Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, anthu akhala akuyang'ana njoka, mantha, kudana ndi ... kusilira kukongola kwawo, nzeru zawo, chisomo chawo. Ndipo komabe, zolengedwa izi zimakhalabe zodabwitsa kwambiri. Poizoni yemwe amatha kupha kapena kupulumutsa, mawonekedwe obereketsa komanso moyo wawo amapangitsa kuti anthu azigwirizana ndi njoka ndi ufiti.
Physiology yamwamuna ndi wamkazi
Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira "mwanjoka" zomwe munthu amakumana nazo ndi kugonana kwa chokwawa. N'zovuta kufotokoza mantha omwe amakumana nawo aliyense amene akukumana ndi mpira wowombera, wolumikizana wina ndi mnzake, wokonzeka kuluma mbali zonse. Sizingatheke kuti nthawi zakale anthu amakhoza kuzindikira kuti mpira wa njoka ndikungofuna komanso kuyesa kuthira akazi okonzekera kuswana.
Physiology ya njoka imadzaza ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, kuyambira kuchuluka kwamapapu, mawonekedwe osakwanira amkati, kutha "kuwona" kutentha, kupha nyama ndi poizoni kapena kuidya wamoyo. Ngakhale kutsimikiza kugonana ndi njira yovuta, ndipo si akatswiri onse omwe amatha kuthana nayo molimba mtima.
Zizindikiro zakunja zomwe munthu amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndizobisika. Ma hemipenises, chiwalo cha umuna, ali mchira, m'matumba otchedwa pamimba. Amakulitsa kukula kokwanira kutulutsidwa mthupi pokhapokha ngati mnzake ali pafupi, wokonzekera umuna. Amayi amaphatikizana ndi ma hemiclitor omwe ndizosatheka kuwona.
Zofunika! Njoka zina ndi ma hermaphrodites, parthenogenesis ndichinthu chomwe chimachitika m'mabanja a akhungu ndi akhungu.
Mawonedwe, mutha kudziwa za kugonana kwa munthu pafupifupi pafupifupi. Amuna (kupatula boa constrictors) nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo komanso otalikirapo kuposa akazi, mchira umawoneka wamphamvu kwambiri, wokulirapo chifukwa chakumaliseche kophatikizana. Ndi zokongola kwambiri, zowala kwambiri. Njoka zina (nsato, boas) zasunga zotsalira zamiyendo kumbuyo kwa thupi, monga ngowe kapena zotumphukira. Mwa amuna, njirazi ndizotalika komanso zamphamvu; nthawi zambiri zimakondweretsa akazi.
Koma zizindikiritso zonsezi ndizochepa kwambiri, ndizovuta kuzidalira posankha zogonana, chifukwa chake, pakufufuza, kuyesa magazi, kuwunika mothandizidwa ndi zida zapadera, ndikuwona momwe zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zopangira zimathandizira.
Kuswana njoka
Atadzuka atagona, amuna amakwawa kumtunda kukafunafuna chakudya komanso wokwatirana naye... Amayi amadzuka pambuyo pake, koma asanatulukemo, amadziwitsa za kukonzeka kwawo kubala ana ndi fungo linalake, kukakamiza azibambo angapo kuti asonkhane pafupi ndi khomo loboola. Kuyesera kuti atenge wamkazi, kuti afike kwa iye m'modzi mwa ma hemipenise omwe adakula chifukwa chakutuluka kwa magazi, amunawo amapotana ndi mipira yomuzungulira, koma nthawi zambiri samapweteketsana. Mmodzi wa iwo akafika pachimake, atalowa ndi ziwalo zoberekera mu cloaca, ena onse nthawi yomweyo amapita kukafunafuna mnzake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kugonana mu njoka ndiimodzi mwazitali kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Feteleza imatha masiku khumi osasokonezedwa. Nthawi zina abwenzi amapwetekana kwambiri.
Akamaliza kukwatira, yamphongo imasiya "pulagi" mthupi la njoka, yomwe imalepheretsa ena kuti agwirizane nayo.
Kubala ana
Pakati pa njoka, pali onse omwe amaikira mazira muzisa zokonzedwa m'makona obisika kwambiri, komanso ovoviviparous ndi viviparous.
Ovoviviparous
Njoka za ovoviviparous - ma boas, ma shitomordniks, njoka za kambuku - zimanyamula ana awo mthupi lawo, koma mwana amakula ndikukula mchira wa thupi la mayi mu dzira. Amadyetsa mapuloteni, amayi ake amamupatsa oxygen, ndi zina zotero mpaka mwanayo atakula kwambiri kotero kuti ali wokonzeka kubadwa ndikudziyimira pawokha.
Njira yapaderadera yotere yoberekera ana siyokhayo njoka zokha, komanso nsomba zina. Njoka zachinyamata zikakhazikika bwino zimawononga dzira lomwe zidakulira, kubadwa ndikutuluka nthawi yomweyo.
Kuikira mazira
Njoka zambiri, malinga ndi malingaliro amwambo a anthu za iwo, amaikira mazira. Amafuna kwambiri kumanga chisa momwe azikhalamo kwanthawi yayitali. Mazira okhala ndi chipolopolo chachikopa chowopsa amakhala pachiwopsezo ndipo amatha kukhala nyama ya mbalame, zokwawa, ndi nyama zolusa zochepa. Mkazi mmodzi amatha "kubereka" kuyambira mazira 4 mpaka 20.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njoka zimatha kusunga umuna wamwamuna kwazaka zambiri. Njonda imodzi imatha kukhala tate wa mibadwo 5-7 ya njoka zazing'ono, zomwe zimathandiza kuti anthu azikhala osavomerezeka kwambiri.
Njoka za Viviparous
Mu viviparous, pambuyo pa umuna, mazira amayamba kudyetsa thupi la mayi, chakudya, monga china chilichonse, ndi yolk yopangidwa mu oviduct, koma zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi mpweya zimapezeka chifukwa cha njira zapadera zamagetsi za thupi la mayi. Ana amabadwa okonzeka kupeza chakudya chawo, ndipo amatha kudziyimira pawokha. Pakati pa onyamula amoyo pali njoka, mikwingwirima ndi zina.
Kukula kwa mluza kumadalira nyengo.... Pa kutentha kwakukulu (madigiri 26-32) ndi chinyezi mpaka 90%, mwezi kapena masiku 39 ndi okwanira. Kutentha kozizira kumatha kuchepetsa ntchitoyi kwa miyezi iwiri. Nthawi zina mkazi amatenga ana kwa miyezi itatu kapena kupitilira apo.
Kusamalira ana
Mkazi, ndipo nthawi zina wamwamuna, amasamalira nkhawa zawo kwambiri. Chisa nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa mulu wa zinyalala, masamba akale, ndi udzu wovunda. Izi zimathandizira kupereka kutentha kofunikira pakukula kwa makanda: njira yovunda yachilengedwe imatenthetsa mazira. Ngati izi sizikwanira, mayi amatha kukulitsa kutentha mozungulira mazira ndi madigiri angapo potsekeka kwa minofu kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ngakhale popita kukasaka, njoka sizimachoka pachisa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo sizisunthira patali kuti zibwezeretse kuwukira kwa nyama zazing'ono kapena mbalame nthawi, chifukwa mazira ndi nyama zokoma kwambiri.
Njoka ndi amayi osadzikonda kwambiri, pomwe amayang'anira mazira, amamenyera moyo ndi imfa ngati wina alowerera pa chisa. Oviparous mosamala "amamvetsera" pazomwe zimachitika mkati mwa chipolopolocho kuti athandize njoka zofooka kuti ziwononge chotchinga panthawi yoyenera. Ming'alu yoyamba, mabowo samapita osazindikira mayi. Koma mutu, kenako thupi, litatuluka pachikopacho, njokayo imasiya kusamalira mwana wakhanda wakhanda.
Zomwezo zimachitika pobadwa ndi moyo, kupanga mazira - ana akangobadwa, chidwi cha ana chimazimiririka. Njoka zazing'ono zimapangidwa mokwanira ndipo chibadwa chawo chimapangidwa bwino kotero kuti amatha kupeza chakudya chawo nthawi yomweyo. Mphutsi, tizilombo, mbalame zazing'ono - njoka imadya chilichonse chomwe ingameze.
Njira zabwino zopulumukira ndikusunga anthu, kutha kugwera mu makanema ojambula ngati zinthu sizikuloleza chakudya chokwanira, kapena kuzizira kwambiri, kapena kutentha kudatsikira kumtunda - zonsezi zidathandiza njoka kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Atakhwima pogonana, nthawi zambiri azaka ziwiri, akazi amatha kubereka ana 100 pachaka.
Ndipo sanadzaze dziko lonselo chifukwa ngakhale adani owopsawa ali ndi adani... Ambiri mwa ana amafa m'zaka 1-2 zoyambirira m'matumba a mbalame kapena mano amphaka akulu, makoswe. Nthawi yamoyo ya njoka mu ukapolo imatha zaka 40, koma mwachilengedwe samakhala mpaka 10-13.
