Mbalamezi zinagwidwa ndi Aigupto akale, ziwiya zodulira ndi timatumba todula tokhala ndi nthenga zowuluka. Ndipo pafupi. Crete ndi Arabia, ziwombankhanga zinawonongedwa chifukwa cha zikopa, zomwe zimatulutsa ubweya wabwino wa nthenga.
Kufotokozera Khosi
Mitundu ya Gyps (ziwombankhanga, kapena ziwombankhanga) ndi mitundu ingapo yochokera kubanja la mphamba, lotchedwanso ziwombankhanga za ku Old World... Amakhala ofanana ndi aku America (New World vultures), komabe sanawerengedwe ngati abale awo. Ndipo ngakhale miimba yakuda, yomwe ili m'banja limodzi ndi miimba, imapanga mtundu wina wa Aegypius monachus.
Maonekedwe
Ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino - wopanda mutu ndi khosi, thupi lolemera ngati nthenga, mlomo wolumikizidwa modabwitsa komanso miyendo ikuluikulu yoluka. Mlomo wamphamvu ndi wofunika kuti ung'ambitse nyama zakufa pomwepo: chiwombankhanga chimakhala ndi zala zochepa, osasinthidwa kunyamula nyama yayikulu. Kusapezeka kwa nthenga pamutu ndi m'khosi ndi mtundu wina wamatsenga womwe umathandiza kuti usadetsenso ukamadya. Mphete ya nthenga m'munsi mwa khosi ili ndi ntchito yofananira - kubweza magazi omwe akutuluka, kuteteza thupi ku kuipitsidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ziwombankhanga zonse zimakhala ndimimba komanso zotupa kwambiri, zomwe zimawalola kudya chakudya chokwana makilogalamu asanu nthawi imodzi.
Ziwombankhanga za M'dziko Lakale ndizopakidwa mochenjera - malankhulidwe akuda, imvi, abulauni ndi oyera amayenda bwino. Mwa njira, sikutheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi utoto, komanso zina zakunja, kuphatikiza kukula. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu, monga mwachizolowezi, zimakhala zopepuka kuposa ana. Mitunduyi imasiyana kukula kwake: ina sikukula kuposa 0.85 m ndi kulemera kwa 4-5 kg, pomwe ina imafikira mpaka 1.2 mita yolemera 10-12 kg. Ziwombankhanga zili ndi mchira waufupi, wozungulira ndi mapiko akulu, otambalala, omwe mphindikati yake imapitilira 2,5 kutalika kwa thupi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ziwombankhanga sizingasunthike nyengo zina ndikukhala pansi (mwaokha kapena awiriawiri), kuzolowera malo okhazikika. Nthawi zina amalowa m'malo oyandikana ndi nyama zakufa pomwepo. Zowonjezera kwambiri kugwira, kumadya kwambiri (mpaka mbalame mazana angapo). Kuthyola nyama, mbalamezi sizimenyana, nthawi zina zimayendetsa mpikisano ndi mapiko akuthwa. Kusamvana kumakhudzanso mbalame zina zomwe sizigwirizana nawo. Kudekha ndi kufanana kumathandiza kupirira maola ambiri oyenda mbalame zikamauluka pamwamba panthaka, kufunafuna wovulalayo ndikuyang'ana anthu amtundu wake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame zam'mlengalenga ndi zouluka zabwino, zomwe zimakwera mpaka 65 km / h ndikuwuluka mozungulira (kutsikira pansi) - mpaka 120 km / h. Imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimauluka kwambiri: kamodzi kamvuluvulu waku Africa adagwera mchombo pamtunda wa 11.3 km.
Mbalameyi imayenda bwino kwambiri, koma imatha kuchoka pansi, makamaka ikamadya chakudya chamadzulo. Poterepa, wosusukayo amakakamizidwa kutaya chakudya chochulukacho mwa kuchimenyetsa pakunyamuka. Ali mlengalenga, mbalameyi imatsitsa mutu wake, imakoka khosi lake ndipo imafalitsa mapiko ake oyambira, ndikupanga zikopa zosowa komanso zakuya. Komabe, mawonekedwe owuluka mosadukiza samachitika pakhosi: nthawi zambiri amasintha kuti ayandikire, pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde okwera.
Mbalameyi imatha kudabwitsika mwachangu ndikutsikira pansi: muyenera kuyesa zambiri kuti mupeze chiwombankhanga chomwe chikuyenda... Akakhuta, miimba imatsuka nthenga zawo, imamwa kwambiri ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, imasamba. Kuthetsa mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, miimba imasamba dzuwa - imakhala pamitengo ndikuthyola nthenga zawo kuti kuwala kwa ultraviolet kufikire pakhungu. Pa tchuthi kapena powona zodyedwa, mbalame zimangolira, koma zimachita izi kawirikawiri. Omwe amalankhula kwambiri pakati pamiyulu ndiamutu woyera.
Mphungu zikhala motalika bwanji
Amakhulupirira kuti adani awa amakhala nthawi yayitali (m'chilengedwe komanso muukapolo), pafupifupi zaka 50-55. Alfred Brehm adalankhula zaubwenzi wodabwitsa pakati pa chiwombankhanga cha griffon ndi galu wokalamba yemwe amakhala ndi nyama ina. Galu atamwalira, adampereka kwa chiwombankhangacho kuti ching'ambike, koma iye, ngakhale wanjala, sanakhudze mnzake, adasowa kwawo ndikumwalira tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu.
Mitundu ya zala
Mtundu wa Gyps umaphatikizapo mitundu 8:
- Ma Gyps africanus - chiwombankhanga chaku Africa;
- Anthu achi Gyps bengalensis - Mbalame ya Bengal;
- Gyps fulvus - griffon chiwombankhanga;
- Gyps indicus - Vulture waku India;
- Kuphatikizika kwa ma Gyps - Cape vulture;
- Gyps ruppellii - khosi Rüppel;
- Ma Gyps himalayensis - Chipale chofewa
- Gyps tenuirostris - mitunduyo kale idawonedwa ngati subspecies yaku India.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mitundu iliyonse imamamatira kudera linalake, osasiya malire ake, posankha malo owoneka bwino okhala - zipululu, mapiri ndi mapiri otsetsereka. Mbalame ya ku Africa imapezeka m'zigwa, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'nkhalango zochepa kum'mwera kwa Sahara, komanso pakati pa zitsamba, m'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango zochepa pafupi ndi mitsinje. Gyps tenuirostris amakhala m'malo ena a India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar ndi Cambodia. Mbalame ya Himalaya (kumai) imakwera kumapiri a Central / Central Asia, ikukhazikika pamtunda wa 2 mpaka 5.2 km, pamwamba pa nkhalango.
Mbalame ya Bengal imakhala ku South Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal) ndipo pang'ono ku Southeast Asia. Mbalame zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi anthu (ngakhale m'mizinda ikuluikulu), komwe zimapeza chakudya chambiri.
Mbalame ya ku India imakhala kumadzulo kwa India ndi kumwera chakum'maŵa kwa Pakistan. Mitundu ya Cape Sif kumwera kwa Africa. Kuno ku Africa, koma kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kokha, chiwombankhanga cha Rüppel chimakhala.
Griffon Vulture amakhala m'madera ouma (mapiri ndi malo otsika) aku North Africa, Asia ndi kumwera kwa Europe. Zimapezeka m'mapiri a Caucasus ndi Crimea, komwe kuli anthu akutali. M'zaka za zana la 19, ziwombankhanga zoyera zimauluka kuchokera ku Crimea kupita ku Sivash. Lero, seeps imawoneka m'malo osiyanasiyana a Kerch Peninsula: m'malo osungidwa a Karadag ndi Black Sea, komanso zigawo za Bakhchisarai, Simferopol ndi Belogorsk.
Kudya kwa miimba
Mbalamezi ndizomwe zimawononga nyama, kufunafuna nyama ikamakonzekera nthawi yayitali ndikumayendetsa mwachangu... Ziwombankhanga, mosiyana ndi ziwombankhanga za Dziko Latsopano, sizikhala ndi zida zawo zonunkhira, koma ndi maso owoneka bwino, omwe amawalola kuti aziwona nyama yopwetekayo.
Menyu imakhala ndi mitembo yosaoneka bwino (poyamba) ndi zotsalira za nyama zina zazing'ono. Zakudya zamphongo:
- nkhosa ndi mbuzi za kumapiri;
- njovu ndi ng'ona;
- nyumbu ndi llamas;
- nyama zolusa;
- akamba (akhanda) ndi nsomba;
- mazira a mbalame;
- tizilombo.
M'mapiri ndi m'chipululu, mbalame zimayang'ana malowa kuchokera kumtunda kapena zimatsagana ndi adani omwe alengeza kuti asaka nyama zopanda nyama. Pachifukwa chachiwiri, mimbulu imangodikirira kuti nyama yokhuta iende pambali. Ziombankhanga sizifulumira, ndipo ngati nyama yavulazidwa, imadikira kuti ifere mwachilengedwe kenako kenako imayamba kudya.
Zofunika! Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, mimbulu siimaliza wovutitsidwayo, kubweretsa imfa yake pafupi. Ngati "mbale" mwadzidzidzi ikuwonetsa zisonyezo za moyo, balayo ibwerera m'mbali mwakanthawi.
Mbalameyi imaboola m'mimba mwa nyamayo ndi mlomo wake ndipo imalowetsa mutu wake mkati, ndikupita kukadya. Pambuyo pokhutitsa njala yoyamba, chiwombankhanga chimatulutsa matumbo, kuwang'amba ndi kuwameza. Mivungulo imadya mwadyera komanso mwachangu, ikung'amba nyerere yayikulu pagulu la mbalame khumi mu mphindi 10-20. Nthawi zambiri miimba yamitundumitundu imasonkhana kuphwando pafupi ndi nyama yayikulu, chifukwa chakusiyanasiyana kwa chakudya.
Ena amatenga zidutswa za nyama zofewa (nyama yamkati ndi nyama), pomwe ena amalumikiza tizidutswa tolimba (katemera, mafupa, minyewa ndi khungu). Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yaying'onoyo silingathe kupirira nyama yakufa (mwachitsanzo, njovu yokhala ndi khungu lakuda), ndiye amayembekezera abale awo akuluakulu. Mwa njira, mankhwala enaake amathandizira kulimbana ndi poyizoni wa ziwombankhanga - madzi am'mimba, omwe amalepheretsa mabakiteriya onse, ma virus ndi poizoni. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti ziwombankhanga zimatha kuchititsa njala kwanthawi yayitali.
Kubereka ndi ana
Vultures ndi amuna okhaokha - maanja amakhalabe okhulupirika mpaka kumwalira kwa m'modzi mwa iwo. Zoona, sizimasiyana pakubala, kubala ana kamodzi pachaka, kapena zaka ziwiri.
Ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhala mdera labwino zimakhala ndi nthawi yokwatirana kumayambiriro kwa masika. Mwamuna amayesera kutembenuza mutu wamkazi ndi ma aerobatics. Ngati apambana, pakapita kanthawi dzira limodzi loyera (nthawi zambiri silimawoneka) pachisa, nthawi zina lili ndi mabanga ofiira. Chisa cha nkhwazi, chomangidwa paphiri (thanthwe kapena mtengo) kuti chitetezedwe kuzilombo, chikuwoneka ngati mulu wa nthambi zowongoka, pomwe pansi pake pamadzaza ndi udzu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Abambo amtsogolo nawonso amachita nawo makulitsidwe, omwe amatenga masiku 47-57. Makolo amatenthetsa clutch mosinthana: mbalame imodzi ikakhala mchisa, inayo imayendayenda posaka chakudya. Mukasintha "mlonda", dzira limasinthidwa mosamala.
Mwana wankhuku yemwe amaswa uja amakhala ndi zoyera zoyera, zomwe zimatuluka patatha mwezi umodzi, ndikusintha kukhala zoyera. Makolo amadyetsa mwana chakudya chosagawanika, ndikumubwezeretsanso ku chotupacho... Mwana wankhuku amakhala pachisa kwa nthawi yayitali, akukwera pamapiko posachedwa kuposa miyezi 3-4, koma ngakhale ali ndi zaka izi samakana kudya kwa makolo. Kudziyimira pawokha pagulu laling'ono kumayamba pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo kutha msinkhu isanakwane zaka 4-7.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe amiyulu amaphatikizira omwe amapikisana nawo pakudya omwe amadya nyama zakufa - ankhandwe, afisi amitundumitundu ndi mbalame zazikulu zodya nyama. Polimbana ndi omalizawa, chiwombankhanga chimadzitchinjiriza ndi mapiko akuthwa, omwe amasunthira pamalo owongoka. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame yolumpha imalizidwa mwamphamvu ndikuchokapo. Ndi mimbulu ndi afisi, muyenera kuyambitsa ndewu, osalumikiza mapiko akulu okha, komanso mulomo wamphamvu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha ziwombankhanga za ku Old World chatsika kwambiri pafupifupi m'zigawo zonse za malo ake. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri monga kusintha kwa ukhondo muulimi. Malinga ndi malamulowa, ng'ombe zomwe zagwa ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuikidwa m'manda, ngakhale kale zimasiyidwa m'malo odyetserako ziweto. Zotsatira zake, ukhondo wawo umawongokera, koma chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama, kuphatikizapo miimba, chimasowa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa maululu amtchire kumachepa chaka ndi chaka.
Kuchokera pakuwona mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe, ma Kumai, Cape ndi Bengal tsopano ali pamalo owopsa. Vulture waku Africa amatchulidwanso ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha (malinga ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature), ngakhale kufalikira kwa anthu kudera lonse la Africa. Ku West Africa, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kwatsika kuposa 90%, ndipo mbalame zonse ndi 270 zikwi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zochita zachuma za anthu zikuyeneranso kutsika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa ziwombankhanga zaku Africa, kuphatikiza kumanga mizinda / midzi yatsopano m'malo am'mapiri, komwe kumachokera zinyama.
Ziwombankhanga zaku Africa zimasakidwa ndi anthu am'deralo, kuwagwiritsa ntchito miyambo ya voodoo. Anthu amoyo amagulitsidwa kunja... Ziwombankhanga zaku Africa nthawi zambiri zimamwalira ndi magetsi, kukhala pamawaya amagetsi. Ziwombankhanga zaku Africa zimamvanso ndi poyizoni pomwe mankhwala opha tizilombo (mwachitsanzo, carbofuran) kapena diclofenac, ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri azachipatala pochiza ng'ombe, alowa mthupi lawo.
Mtundu wina womwe manambala ake akuchepa pang'onopang'ono ndi griffon vulture. Mbalameyi ikuthamangitsidwanso m'malo awo achikhalidwe ndi anthu ndipo imasowa chakudya chawo chamasiku onse (ungulates). Komabe, International Union for Conservation of Nature sinawonebe mitundu ya ziweto ili pachiwopsezo, ikunyalanyaza kuchepa kwake ndi kuchuluka kwake. M'dziko lathu, griffon vulture ndiyosowa kwenikweni, ndichifukwa chake idafika pamasamba a Red Book of the Russian Federation.
