Sterlet ya banja la sturgeon imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinsomba zakale kwambiri: makolo awo adawoneka Padziko Lapansi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Silurian. Ili m'njira zambiri zofananira ndi mitundu yake yofananira, monga beluga, stellate sturgeon, minga ndi sturgeon, koma yaying'ono. Kwa nthawi yayitali nsomba iyi idawonedwa ngati yamtengo wapatali yamalonda, koma mpaka pano, chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, nsomba za sterlet m'malo ake achilengedwe ndizoletsedwa ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosaloledwa.
Kufotokozera kwa sterlet
Sterlet ndi membala wa kalulu kakang'ono kwambiri ka nsomba, komwe kumatchedwanso kuti cartilaginous ganoids... Mofanana ndi ma sturgeon onse, mamba a nsomba zodyedwa za m'madzi izi zimafanana ndi mbale za mafupa zomwe zimaphimba thupi lopangidwa ndi ulusi.
Maonekedwe
Sterlet imawerengedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono kwambiri pamitundu yonse ya sturgeon. Kukula kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu sikupitilira masentimita 120-130, koma kawirikawiri ma cartilaginous amenewa amakhala ocheperako: 30-40 cm, ndipo amalemera osapitilira ma kilogalamu awiri.
Sterlet ili ndi thupi lokhalitsa komanso lalikulu kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi ilo, mutu wamphongo wamakona atatu. Mphuno yake ndi yolitali, yaying'ono, ndi mlomo wapansi wogawika pakati, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri za nsombayi. Pansipa, pamphuno, pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezekanso, mwa oimira ena a banja la sturgeon.
Ndizosangalatsa! Sterlet imabwera m'njira ziwiri: mphuno yakuthwa, yomwe imawonedwa ngati yopepuka komanso yopindika, momwe m'mphepete mwa mphuno mumakhala mozungulira.
Mutu wake waphimbidwa kuchokera pamwamba ndi ma fused scutes scutes. Pathupi pali masikelo a ganoid okhala ndi nsikidzi zambiri, osinthana ndi ziyerekezo zazing'ono ngati mapira. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba, mu sterlet mbalame yam'mimbayi imasamukira kufupi ndi mchira wa thupi. Mchira umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nsomba zam'madzi zotchedwa sturgeon, pomwe lobe wake wam'mwamba ndiwotalikirapo kuposa wapansi.
Mtundu wa sterlet nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda, monga lamulo, wa bulauni-bulauni, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi utoto wachikasu wonyezimira. Mimba ndi yopepuka kuposa mtundu waukulu; muzitsanzo zina imatha kukhala yoyera. Zimasiyana ndi ma sturgeon sterlet, choyambirira, ndi milomo yapansi yosokonekera komanso kafadala ambiri, omwe onse amatha kupitilira zidutswa 50.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Sterlet ndi nsomba yodya nyama yomwe imangokhala m'mitsinje yokha, ndipo imakonda kukhazikika m'madamu oyera opanda madzi. Nthawi zina zimatha kusambira kupita kunyanja, koma kumeneko zimangopezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje.
M'nyengo yotentha, imakhala m'madzi osaya, ndipo sterlet yachichepere imapezekanso m'misewu yopapatiza kapena malo pafupi ndi mitsinje. Pofika nthawi yophukira, nsomba imamira mpaka pansi ndikugona m'malo, otchedwa maenje, pomwe imabisala. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala moyo wokhazikika: samasaka komanso samadya chilichonse. Dzira litatseguka, sterlet imasiya maenje pansi pa dziwe ndikukwera mumtsinje kuti mupitilize kuthamanga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi ma sturgeon ambiri, omwe amadziwika kuti amakonda okha, sterlet imakonda kukhala pagulu lalikulu. Ngakhale m'maenje achisanu, nsomba iyi siyimangopita yokha, koma ili ndi abale ake ambiri.
Mazana angapo a ma sterlet nthawi zina amabisala mu kukhumudwa kumodzi pansi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kukanikizana kwambiri kotero kuti samasuntha mitsempha ndi zipsepse zawo.
Kodi sterlet amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Sterlet amakhala, monga nsomba zina zonse za sturgeon, kwanthawi yayitali. Moyo wake m'zinthu zachilengedwe ukhoza kufikira zaka makumi atatu. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi nyanja yamchere yomweyi, zaka zimakwanitsa zaka 80 komanso kupitilira apo, sikungakhale kolondola kuyitcha chiwindi chachitali pakati pa omwe akuimira banja lake.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zoyipa zakugonana mu nsomba iyi kulibiretu. Amuna ndi akazi a mtundu uwu samasiyana wina ndi mzake kaya ndi mtundu wa thupi kapena kukula. Thupi la akazi, monga la amuna, limakutidwa ndi masikelo owoneka bwino a ganoid omwe amafanana ndi kutulutsa kwamfupa; Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa sikelo sikusiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi osiyanasiyana.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Sterlet amakhala m'mitsinje yoyenda munyanja Yakuda, Azov ndi Caspian... Amapezekanso m'mitsinje yakumpoto, mwachitsanzo, ku Ob, Yenisei, Northern Dvina, komanso m'mazizi a nyanja za Ladoga ndi Onega. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba iyi yakhala ikupezeka m'mitsinje monga Neman, Pechora, Amur ndi Oka komanso m'malo ena akuluakulu.
Sterlet imangokhala m'madamu omwe ali ndi madzi oyera, pomwe imakonda kukhazikika m'mitsinje yokhala ndi dothi lamiyala kapena yamiyala. Nthawi yomweyo, akazi amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi pansi pa dziwe, pomwe amuna amasambira m'mbali yamadzi ndipo, makamaka, amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika.
Zakudya za Sterlet
Sterlet ndi chilombo chomwe chimadyetsa makamaka zazing'onozing'ono zam'madzi zam'madzi. Zakudya za nsombazi zimachokera ku zamoyo za benthic, monga tizirombo ta tizilombo, komanso amphipod crustaceans, nkhono zosiyanasiyana ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pansi pamadzi. Sterlet sangakane nsomba ya caviar mwina, amadya makamaka mofunitsitsa. Anthu akuluakulu amtundu uwu amathanso kudya nsomba zapakatikati, koma nthawi yomweyo amayesetsa kuphonya nyama yayikulu kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa choti akazi achikazi amakhala ndi moyo wapansi-pansi, ndipo amuna amasambira m'madzi otseguka, nsomba za amuna ndi akazi osiyanasiyana zimadya mosiyanasiyana. Amuna amayang'ana chakudya pansi, ndipo amuna amasaka nyama zopanda mafupa m'mbali mwa madzi. Sterlets amakonda kusaka mumdima.
Nsomba zazing'onozing'ono komanso zazing'ono zimadyetsa nyama zam'madzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera zakudya zawo powonjezerapo pang'ono pang'ono, kenako zazikuluzikulu zopanda mafupa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, sterlet imamera msanga kwambiri kwa ma sturgeon: amuna azaka 4-5, ndipo akazi azaka 7-8. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, imachulukanso mu zaka 1-2 zitachitika kale.
Nthawi imeneyi ndiyofunikira kuti mkazi achiritse "kubadwa" koyambirira, komwe kumachepetsa thupi la oimira banjali.
Nthawi yoswana ya nsomba iyi imayamba kumapeto kwa kasupe kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe - pafupifupi, kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwake, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi m'nyanjayi kumafika madigiri 7 mpaka 20, ngakhale kuti kutentha kokwanira kwa mtundu uwu wobereketsa ndi 10 -15 madigiri. Koma nthawi zina kubereka kumatha kuyamba kale kapena mochedwa kuposa nthawi ino: koyambirira kwa Meyi kapena mkatikati mwa Juni. Izi ndichifukwa choti kutentha kwamadzi kofunikira pakupanga sikukhazikitsidwa mwanjira ina iliyonse. Komanso, sterlet ikayamba kubala, madzi mumtsinje momwe amakhalamo amakhudzanso.
Sturgeon yemwe amakhala ku Volga samapita kukaswana nthawi yomweyo... Anthu omwe amakhala kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu amayamba msanga kuposa omwe amakonda kukhala kumunsi. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi yomwe nsombazi zimatulukira zimagwera pamadzi osefukira kwambiri, ndipo zimayambira kumtunda kwa mtsinje kale kuposa kumunsi. Sterlet imatulutsa caviar m'matumba, m'malo omwe madzi ake ndi omveka bwino, ndipo pansi pake pamadzala miyala. Ndi nsomba yochulukirapo: kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe mayi amayika nthawi imodzi amatha kufikira 16,000 kapena kupitilira apo.
Mazira omata, osungidwa pansi, amakula kwa masiku angapo, pambuyo pake mwachangu amaswa. Patsiku lakhumi la moyo, pomwe yolk sac yawo imasowa, kukula kwa timitengo tating'onoting'ono sikupitilira masentimita 1.5. Maonekedwe a achinyamata amtunduwu ndi osiyana ndi achikulire omwe kale. Pakamwa pa mphutsi ndizochepa, zopingika, ndipo tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timafanana mofanana. Milomo yawo yakumunsi imagawika kale m'magulu awiri, monga m'mabuku akuluakulu. Gawo lakumtunda kwa nsomba zazing'ono zamtunduwu limakutidwa ndi mitsempha yaying'ono. Achinyamata ndi akuda kuposa akhungu awo achikulire; Mdima umawonekera makamaka mchira wa thupi la ana achaka.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, tiana tating'ono timakhalabe pamalo pomwe timatulukira m'mazira. Ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira, atafika pakukula kwa masentimita 11-25, amapita kugombe lamtsinje. Nthawi yomweyo, ma sterlet amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakula liwiro limodzi: amuna ndi akazi kuyambira pachiyambi samasiyana kukula, monganso momwemonso, ali ofanana mumtundu wawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Sterlet imatha kusakanikirana ndi nsomba zina za banja la sturgeon, monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sturgeon, mwachitsanzo, a Siberia ndi Russian sturgeon kapena stellate sturgeon. Ndipo kuchokera ku beluga ndi sterlet mzaka za m'ma 1950 zaka mazana makumi awiri, mtundu wina wosakanizidwa udapangidwa - bester, womwe pakadali pano ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali wamalonda.
Mtengo wa mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu ndi chifukwa chakuti, monga beluga, imakula bwino ndipo mwachangu ndikulemera. Koma nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi ma belugas omwe akukhwima mochedwa, ogulitsira, monga ma sterlets, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhwima koyambirira, komwe kumathandizira kupititsa patsogolo nsomba izi mu ukapolo.
Adani achilengedwe
Chifukwa choti sterlet amakhala m'madzi kapena pafupi ndi pansi pamadzi, nsombazi zimakhala ndi adani ochepa.
Kuphatikiza apo, chiwopsezo chachikulu sichikuwopseza achikulire, koma mazira oyipa ndi mwachangu, omwe amadyedwa ndi nsomba za mitundu ina, kuphatikiza omwe ndi am'banja la sturgeon omwe amakhala m'malo oberekera a sterlet. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zam'madzi ndi beluga ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa ana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'mbuyomu, ngakhale zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo, sterlet inali imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso zopambana, koma pakadali pano kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi zimbudzi, komanso kupha nyama mopitirira muyeso kwachita ntchito yawo. Chifukwa chake, kwakanthawi, nsomba iyi idalembedwa mu Red Book ngati ili pachiwopsezo, ndipo malinga ndi mtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi wazinyama zotetezedwa, ipatsidwa udindo wa "Mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo".
Mtengo wamalonda
Kubwerera mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la 20, sterlet imadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zodziwika bwino kwambiri zamalonda, zomwe nsomba zawo zimayendetsedwa mwakhama, ngakhale sizingafanane ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zidasinthidwa, pomwe pafupifupi matani 40 ake adagwidwa pachaka. Komabe, pakadali pano, kugwidwa kwa sterlet m'malo ake achilengedwe ndikoletsedwa ndipo sikuchitika. Komabe, nsomba iyi ikupitilizabe kupezeka pamsika, zonse zatsopano kapena zowuma, komanso zamchere, zosuta komanso zamzitini. Kodi ma sterlet ochuluka amachokera kuti ngati kuigwira m'mitsinje kwakhala koletsedwa kale ndikuwonedwa ngati kosaloledwa?
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Pike
- Kaluga
- Sturgeon
- Salimoni
Chowonadi ndi chakuti anthu osamala omwe amachita zochitika zachilengedwe, omwe safuna kuti sterlet iwonongeke padziko lapansi ngati nyama, kwa nthawi yayitali ayamba kuweta nsomba iyi mu ukapolo, m'minda ya nsomba yomwe yamangidwa makamaka pazinthu izi. Ndipo, ngati poyambirira njirazi zidatengedwa pongofuna kupulumutsa sterlet ngati mtundu, tsopano, nsomba zokwanira zomwe zidabadwira mu ukapolo zikakhala zokwanira, kutsitsimutsidwa pang'ono pang'ono kwa miyambo yakale yophikira yokhudzana ndi nsombayi yayamba. Zachidziwikire, pakadali pano, nyama yopanda sterlet siyingakhale yotsika mtengo, ndipo mtundu wa nsomba zomwe zimasamutsidwa ukapolo ndizotsika poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimakula mwachilengedwe. Komabe, minda yam'madzi ndi mwayi wabwino kuti sterlet isangokhala ngati nyama, komanso kuti ikhozanso kugulitsa malonda, monga zidaliri zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Sterlet, yomwe imawonedwa ngati yaying'ono kwambiri yamtundu wa sturgeon, imasiyana ndi oimira ena am'banjali osati kungocheperako, komanso chifukwa amafikira kukhwima mwachangu kuposa ma sturgeon ena.
Ndi izi, komanso kuti sterlet ndi nsomba yopanda ulemu pakudya, ndipo imapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuswana mu ukapolo komanso kuswana mitundu yatsopano ya sturgeon, monga bester. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale pakadali pano ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, sterlet idakali ndi mwayi wopulumuka ngati mtundu. Kupatula apo, anthu alibe chidwi ndi nsombazi zomwe zimasowa pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi, chifukwa chake njira zonse zachilengedwe zikuchitika kuti apulumutse sterlet.
