Zipembere ndi nyama zokhala ndi ziboliboli zochokera kubanja la Chipembere kuchokera kubanja lalikulu la Chipembere. Masiku ano, mitundu isanu yamakono ya chipembere imadziwika, yomwe imapezeka ku Africa ndi Asia.
Kufotokozera za chipembere
Chofunika kwambiri pakati pa zipembere zamakono chikuyimiriridwa ndi kupezeka kwa nyanga pamphuno.... Kutengera mawonekedwe amitundu, kuchuluka kwa nyanga kumatha kukhala mpaka awiri, koma nthawi zina pamakhala anthu omwe ali ndi nambala yayikulu. Zikatero, nyanga yakumbuyo imakula kuchokera pafupa la m'mphuno, ndipo nyanga yakumbuyo imakula kuchokera mbali yakutsogolo ya chigaza cha nyama. Kutuluka kovuta kotereku sikuyimiriridwa ndi minofu ya mafupa, koma ndi keratin yokhazikika. Nyanga yayikulu kwambiri inali yaitali masentimita 158.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zipembere zinayamba kupezeka zaka mamiliyoni angapo zapitazo, ndipo kafukufuku wambiri wasayansi watsimikizira kuti mitundu ina ya zipembere zakale idalibe nyanga pamphuno.
Zipembere zimasiyanitsidwa ndi matupi awo akulu komanso amfupi, miyendo yolimba. Pamiyendo iliyonse pamakhala zala zitatu, zomwe zimathera ndi ziboda zokulirapo. Khungu limakhala lakuda, lotuwa kapena lofiirira. Mitundu yaku Asia imasiyanitsidwa ndi khungu, lomwe limasonkhana m'makola achilendo m'khosi ndi miyendo, ngati zida zowoneka bwino. Mamembala onse am'banja amadziwika ndi kusawona bwino, koma kusowa kwachilengedwe kotere kumalipidwa ndi kumva kwabwino komanso kununkhiza koyenera.
Maonekedwe
Maonekedwe akunja a nyama yokhala ndi mphanda yolumikizana molingana ndimitundu yake:
- Chipembere chakuda - Nyama yamphamvu komanso yayikulu yolemera matani 2.0-2.2 okhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka mita zitatu ndi kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka. Pamutu, monga lamulo, pali nyanga ziwiri, zokutidwa m'munsi, mpaka 60 cm kutalika komanso kupitilira apo;
- Chipembere choyera - Nyama yayikulu, yomwe nthawi zina imalemera matani asanu ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa mita inayi ndi mita ziwiri kutalika. Mtundu wa khungu ndi mdima, slate imvi. Pali nyanga ziwiri pamutu. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi mitundu ina ndi kupezeka kwa milomo yayikulu komanso yopanda pake, yokonzedwa kuti idye mitundu ingapo yaudzu;
- Chipembere cha ku India - nyama yayikulu yolemera matani awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Kutalika kwamphongo yayikulu pamapewa ndi mita ziwiri. Pelt ndi la mtundu wopachika, wamaliseche, wamtundu wa imvi-pinki, wogawidwa ndi khola m'malo akulu akulu. Pali zotupa pamatumba akuda akhungu. Mchira ndi makutu zimakutidwa ndi zingwe zazing'ono zazitali zaubweya. Pamapewa pali khola lakhungu lakuthwa. Lipenga limodzi kuchokera kotala mita mpaka 60 cm;
- Chipembere cha Sumatran - Nyama yomwe ili ndi msinkhu wofota wa masentimita 112-145, ndi kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 235-318 cm ndi masentimita osapitirira 800-2000 kg. Oimira mitunduyo ali ndi nyanga yamphongo yoposa kotala la mita ndi nyanga yaying'ono yamfupi pafupifupi masentimita khumi, yakuda kapena yakuda. Khungu limakhala lolumikizana lomwe limazungulira thupi kumbuyo kwa miyendo yakutsogolo ndikufikira kumiyendo yakumbuyo. Zipinda zing'onozing'ono za khungu zimapezekanso m'khosi. Pali mtundu wa hairball wamitundu yozungulira makutu ndi kumapeto kwa mchira;
- Chipembere cha Javan powoneka bwino ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi chipembere cha ku India, koma chochepa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa thupi ndi mutu sikupitilira mita 3.1-3.2, ndikutalika kumafota pamlingo wa mita 1.4-1.7. Zipembere za ku Javana zili ndi nyanga imodzi yokha, kutalika kwake komwe mwa mwamuna wamkulu sikupitilira kotala mita. Akazi, monga lamulo, alibe nyanga, kapena amaimiridwa ndi kamtengo kakang'ono ka paini. Khungu la nyamayo ndi lamaliseche kwathunthu, lofiirira-imvi ndi utoto, ndikupanga mapangidwe kumbuyo, mapewa ndi croup.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chovala cha chipembacho chimachepetsedwa, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa burashi kumapeto kwa mchira, kukula kwa tsitsi kumangodziwika m'mphepete mwa makutu. Kupatula ndi oyimira mitundu ya zipembere za Sumatran, omwe thupi lawo lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lofiirira kawirikawiri.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zipembere zakuda ndi zoyera zilibe zotsekemera, pomwe zipembere zaku India ndi Sumatran zili ndi mano a canine. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu isanu yonseyi imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa ma molars atatu mbali iliyonse ya nsagwada yakumunsi ndi kumtunda.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zipembere zakuda pafupifupi sizimawonetsera achibale awo, ndipo ndewu zosowa zimatha ndikumvulala pang'ono. Zizindikiro zamawu za oimira mitundu iyi sizimasiyana mosiyanasiyana kapena zovuta zina. Nyama yayikulu imafuula mokweza, ndipo ikachita mantha imalira ndi mluzu wakuthwa.
Zipembere zoyera zimakonda kupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu pafupifupi khumi mpaka khumi ndi asanu. Amuna achikulire amachitirana nkhanza wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ndewu nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa imfa ya m'modzi mwa omenyerawo. Amuna achikulire, pogwiritsa ntchito zipsera zonunkhira, amalemba madera omwe amadyetsako. M'masiku otentha komanso otentha, nyama zimayesa kubisala mumthunzi wa zomera ndikupita kumalo otseguka madzulo.
Chuma cha chipembere chachimwenye chimanyenga, kotero oimira mitunduyo amangoyankha komanso kuyenda. Pazizindikiro zoyamba zowopsa komanso podziteteza, nyama yotere imatha kuthamanga mpaka 35-40 km / h. M'mikhalidwe yabwino ya mphepo, nyama yayikulu yokhala ndi ziboda zofanana imatha kuzindikira kupezeka kwa munthu kapena chilombo chotalikirana ndi mamitala mazana angapo.
Zipembere za Sumatran zimakhala zokhazokha, ndipo nthawi yokhayo ndiyo kubadwa ndi kulera ana. Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi apeza, iyi ndi mitundu yogwira ntchito kwambiri ya zipembere zomwe zilipo. Malo okhalamo amadziwika ndi kusiya chimbudzi ndikuphwanya mitengo yaying'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zipembere za ku Africa zili ndi ubale wolimba ndi mbalame za njati, zomwe zimadya nthata kuchokera pakhungu la nyama ndikuchenjeza nyamayo za ngozi yomwe ikuyandikira, pomwe chipembere cha ku India chimakhala ndi ubale wofanana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mbalame, kuphatikizapo myna.
Zipembere za ku Javan nazonso zimakhala m'gulu la nyama zokhazokha, chifukwa chake, awiriawiri munyama zotere zimangokhala nthawi yokhwima. Amuna amtundu uwu, kuphatikiza pa zonunkhira, amasiya zokopa zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ziboda pamitengo kapena pansi. Zizindikiro zotere zimaloleza nyamayo yokhala ndi ziboda zofanana kuti izindikire malire a gawo lake.
Ndi zipembere zingati zomwe zimakhala
Nthawi yamoyo ya zipembere zakutchire sizipitilira zaka makumi atatu, ndipo mu ukapolo nyama zotere zimatha kukhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi, koma gawo ili limadalira mtundu wa mitundu ya nyama ndikuwerenga nyama.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zipembere zamphongo zamtundu uliwonse ndi zazing'ono ndizazikulu komanso zolemera kuposa zazikazi. Nthawi zambiri, nyanga yaimuna imakhala yayitali komanso yokulirapo kuposa ya akazi.
Mitundu ya Chipembere
Banja la chipembere (Rhinoserotidae) limayimilidwa ndi mabanja awiri, kuphatikiza mafuko asanu ndi awiri ndi mibadwo 61 (genera 57 la zipembere zatha). Pakadali pano, mitundu isanu ya zipembere zamakono imaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri:
- Chipembere chakuda (Diceros bicornis) Ndi mitundu yaku Africa yomwe imayimilidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono ting'ono: D. bicornis yaying'ono, D. bicornis bicornis, D. bicornis michaeli ndi D. bicornis longipes (atha)
- Chipembere choyera (Seratotherium simum) - ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri pamtunduwu, wokhala m'banja la zipembere komanso nyama yachinayi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi;
- Chipembere cha ku India (Chipembere unicornis) - nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa zipembere zomwe zilipo ku Asia pano;
- Chipembere cha Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) Ndiwo yekhayo amene akuyimira mtundu wa chipembere cha Sumatran (Dicerorhinus) wochokera kubanja la Chipembere. Mitunduyi imaphatikizanso tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta D. sumatrensis sumatrensis (Chipembere chakumadzulo kwa Sumatran), D. sumatrensis harrissoni (Chipembere chakum'mawa kwa Sumatran), ndi D. sumatrensis lasiotis.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pasanathe kotala la zana, mitundu ingapo ya nyama yasowa kwathunthu padzikoli, kuphatikiza chipembere chakuda chakumadzulo (Diceros bicornis longipes).
Chipembere cha Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoseros) chimaphatikizaponso nyama yofanana ya mitundu ya zipembere za ku Javan (Rhinoceros sondaicus), yoyimiriridwa ndi subspecies Rh. sondaicus sondaicus (mtundu wa subspecies), Rh. sondaicus annamiticus (subspecies ya Vietnamese) ndi Rh. sondaicus inermis (mainland subspecies).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zipembere zakuda ndizomwe zimakhala m'malo owuma, omangirizidwa kumalo ena omwe samachoka m'moyo wonse. Ma subspecies ambiri D. bicornis ang'ono amakhala m'chigawo chakumwera chakum'mawa, kuphatikizapo Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa South Africa. Mtundu wa subspecies D. bicornis bicornis umamatira kumadera ouma akumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa malo ku Namibia, South Africa ndi Angola, pomwe ma subspecies akum'mawa D. bicornis michaeli amapezeka makamaka ku Tanzania.
Gawo logawidwa kwa chipembere choyera likuyimiridwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zakutali. Yoyamba (ma subspecies akumwera) amakhala ku South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique ndi Zimbabwe. Malo okhala kumpoto kwa subspecies akuyimiridwa ndi zigawo zakumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo ndi South Sudan.
Chipembere cha ku India chimakhala nthawi yayitali chokha, pamalo amodzi. Pakadali pano, imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Pakistan, Nepal ndi East India, ndipo nyama zochepa zidapulumuka kumpoto kwa Bangladesh.
Kulikonse, kupatula zochepa, oimira mitunduyo amakhala m'malo otetezedwa ndi okwanira. Chipembere cha ku India chimasambira bwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake, pamakhala milandu nyama yayikulu chonchi ikasambira kudutsa Brahmaputra yayikulu.
M'mbuyomu, nthumwi za mitundu ya zipembere za Sumatran zimakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha ndi madambo ku Assam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, komanso adakumana ku China ndi Indonesia. Masiku ano, zipembere za ku Sumatran zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndiye kuti ndi anthu asanu ndi amodzi okha omwe apulumuka ku Sumatra, Borneo ndi Malay Peninsula.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zipembere zomwe zimakhala zokha kumalo othirira zitha kulekerera achibale awo, koma patsamba lililonse amakhala osalolera ndipo amachita nawo ndewu. Komabe, zipembere za gulu lomwelo, zimateteza mamembala am'banja ndipo zimatha kuthandiza anzawo ovulala.
Malo okhala a zipembere za ku Javan ndi nkhalango zam'malo otentha komanso madambo amvula komanso mitsinje yamadzi osefukira. Kanthawi kapitako, gawo logawidwa kwa mitunduyi limaphatikizapo madera onse akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, gawo la zilumba za Greater Sunda, gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa India komanso madera akummwera kwa China. Lero, nyamayi imatha kuwoneka pokha pokha paka Ujung-Kulon National Park.
Zakudya za chipembere
Zipembere zakuda zimadyetsa makamaka mphukira zazing'ono zomwe zimagwidwa ndi milomo yakumtunda... Nyamayo sichiwopsedwa konse ndi minga yakuthwa komanso masamba obiriwira a zomera zomwe zadyedwa. Zipembere zakuda zimadyetsa m'mawa ndi madzulo nthawi yomwe mpweya umazizira. Tsiku lililonse amapita kumalo okuthirirapo madzi, omwe nthawi zina amakhala pamtunda wa makilomita khumi.
Zipembere zaku India ndizodyetsa zomwe zimadya udzu wam'madzi, mphukira zazing'ono zaminga ndi udzu wa njovu, zomwe zimadulidwa mwaluso mothandizidwa ndi milomo yakumtunda. Pamodzi ndi zipembere zina, Chijava ndi chomera chokha, chomwe chimadyetsedwa ndi zitsamba zamitengo kapena mitengo yaying'ono, makamaka ndi mphukira, masamba achichepere ndi zipatso zakugwa.
Zipembere ndizodziwika bwino pakuunjikana pamitengo yaying'ono, kuthyola kapena kuwerama pansi, pambuyo pake amang'amba masambawo ndi milomo yawo yolimba. Ndi mbali imeneyi, milomo ya zipembere imafanana ndi zimbalangondo, akadyamsonga, akavalo, maulamu, mphalapala ndi nyama zazimuna. Chipembere chachikulu chimadya pafupifupi kilogalamu makumi asanu za chakudya chobiriwira patsiku.
Kubereka ndi ana
Zipembere zakuda zilibe nyengo yoswana. Pambuyo pa miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi yapakati, mwana m'modzi yekha amabadwa, yemwe amadya mkaka zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za moyo. Kubereka kwa chipembere choyera sikumveka bwino. Nyamayo imafika pokhwima pogonana ikafika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka khumi. Nthawi ya rutting nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa Julayi ndi Seputembala, koma pali zosiyana. Mimba ya chipembere choyera chachikazi imatenga chaka chimodzi ndi theka, pambuyo pake mwana mmodzi amabadwa. Nthawi yoberekera ili pafupifupi zaka zitatu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwana wokula pafupi ndi amayi ake amalumikizana kwambiri ndi akazi ena onse ndi ana awo, ndipo chipembere chachimuna sichimakhala pagulu wamba.
Zipembere zachikazi zaku Javanese zimafika pakukula msinkhu wazaka zitatu kapena zinayi, ndipo amuna amatha kubereka chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi chokha cha moyo. Mimba imakhala miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi, pambuyo pake mwana mmodzi amabadwa. Mkazi wamkazi wamtundu wa chipembere amabweretsa mwana zaka zisanu zilizonse, ndipo nyengo yoyamwitsa imatha mpaka zaka ziwiri, pomwe mwana samasiya mayi ake.
Adani achilengedwe
Zinyama zazing'ono zamtundu uliwonse nthawi zambiri zimazunzidwa ndi nyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe zili m'banja la Feline: akambuku, mikango, nyalugwe. Zipembere zachikulire zilibe mdani wina aliyense kupatula anthu. Ndi munthu yemwe ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kwa nyama zoyenda mofanana.
Ku Asia, mpaka lero, pakufunika kwambiri nyanga za chipembere, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama mu mankhwala achikhalidwe achi China. Mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku nyanga ya chipembere samangofunika kwambiri, komanso amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala a "moyo wosafa" kapena moyo wautali. Kukhalapo kwa msika uwu kwadzetsa chiwopsezo chotha zipembere, ndipo nyanga zowuma zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito kuthana ndi:
- nyamakazi;
- mphumu;
- nthomba;
- kugwidwa;
- chifuwa;
- kukhala ndi ziwanda ndi misala;
- diphtheria;
- kulumidwa ndi agalu, zinkhanira ndi njoka;
- kamwazi;
- khunyu ndi kukomoka;
- malungo;
- poyizoni wazakudya;
- kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo;
- mutu;
- zotupa m'mimba ndi magazi;
- kusowa mphamvu;
- laryngitis;
- malungo;
- chikuku;
- kukumbukira kukumbukira;
- myopia ndi khungu khungu;
- malotowo;
- mliri ndi poliyo;
- kupweteka kwa dzino;
- nyongolotsi ndi kusanza kosavomerezeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! World Wildlife Fund (WWF) idakhazikitsa Rhino Day mu 2010, yomwe yakhala ikukondwerera chaka chilichonse pa 22 Seputembala.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwononga nyama mopitirira muyeso komwe kwafala m'maiko ambiri, kuwonongeka kwa malo awo achilengedwe chifukwa chantchito yogwira yaulimi kumathandizira kwambiri pakutha kwanyama kumeneku. Nyama zamtundu wopanda ziboliboli zimapulumuka m'malo omwe zimafalitsa ndipo sizingapeze m'malo oyenera madera omwe asiyidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chipembere chakuda m'malo ena chili pangozi... Pakadali pano, mitundu yonse ya zamoyozo ili pafupifupi mitu 3.5,000. Chiwerengero chokwera komanso chokhazikika cha zipembere zakuda chimadziwika ku Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe ndi South Africa, zomwe zimaloleza kuzisaka. M'mayikowa, magawo angapo amapatsidwa chaka chilichonse, kuwalola kuwombera chipembere chakuda.Kusaka nyama za chipembere zoyera kumachitikanso pansi pa gawo lochepa kwambiri komanso mosamalitsa.
Pakadali pano, zipembere zaku India zapatsidwa gawo la VU ndi gulu la VU ku International Red Data Book. Chiwerengero cha oimira mtundu uwu pafupifupi anthu zikwi ziwiri ndi theka. Komabe, ambiri, chipembere cha ku India ndi mtundu wopambana poyerekeza ndi achibale aku Javanese ndi Sumatran.
Chipembere cha Javan ndi nyama yosawerengeka kwambiri, ndipo chiwonetsero chonse cha mitundu iyi sichiposa anthu sikisite. Kusunga nthumwi za mitundu ya chipembere cha Sumatran mu ukapolo sikupereka zotsatira zabwino. Anthu ambiri amamwalira asanakwanitse zaka makumi awiri ndipo samabereka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chosadziwa mokwanira za mitundu ya zamoyozo, zomwe sizimalola kuti pakhale zikhalidwe zabwino kwambiri zosunga ukapolo.
