Mkulira momvetsa chisoni kwa mbalame, Asilavo adamva kulira kwa amayi ndi akazi amasiye osatonthoza, ndichifukwa chake zolakwitsa zimalemekezedwa komanso kutetezedwa. Zinali zoletsedwa osati kuzipha kokha, komanso kuwononga zisa zawo.
Kufotokozera kwa zolakwika
Vanellus (lapwings) ndi mtundu wa mbalame zomwe zili m'banja la plover ndipo zimakhala ndi mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri yomwe imakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. M'banja la plover, zolakwitsa zimayimira kukula kwake ndi mawu okweza.
Maonekedwe
Odziwika bwino kwambiri pamtundu wa ma lapwings ndi Vanellus vanellus (lapwings), wodziwika mdziko lathu pansi pa dzina lachiwiri la nkhumba... Nzika zakumayiko aku Europe zimazitcha mwanjira zawo: kwa anthu aku Belarusi ndi kigalka, kwa aku Ukraine - pigichka kapena kiba, aku Germany - kiebitz (kibits), komanso aku Britain - peewit (pivit).
Ichi ndi chopukutira chachikulu kwambiri (chofanana ndi nkhunda kapena jackdaw), chokhala ndi tsatanetsatane kumbuyo kwa mutu - nthenga yaying'ono yopapatiza ya nthenga zakuda. Nkhunda imakula mpaka masentimita 30 ndi kulemera kwa 130-330 g ndi mapiko a 0.85 m.Pakuuluka, mawonekedwe apakati a mapiko akulu amawonekera.
Kutuluka kwake ndi kwakuda pamwambapa, kofiirira ndi utoto wobiriwira wamkuwa, m'munsi mwake ndi yoyera, kutsika mpaka "malaya" akuda pambewuyo ndi pachifuwa, chombocho ndi chotupa. Pofika nyengo yozizira, gawo lakumunsi la nthenga limasanduka loyera. Mlomo wa mbalameyi ndi maso akuda, miyendo ndi yapinki.
Ndizosangalatsa! Msirikali yemwe akutuluka ndi wokulirapo kuposa pigalica (amalemera 450 g ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 35) ndipo amasiyana ndi utoto - kumtunda kwa nthenga kuli maolivi akuda, mbali yakumunsi ndiyoyera. Mbalameyi ilibe kakhalidwe kake, ndipo mlomo ndi gawo lina la mutu mpaka kumaso ndi chikaso chowala.
Imvi ija ili ndi nthenga zakuda pamwamba ndi imvi, yoyera pang'ono pansi ndi yakuda pang'ono m'mphepete mwa mchira, pachifuwa komanso kumapeto kwa mlomo. Mbiri yosazolowereka imadzipukutira ndi chikasu cha miyendo, mulomo ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira maso.
The steppe pygmy (lapwing) yajambulidwa ndi ma beige ochepetsa, ophatikizidwa ndi akuda pakamwa, pamutu, kumchira ndi m'mphepete mwa mapiko. Kutuluka kwamtunduwu sikukula kuposa masentimita 27 ndipo kuli pafupi ndi nkhumba zamtundu, ngakhale kuti sizingadzitamande, koma zili ndi tayi yakuda yakuda yomwe imatsika kuchokera pakamwa kupita pakatikati pa chifuwa.
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawonekera kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi lapwing yokongoletsedwa, yomwe pamwamba pake bulauni wonyezimira (wokhala ndi chitsulo chobiriwira chachitsulo) chikufanana ndi korona wakuda, chifuwa chakuda / nthenga zakutsogolo, ndi nthenga zakuda za mchira zoyera. Mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yonyezimira yachikasu ndi mikwingwirima yofiira yothamanga kuyambira pansi mpaka pakamwa kufika pamaso.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Lapwings amadziwika kuti ndi ma hemerophiles, ndiye kuti, kwa nyama zomwe ntchito ya anthropogenic imangothandiza. Monga lamulo, amalandira zabwino zina kuchokera pakusintha kwachilengedwe, ndichifukwa chake saopa kutsatira munthu.
Kupunduka kumalumikizana modekha ndi kupezeka kwapafupi kwa anthu ndikukhala modzipereka panthaka yaulimi, kumanga zisa m'minda yothirira ndi madambo, komwe kumakhala ntchito yayikulu tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ngati wina ayandikira nyumba yake, kutuluka kumanyamuka (kuyesa kusambira pamunthu) ndikufuula mokweza, koma osasiya chisa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lapwings amakhala m'magulu awiri odziyimira pawokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono obalalika, pomwe mbalame iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake. Sikuti zolakwitsa zonse zimakhala zosintha, mwachitsanzo, zolumikizira zokongoletsedwa zimayang'anira usiku.
Mofanana ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, kubwereka kumayenda bwino komanso kumakhala phokoso. "Kulira" kotchuka kopanda kanthu sikungokhala chizindikiro cha alamu, chomwe chimayesa kuthamangitsa alendo osayitanidwa omwe mwangozi kapena mwadala adayandikira chisa ndi anapiye amantha.
Mapiko a mileme amawuluka mosiyana kuposa mbalame zonse zamatchire ndi mbalame zam'madzi: mapiko ake sangathe kuuluka, nthawi zonse amawombera mapiko ake... Mwa njira, m'miyendo ndi yayitali komanso yosalala kumapeto, pomwe mumadambo ambiri amaloza. Pogwedeza, mapikowo amakhala ngati matawulo: ngati phazi limasintha mwadzidzidzi, limayamba kugwedezeka ndikutsika ndikumanzere kumanja, ngati ikugwa. Chifukwa cha kunjenjemera kwa nthenga, mawu "cosmic" amawoneka pamapiko, omwe amamveka bwino nthawi yamadzulo.
Ndi ma lapwings angati omwe amakhala
Kulira kwa zolephera kwawonetsa kuti kuthengo nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 19.
Ndizosangalatsa! Dzinalo "chibis" (poyambirira "kibitz") lidaperekedwa kwa nkhumba zazing'ono zaku Russia chifukwa cha akatswiri azilankhulo zaku Germany, omwe Catherine II adawapatsa ntchito yopanga mawu achi Russia.
Khutu lanyumba lomwe lazindikira mu mbalame yowopsya limalira funso "Ndinu yani, ziwanda?", Kukumbutsa kwambiri dzina lamakono lamtunduwu - kutha. Zinkawoneka kwa anthu athu kuti mbalame zimalankhula mawu awa kwa amitundu akunja, omwe amakonda kuzolowera mazira a mbalame kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Ku Germany, mazira omwe amabwerera m'mbuyo amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chabwino ndipo amaperekedwa kwa olemekezeka okha, mosiyana ndi mazira a nkhuku omwe amafuna kuti azibowola. Amadziwika kuti Otto von Bismarck adalandira mazira 101 ochokera ku Jever (Lower Saxony) patsiku lililonse lobadwa. Chancellor wina atathokoza anthu am'mudzimo powapatsa galasi la siliva lokhala ndi chivindikiro chooneka ngati mutu wa lapwing.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Zizolowezi zogonana m'malo olakwika ambiri sizifotokozedwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, zazikazi za pygaly sizitali zazimuna, zotumphukira komanso zonyezimira zazitsulo zamankhwalawo. Mitundu ina, monga imvi, amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa akazi.
Mitundu ya zoperewera
Pakadali pano, mtundu wa Vanellus (lapwings) uli ndi mitundu 24:
- Nkhumba ya Andes - Vanellus amawonekeranso;
- nkhumba yoyera - Vanellus albiceps;
- nkhumba yoyera - Vanellus leucurus;
- kuvala korona - Vanellus coronatus;
- kutaya kwamiyendo yayitali - Vanellus crassirostris;
- nkhumba ya cayenne - Vanellus chilensis;
- chifuwa chofiira - Vanellus superciliosus;
- cayenne plover - Vanellus cayanus;
- gyrfalcon - Vanellus gregarius;
- Nkhumba ya Malabar - Vanellus malabaricus;
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Vanellus melanocephalus;
- wosula nkhumba - Vanellus armatus;
- imvi lapwing - Vanellus cinereus;
- msirikali akuyenda - Vanellus miles;
- Nkhumba ya nkhumba yaku Senegal - Vanellus senegallus;
- kulira maliro - Vanellus lugubris;
- zokongoletsa zokongoletsa - Vanellus indicus;
- mikanda yakuda yakuda - Vanellus tricolor;
- nkhumba yamapiko akuda - Vanellus melanopterus;
- lakuda lakuda - Vanellus tectus;
- kuthamanga - Vanellus vanellus;
- kupukutidwa - Vanellus spinosus;
- Vanellus macropterus ndi Vanellus duvaucelii.
Mitundu ina yamatayala imagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma lapaposi amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera ku Atlantic mpaka Pacific Ocean (kumwera kwa Arctic Circle). M'madera ena osiyanasiyana ndi mbalame yokhazikika, koma mdera la Russia (osati kuno kokha) ndi mbalame yosamuka. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mapendekedwe a "Russia" amapita kunyanja ya Mediterranean, kupita ku India ndi Asia Minor.
Gyrfalcon amakhala kumapiri akuluakulu a Kazakhstan ndi Russia, ndikupita nthawi yozizira ku Israel, Sudan, Ethiopia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka ndi Oman. Msirikali amataya zisa ku Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand ndi New Guinea, pomwe zisa zakuda ku Japan komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kupitilira kwakeko kumakhala ku Turkey, kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Syria, ku Israel, Iraq, Jordan, komanso ku Africa (East ndi West). Izi zidawoneka ku Eastern Europe, kuphatikiza Germany ndi Spain.
Lapwings amasankha malo odyetserako ziweto, minda, maudzu audzu m'mapiri amadzi osefukira, malo otalikirapo, madambo m'mapiri (pafupi ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje) ndi madambo amchere okhala ndi masamba osowa kwambiri kukaikira mazira. Nthawi zina amakhala m'matumba a udzu wa nthenga, komanso ku taiga - m'mbali mwa zikuni za udzu kapena pa peat bogs. Amakonda malo onyowa, komanso amapezeka m'malo ouma.
Zakudya zam'miyendo
Monga otchingira mchenga wina, zolumphira zimapatsidwa miyendo yayitali yomwe imathandiza kuyenda m'malo amadzi - madambo achinyontho ndi madambo.
Kumbali ina, mbalame zokhala ndi mapiko zina zimakhala ndi milomo yomwe siitali mofanana ndi ya mbalame zam'madzi, nchifukwa chake mbalame zimatha kupeza chakudya kuchokera pansi penipeni kapena pamtunda. Kuuluka, kugwira ntchito m'mawa, kupita kukafunafuna chakudya m'mawa kuti akagwire kafadala usiku (asanabisala m'misasa yamasana).
Zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zimaphatikizapo tizilombo (osati kokha):
- kafadala, nthawi zambiri kachilomboka ndi ma weevils;
- slugs ndi mphutsi;
- mphutsi za kachilomboka kakang'ono (wireworms);
- zosefera ndi ziwala (m'chigwa).
Ndizosangalatsa! Kupitilira apo, kuwonjezera pa kafadala, kumadya nyerere ndi udzudzu ndi mphutsi zawo. Simakana mphutsi, akangaude, tadpoles, mollusks ngakhale nsomba zazing'ono. Mapazi okongoletsedwa amapita kokasaka usiku kufunafuna nyama zopanda mafupa, kuphatikizapo nyerere, kafadala, dzombe ndi chiswe. Ali panjira, amadyerera nyongolotsi, molluscs ndi crustaceans.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ziphuphu zimathamanga ndi kukhathamira, chifukwa anapiye ayenera kuleredwa kutentha kusanachitike, pomwe nthaka imakhala yonyowa: pali mphutsi / mphutsi zambiri ndipo, koposa zonse, ndizosavuta kupeza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zolakwitsa zimayesa kubwerera kuchokera kumwera koyambirira, limodzi ndi nyenyezi ndi ma lark, nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro kwa Marichi.
Nthawi yobereketsa imamangirizidwa kumapeto kwa madzi okwera, omwe amapezeka mu Epulo. Nyengo ikadali yosakhazikika, ndipo mabokosi oyamba nthawi zambiri amawonongeka ndi chisanu kapena madzi okwera, koma zopindika sizimayembekezera kutentha kosalekeza. Nthawi yomweyo akafika, mbalamezi zidagawika pawiri, ndikukhala pamalopo.
Amuna amatenga nawo mbali posankha tsambalo, kuphatikiza kuphatikiza malo ndi nthawi yobereketsa. Kuphulika kwamakono kukugwetsa mwamphamvu mapiko ake, ndikusintha mwamphamvu njira yolowera, kutsika ndikuwuluka, ndikuyenda uku ndi uku ndikuphatikizira zochitika zonsezi ndikulira kosangalatsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Atathetsa chiwembucho, champhongo chimakumba maenje angapo, omwe amawonetsa wosankhidwayo. Amayima pafupi ndi fossa yowonetsedwa, akukweza kumbuyo kwa thupi ndikuliyendetsa mwamphamvu. Ngati mkwatibwi ali pafupi, wamwamuna amatsogolera mchira.
Amuna ena amakhala ndi atsikana ang'onoang'ono a atsikana awiri kapena atatu. Ngati pali zolakwitsa zambiri, amapanga midzi yamakoloni momwe zibangili zimakhalira pafupi.
Chisa cha Lapwing chimakhala pansi / chotsitsa kwambiri ndipo ndimavuto okutidwa ndi udzu wouma: zinyalala zitha kukhala zowirira kapena kusapezeka konse. Pofundira nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira anayi ofiira ngati azitona okhala ndi bulauni okhala ndi zipsyera zakuda, atayikidwa pamwamba pang'ono mkati.
Mkazi amakhala kwambiri pa chisa - wamwamuna amalowa m'malo mwake pafupipafupi. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuteteza ana amtsogolo (ngati chiwopsezocho ndi chachikulu, chachikazi chimathandizanso champhongo). Anapiye amaswa masiku 25-29, ndipo poyamba amayi amawasangalatsa kuzizira komanso usiku, ndipo amatenga nawo akuluakulu kuti akafune chakudya. Mkazi amatenga ana kumapiri ndi kuminda, kufunafuna malo onyowa ndi chakudya chochuluka.
Anapiye, chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wobisala, sawoneka moyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mbewu zowazungulira, komanso, amadziwa kubisala mwaluso (kuzizira kozizira mu "mizati", monga ma penguin). Anawo amakula mofulumira ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi amatenga mapiko awo. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zolowerera zimakhamukira m'magulu akulu (mpaka mbalame mazana angapo), kuyamba kuyendayenda mozungulira, kenako kunyamuka nthawi yachisanu.
Adani achilengedwe
Kukhalapo kwa ziweto kumawopsezedwa ndi nyama zambiri zakutchire ndi nthenga, makamaka omwe amafika mosavuta m'manja mwa mbalame. Adani achilengedwe olakwitsa ndi awa:
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- agalu olusa;
- mbalame zodya nyama, makamaka akabawi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mapapuwa amazindikira mosavuta kuwopsa kwake - amayenda mozungulira kukuwa pakangokhala akhwangwala, agalu kapena munthu, koma amagona pansi, kuwopa kusuntha akawona goshawk kumwamba.
Zisa za ma lappings zimawonongedwa ndi akhwangwala, magpies, gulls, jays ndi ... okhala ku Europe. Mayiko a EU aletsa kuwonongeka kwa zolephera: mazira omaliza omaliza a tebulo lachifumu adachitika mu 2006 kumpoto kwa Netherlands. Alimi aku Germany samvera lamuloli ndipo nthawi yachilimwe amapitilizabe kuyang'ana madera ozungulira, kufunafuna mazira otuluka. Woyamba yemwe wapeza zomangamanga amalengezedwa kuti ndi mfumu ndipo amapita kumalo osungira alendo pafupi kuti akachite chikondwerero, atazunguliridwa ndi anthu am'mudzimo osangalala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Malinga ndi IUCN Red List, mitundu yocheperako yamiyendo ndi Vanellus gregarius (steppe piglet), omwe anthu ake mu 2017 sanapitirire mitu 11.2,000. Kulephera kwina sikubweretsa nkhawa m'mabungwe osungira, ngakhale kuchepa pang'ono kwa anthu kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20.
Akatswiri ofufuza za maluwa amafotokoza izi chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa minda yazaulimi komanso kuchepa kwa ziweto zomwe zimadyetsa, zomwe zimabweretsa madera ochuluka ndi udzu ndi zitsamba, pomwe zolephera sizingakhalenso chisa. Kusaka masewera kwa iwo, osachitika ku Russia, koma anakonza, mwachitsanzo, ku Spain ndi France, kumathandizanso kuchepa kwa zolakwitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, zisa zotuluka nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka polima komanso pantchito zina zaulimi.
