nthawi zambiri amalumikizana m'magulu akulu, okhala ndi makumi angapo kapena mazana angapo.
Ndi salamanders angati amakhala
Nthawi yayitali yolemba za amphibian tailed pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Komabe, pakati pa mitundu yonse yamitundu iyi, palinso azaka zana. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa moyo wa salamander wamkulu waku Japan atha kupitilira theka la zana. Ozimitsa moto amakhala mu ukapolo kwa pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi kapena zisanu, ndipo mwachilengedwe zaka zonse zamtundu wa mitunduyi sizidutsa, monga ulamuliro, zaka 14. Oimira mitundu ya Alpine salamander amakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe osaposa zaka khumi.
Mitundu ya Salamander
Masiku ano, ma salamanders amaimiridwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yayikulu, koma ndi ochepa okha mwa omwe amaphunzira kwambiri:
- Alpine, kapena salamander wakuda (Sаlаmаndra аtra) Ndi nyama yomwe imafanana ndi salamander yamoto, koma imasiyana mthupi locheperako, kukula kocheperako komanso mtundu wakuda wonyezimira (kupatula ma subspecies) Sаlаmаndra аtra аuroraеyomwe ili ndi thupi lowala lachikaso ndi mutu). Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosapitirira 90-140 mm. Mitundu yaying'ono ya alpine salamander: Salamandra atra atra, Salamandra atra aurorae ndi Salamandra atra prenjensis;
- Lalamander Lanza (Salamandra lanzai) Ndi mchira wa amphibian wam'banja la salamanders ndipo adatchedwa Benedeto Lanza, katswiri wazamankhwala waku Italy. Oimira amtunduwu ali ndi thupi lakuda, kutalika kwa 110-160 mm, mutu wolimba, mchira wozungulira komanso wonyezimira;
- Pacific salamander (Еnsаtina еsсhsсholtzii) - mtundu womwe umadziwika ndi mutu wawung'ono komanso wandiweyani, komanso thupi lochepa koma lamphamvu mpaka 145 mm kutalika, lokutidwa mbali ndi khungu lamakwinya ndi lopindidwa;
- Moto, kapena wowoneka bwino, salamander wamba (Sаlаmаndra sаlаmаndra) Ndi nyama yomwe ndi imodzi mwamagulu odziwika bwino a Salamander komanso oimira banja lalikulu kwambiri. Moto wa salamander uli ndi mtundu wowoneka wakuda komanso wachikaso, ndipo kutalika kwa akulu kumatha kufikira 23-30 cm.
Subspecies zokhudzana ndi mitundu Moto Salamanders:
- S. s. gallaisa;
- S. Linnеаus - ma subspecies osankhidwa;
- S. alfredschmidti;
- S. Muller ndi Hellmich;
- S. bejarae Mertens ndi Muller;
- S. bernardézi Gasser;
- S. beschkоvi Оbst;
- S. cresroi Malkmus;
- S. fastuosa (bonally) Eiselt;
- S. galliasa Nikolskii;
- S. giglioli Eiselt ndi Lanza;
- S. Mertens ndi Muller;
- S. infraimmaculata;
- S. lоngirоstris Jоger ndi Steinfаrtz;
- S. morenica Joger ndi Steinfartz;
- S. semenovi;
- S. terrestris Еisеlt.
Komanso, nthumwi yodziwika bwino ya amphibians omwe ali mchira wa banja la salamanders wowona ndi Salamandra infraimmaculata. Amphibian ndi yayikulu kukula, 31-32 cm kutalika, koma zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa amuna. Khungu lakumbuyo kwake ndi lakuda ndi mawanga achikasu kapena lalanje, ndipo pamimba ndikakuda.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Alpine salamanders amakhala mkatikati ndi kum'mawa kwa Alps, pamalo okwera kwambiri kuposa mamita mazana asanu ndi awiri pamwamba panyanja. Amakhala mdera lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Switzerland, kumadzulo ndi pakati Austria, kumpoto kwa Italy ndi Slovenia, komanso kumwera kwa France ndi Germany. Anthu ochepa amapezeka ku Croatia ndi Bosnia, ku Herzegovina ndi Liechtenstein, ku Montenegro ndi Serbia.
Oimira mitundu Sаlаmаndra infraimmaculata amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia ndi dera la Middle East, kuchokera ku Turkey kupita kudera la Iran. Lanza salamander imapezeka m'malo ochepa kumadzulo kwa Alps, m'malire a France ndi Italy. Anthu amtunduwu amapezeka mumtsinje wa Po, Germanasca, Gil ndi Pelliche. Anthu akutali apezeka posachedwa ku Chisone Valley ku Italy.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku Carpathians, nthumwi yoyipitsitsa yabanjayi imapezeka - phiri lakuda lakuda, lomwe chiphe chake chimatha kuyambitsa zilonda zam'mimba zamunthu.
Ozimitsa moto ndi okhala m'nkhalango ndi kumapiri kumadera ambiri akum'mawa, Central ndi Southern Europe, komanso kumpoto kwa Middle East. Kwa malire akumadzulo kwa malo ogawa mitundu iyi, kulanda gawo la Portugal, gawo lakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Spain ndi France ndizodziwika. Malire akumpoto amtunduwu amapitilira kumpoto kwa Germany ndi kumwera kwa Poland.
Malire akum'mawa amafika ku Carpathians kudera la Ukraine, Romania, Iran ndi Bulgaria. Chiwerengero chochepa chamoto chimapezeka kum'mawa kwa Turkey. Ngakhale idafalikira kwambiri, oimira Mitundu yamoto, kapena owoneka bwino, samapezeka ku British Isles.
Zakudya zamatsenga
Alpine salamander amadyetsa mitundu yambiri ya invertebrates... Lanza salamanders, omwe amagwira ntchito makamaka usiku, amagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo, akangaude, mphutsi, isopods, mollusks ndi ma earthworms kuti adye. Mitundu ya Salamander yomwe imakhala m'malo am'madzi imakonda kugwira nsomba zazing'ono komanso crayfish, komanso kudyetsa nkhanu, nkhono ndi amphibiya ambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lusamanian salamander imasiyanitsidwa ndi njira yachilendo yosakira, yomwe, ngati chule, imatha kugwira nyama yake ndi lilime lake, ili ndi thupi lakuda lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopapatiza yagolide paphiri ndipo amakhala m'dera la Portugal, komanso Spain.
Ozimitsa moto amakondanso kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu invertebrates, mbozi za agulugufe osiyanasiyana, mphutsi zaku dipteran, akangaude ndi slugs, ndi ma earthworms ngati chakudya. Komanso achule ang'onoang'ono komanso achule achichepere atha kudyedwa ndi amphibiya achichepere ochokera kubanja la Salamander komanso mtundu wa Salamander. Wokonda salamander wamkulu amatola nyama yake, akuthamanga kwambiri ndi thupi lonse kutsogolo, pambuyo pake amayesetsa kumeza nyama yomwe wagwirayo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Alpine salamander ndi nyama yosavomerezeka. Mbewuyo imakula mkati mwa thupi la mayi chaka chonse. Pali mazira pafupifupi atatu kapena anayi m'mazira azimayi, koma owerengeka okha ndi omwe amakwaniritsidwa, ndipo mazira onsewo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chawo. Mazira omwe apulumuka amadziwika ndi mitsempha yayikulu yakunja.
Njira zoberekera moto wa moto sizimamvetsetseka pakadali pano. Mwazina, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakazunguliridwe ka mitundu iyi, yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha malo okhala. Monga lamulo, nyengo yoberekera imachitika koyambirira kwa masika, pomwe tiziwalo timene timatulutsa amuna akuluakulu timayamba kupanga ma spermatophores mwachangu.
Katunduyu amaikidwa mwachindunji padziko lapansi, pambuyo pake akaziwo amayamwa zinthuzo ndi ma cloaca. M'madzi, njira ya umuna imachitika mosiyanako, chifukwa chake, amuna amatulutsa ma spermatophores mosamalitsa kuti oviposition ikhale.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chochuluka kwambiri ndi kasupe salamander, wokhala ku America ndi Canada, akuikira mazira opitilira 130-140 ndipo amadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu wake wofiira ndi kupezeka kwamadontho ang'onoang'ono mthupi.
Ma subspecies awiri a fire salamander (fastuosa ndi bernаrdеzi) ndi amtundu wa nyama zowoneka bwino, chifukwa chake chachikazi sichiikira mazira, koma chimatulutsa mphutsi kapena anthu omwe adakumana ndi metamorphoses kwathunthu. Mitundu ina yonse yamtunduwu imadziwika ndi kupanga mazira. Ma salamanders amamatira mazira awo pamizu yazomera zapansi pamadzi, ndipo mphutsi zimawoneka patatha miyezi ingapo. Miyezi itatu atabadwa, achinyamata mwachichepere amabwera pagombe, pomwe moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha umayambira.
Adani achilengedwe
The salamander ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe, ndipo kuti apulumutse moyo wawo, nyama yachilendo yotereyi yasintha kuti izisiya miyendo kapena mchira wake m'mano kapena zikhadabo za adani kuti ipulumuke. Mwachitsanzo, adani achilengedwe a Moto Salamander mitundu ndi njoka, kuphatikiza wamba ndi njoka yamadzi, nsomba zolusa, mbalame zazikulu ndi nguluwe zakutchire.
Kawirikawiri, salamanders imagwidwa ndi anthu, popeza lero akatswiri ambiri azomera zamkati zamkati amakonda kusunga amphibiya wopezeka panyumba. Kwa anthu, poyizoni wobisalidwa ndi salamanders siowopsa ndipo kulowa kwa poizoni pakhungu kumangobweretsa kuyaka, koma pakakhala kupsinjika kwambiri, chinyama chotere chimatha kupopera zinthu zapoizoni pamtunda wawutali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mitundu ya Alpine, kapena wakuda salamander, amadziwika kuti ndi Wosasamala, ndipo anthu ake pakadali pano alibe nkhawa kwenikweni malinga ndi gulu la Species Survival Commission komanso malinga ndi bungwe lopanda phindu la IUCN. Mitundu ya Salamandra lanzai ili m'gulu la mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chotha, ndipo oimira Salamandra infraimmaculata lero ali pafupi kwambiri ndi malo osatetezeka.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Tuatara kapena tuatara
- Chisoti cha padziko lapansi
- Axolotl - chinjoka chamadzi
- Newt wamba kapena wosalala
Moto wowotchera moto pano walembedwa pamasamba a Red Book of Ukraine ndipo ali mgulu lachiwiri, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu yovuta. Ku Europe, mtundu uwu umatetezedwa ndi Msonkhano wa Berne, womwe umateteza mitundu yaku Europe ya nyama zakutchire ndi malo awo.
