Dzeren (Procapra gutturosa) ndi kanyama kakang'ono ka artiodactyl dongosolo, lokhala ndi ziweto m'mapiri. Nyama yokongola koma yolimba nthawi zina imatchedwa mbawala ya mbuzi (goiter). Kulongosola koyamba kunaperekedwa ndi wasayansi wachilengedwe Peter Simon Pallas mu 1777 kutengera munthu yemwe wagwidwa ku Transbaikalia, kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Mangut.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dzeren
Pali mitundu itatu yazinyama zochokera kubanja la bovid, mbawala:
- Przhevalsky;
- Chitibeta;
- Chimongoliya.
Amasiyana pang'ono mawonekedwe ndi kakhalidwe. Ku Central Asia, mitundu ya mbawala zomwe zili ndi zofanana ndi nyama izi zikukhalabe. Zotsalira zamitundu yosinthika ya artiodactyl zidapezeka m'magawo a Upper Pliocene ku China.
Dzerens adagawanika pamzere wamba wa antelopes mozungulira Upper Pleistocene, mtundu wa Gazella usanatuluke, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti adachokera koyambirira. Ma cell angapo amtundu wa maselo amawonetsa kuti mtundu wa Procapra uli pafupi ndi mtundu wa antelope a Madoqua.
Izi artiodactyls zakhala zikufala kuyambira nthawi yamatenda, pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi zapitazo. Iwo ankakhala tundra-steppes a North America, Europe ndi Asia, ndi nyengo yotentha, pang'onopang'ono adasamukira ku zigawo za Asia. Dzerens ndi olimba kwambiri. Amatha kuyenda madera akuluakulu kufunafuna chakudya kapena madzi.
Malo okhalamo amtunduwu ndi ma steppes owuma okhala ndi sod yochepa. M'nyengo yotentha, amasuntha mosavuta, amasamukira m'zikhalidwe zawo. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimatha kulowa m'nkhalango komanso m'chipululu. AmaloĊµa m'nkhalango m'nyengo yachisanu, pamene zimakhala zovuta kupeza chakudya m'chigwa.
Kanema: Dzeren
Nyama zoyenda izi sizimangokhala malo amodzi kwa masiku opitilira awiri, ndipo zikamayenda zimatha kufika liwiro la makilomita 80 pa ola limodzi. Iwo momasuka kugonjetsa makilomita khumi pa liwiro la makilomita 60 pa ola limodzi, akupeza ambiri ungulates mu kuthamanga kupirira, ndipo palibe chilombo amene angafanane ndi iwo. Munthawi yosamukira, mbawala zimaposa 200 km patsiku.
Nthawi yamoyo ya akazi ndi zaka 10, ndipo yamwamuna ndi yayifupi zaka zinayi. Amuna amawononga mphamvu zambiri panthawi yamvula, yomwe imachitika mu Disembala, nthawi yozizira kwambiri pachaka. Pambuyo pake, zimakhala zovuta kuti apulumuke nyengo yozizira yovuta; pofika masika, amuna ofooka amafa nthawi zambiri kuposa akazi. Amuna amakula msinkhu pakadutsa zaka 2-3, kenako amatha nthawi yokwanira pafupifupi katatu ndipo amafa m'mano a adani kapena nyengo yozizira kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbawala yanyama
Kukula kwake ndikofanana ndi nswala ya ku Siberia, koma ndi thupi lokulirapo, miyendo yayifupi ndi kumbuyo kumbuyo. Nyama ili ndi miyendo yopyapyala ndi ziboda zopapatiza komanso mutu wokulirapo. Chosemphacho ndi chokwera komanso chosamveka ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono - masentimita 8-13. Kutalika kwa mchira ndi masentimita 10 mpaka 15. Ma artiodactylswa amakhala ndi masomphenya abwino ndipo amawona zoopsa kuchokera patali, amakhalanso ndi fungo labwino. Kumva ku steppes, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala mphepo, sikofunikira kwenikweni.
Miyeso yoyambira
Yamphongo imafota 80 cm, ndipo m'chiuno mwake mumafika masentimita 83. Akazi ndi ocheperako, zizindikiro zawo ndizochepera 3-4 cm. Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera kumamuna kuchokera pakamwa mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira ndi masentimita 105-150, mwa akazi - masentimita 100-120. Mwa akazi, kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 23 mpaka 27 kg, ndikufika makilogalamu 35 pofika nthawi yophukira.
Nyanga
Ali ndi miyezi isanu, amuna amakhala ndi zotupa pamphumi pawo, ndipo mu Januwale mutu wawo umakongoletsedwa kale ndi nyanga mpaka 7 cm, zomwe zimakula m'moyo wawo wonse, kufikira masentimita 20-30. Maonekedwe awo amafanana ndi zeze, pakati wopindika, pamwamba - mkati. Nyanga zochokera kumwamba ndizosalala, zotuwa pang'ono ndi tinge wachikaso. Pafupi ndi tsinde, zimakhala zakuda ndipo zimakhala ndi thickenings ngati ma rolling kuyambira 20 mpaka 25 zidutswa. Akazi alibe nyanga.
Chiwombankhanga
Amuna a mbawala yaku Mongolia ali ndi kusiyana kwina - khosi lakuda lokhala ndi kholingo lalikulu. Chifukwa chopita patsogolo ngati hump, antelope adalandira dzina lake lapakati - goiter. Malo awa mwa amuna nthawi yamtunduwu amakhala otuwa ndi mdima wonyezimira.
Ubweya
M'chilimwe, artiodactyl imakhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira, wamchenga kumbuyo ndi mbali. Gawo lakumunsi la khosi, mimba, croup, mwina miyendo ndi yoyera. Mtundu uwu umapita pamwamba pa mchira kumbuyo. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalacho chimakhala chowala osataya mthunzi wake wamchenga, ndipo nyengo yozizira imakhala yayitali komanso yofewa, ndichifukwa chake mawonekedwe a antelope aku Mongolia amasintha. Nyama imakhala yowoneka bwino, yolimba. Tsitsi lalitali limapezeka pamphumi, korona ndi masaya. Pamwamba pa mlomo wapamwamba komanso mbali zatsitsi, malekezero ake ndi opindika mkati, ndikupereka chithunzi cha masharubu ndi kutupa.
Chovalacho ndi chofewa mpaka kukhudza, palibe kusiyana pakati pa awn ndi undercoat. Malekezero a tsitsilo ndi olimba. Nyama molt kawiri pachaka - masika ndi nthawi yophukira. M'mwezi wa Meyi-Juni, nthawi yozizira (mpaka masentimita 5) ndipo ubweya wonyezimira umagwera pang'ono, malaya atsopano achilimwe amapezeka pansi pake (1.5-2.5 cm). Mu Seputembala, osakhazikika ayambanso kukulira ndi chikuto cholimba komanso chotentha.
Kodi mbawala imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dzeren antelope
Zinyama zaku Mongolia zimakhala kumapiri a China, Mongolia. Pakati paulendo, amalowa m'mapiri a Altai - Chuy Valley, dera la Tyva ndi gawo lakumwera kwa Eastern Transbaikalia. Ku Russia, pakadali pano pali malo amodzi okha a artiodactyls - gawo la Daursky Reserve. Dzeren Tibetan ndi wocheperako pang'ono msinkhu kuposa wachibale waku Mongolia, koma wokhala ndi nyanga zazitali komanso zowonda. Habitat ku China - Qinghai ndi Tibet, ku India - Jamma ndi Kashmir. Mitunduyi sichimasonkhana ngati ziweto, posankha zigwa zamapiri ndi mapiri amiyala kuti akhalemo.
Dzeren Przewalski amakhala m'malo achilengedwe kum'mawa kwa Chipululu cha China Ordos, koma anthu ambiri ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya mchere ya Kukunor ku China. M'zaka za zana la XVIII. Nyama zankhondo zaku Mongolia zimakhala ku Transbaikalia kudera lonselo. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamazo zimasamukira kumpoto mpaka kukafika ku Nerchinsk, ndikulowa m'nkhalango pakagwa chipale chofewa, ndikudutsa mapiri okhala ndi nkhalango. Nyengo yawo yanthawi zonse m'malo amenewa imatha kuweruzidwa ndi mayina osungidwa omwe ali ndi mayina a nyama (Zeren, Zerentui, ku Buryat dzeren - zeren).
M'zaka za zana la XIX. malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa antelopes ku Transbaikalia zatsika kwambiri. Izi zidathandizidwa ndikuwonongedwa kwakukulu pakusaka komanso kufa kwawo m'nyengo yachisanu. Zosamuka ku China ndi Mongolia zidapitilira mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Nthawi yankhondo, makumi anayi, nyama za nyamazi zinkakololedwa posowa gulu lankhondo. Zaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi, kugulitsa kwaulere zida zosakira komanso kupha nyama mwangozi kunathetsa ziweto zonse ku Transbaikalia, Altai ndi Tyva.
Kodi mbawala imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Dzerens ku Transbaikalia
Chakudya chachikulu cha antelope ya mbuzi ndi udzu wa steppes, m'malo okhala bwinobwino. Zakudya zawo zimasiyana pang'ono ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
M'chilimwe, izi ndi mbewu zambewu:
- wamiyendo yopyapyala;
- wansembe;
- nthenga udzu;
- nthenga udzu;
- njoka.
Mabala, cinquefoil, anyezi odziwika bwino, tansy, hodgepodge, chowawa, nyemba zingapo amadya mosavuta. Gawo la zakudya limakhala ndi mphukira za caragan ndi prutnyak zitsamba. M'nyengo yozizira, kutengera malo okhalamo, gawo lalikulu pamgulu la antelope aku Mongolia limagwera pazitsamba, udzu wa nthenga kapena chowawa. Chowawa chimakonda, chimakhalabe chopatsa thanzi kuposa mbewu zina zonse m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo chimakhala ndi zomanga thupi zambiri.
Ngakhale kuti nyama zadzaza kwambiri, palibe chisokonezo cha udzu mumtsinje, chifukwa ng'ombe sizikhala malo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali. M'chilimwe, imatha kubwerera kumalo ake akale pambuyo pa masabata 2-3, komanso munthawi yozizira - patatha miyezi ingapo kapena zaka. Munthawi imeneyi, chivundikiro chaudzu chimakhala ndi nthawi yobwezeretsa. Mimbulu imaluma kokha pamwamba pa udzu, ndikupangitsa kumera kwake ndi masamba ena.
Nyama izi zimamwa pang'ono, kukhutira ndi chinyezi chochokera muudzu. Ngakhale akazi nthawi yobereka samapita kumalo othirira kwa sabata limodzi kapena awiri. Kudyetsa madzi tsiku lililonse kwa nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika ndikofunikira nthawi yachilimwe-nthawi yophukira, pomwe kulibe chipale chofewa, ndipo zomera za steppe zimakhala zowuma. M'nyengo yozizira, gwero la chinyontho ndi ayezi kapena chipale chofewa; nyengo yotentha, iyi ndi mitsinje, mitsinje ngakhale nyanja zamchere.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Antelope a ku Siberia
Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya nyama izi masana imachitika madzulo, m'mawa kwambiri ndi theka loyamba la tsiku. Amagona masana, komanso theka lachiwiri la usiku. Zimakhala zovuta kuti agwape agonjetse madera achisanu, kuyenda pamtunda. Pa ayezi, miyendo yawo imagawanika, pomwe amayenda m'magulu akuluakulu, mothandizana. Dzerens samalandira chakudya pansi pa chisanu; ngati chivundikirocho chili choposa masentimita 10, amapita kumadera ena.
Chakumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi, ana omwe amalemera makilogalamu 3.5 - 4 amapezeka mgululi. Amadzuka pamapazi ola limodzi atabadwa, koma kwa masiku atatu oyamba amagona mumthunzi waudzu. Akazi panthawiyi amadyetsa kutali kuti asakope nyama zowononga, koma amakhala okonzeka nthawi zonse kuthana ndi nkhandwe kapena chiwombankhanga. Ana amadzuka pokhapokha akamadyetsa. Ngati pakadali pano kuukira kumachitika, anawo amathawira koyamba kwa omwe amawathamangitsa ndi amayi awo, kenako nkugwa ndikuikidwa m'manda.
Ngakhale ana amphongo amalandira mkaka wa amayi mpaka miyezi 3 - 5, amayesa udzu sabata yoyamba. Pakadutsa masiku 10 mpaka 12, nyamazo zimachoka pamalo oberekera limodzi ndi ana obadwa kumene. M'chilimwe, ziweto zambiri zomwe zimakula zimadutsa malo ochepa. Kusuntha koteroko kumalepheretsa kudyetsa msipu. Pofika nthawi yozizira, mbali ina ya anyamatawo amakhala atasiyana kale ndi amayi, koma ena amapitilizabe kukhala nawo pafupi mpaka nthawi yotsatira itabereka. Ndipo kwakanthawi, amuna achikulire sawalola kuyandikira azimayi awo.
Pofika nthawi yophukira, kusamukira kwina kukukulira, nyama zina zimatsalira m'malo odyetserako ziweto nthawi yotentha, ndipo zotsalazo zimapitabe patsogolo, ndikulanda dera lalikulu. Kusamuka kwa Marichi kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono, ziweto zimasonkhana m'malo amodzimodzi chaka chilichonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphoyo ya ku Mongolia
Dzerens amasunga ng'ombe zazikulu mpaka zikwi zitatu, nambalayi imakhala milungu ingapo. Asanabadwe komanso asanasamuke, ng'ombe zingapo zimagawika m'magulu akulu mpaka zikwi makumi anayi. Nthawi ndi nthawi amagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi yamvula, komanso masika, nthawi yobereka, koma gulu la nkhosalo limasonkhana pambuyo pozizira m'deralo.
Ziweto zimasakanizidwa ndi kugonana komanso zaka, koma nthawi yophukira, magulu opangidwa ndi amuna okhaokha amawoneka. Pa nthawi yobereka, timagulu ting'onoting'ono tazimayi tomwe timakhala ndi ana komanso tiomwe timapezeka. Pakati pa nthawi yovutitsa, anthu ammudzi amagawika m'magulu, pomwe wamkulu ndiye wamwamuna, pali ofunsira osakwatiwa ndi gulu la ziweto lomwe silimachita nawo masewera olowerera.
Kuweta m'malo akuluakulu kumakhala ndi zinthu zabwino:
- pogwiritsa ntchito msipu;
- pa kusamuka;
- pothawa adani;
- chitetezo cha kudyetsa ndi kupumula;
- podutsa chipale chofewa ndi ayezi.
Atsogoleri a mbawala ndi akazi achikulire, atha kukhala angapo. Zikakhala zoopsa, gululo limagawika, ndipo mtsogoleri aliyense amatenga mbali ya abale ake. Zazikazi zimayamba kuthana ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ndipo amuna amakula msinkhu zaka ziwiri ndi theka. Amuna achikulire nthawi zonse samalola achinyamata kutenga nawo mbali pamasewera olimbirana. Kugonana kwa amuna kumayamba kudziwonetsera theka lachiwiri la Disembala ndikupitilira mpaka koyambirira kwa Januware.
Dzerens ndi mitala, amuna amakwatirana ndi anthu angapo. Oimira olimba kwambiri amatha kukhala ndi akazi 20-30 kudera lawo. Masana, kuchuluka kwawo kumatha kusintha, ena amamenyedwa, ena amachoka kapena amabwera mwa kufuna kwawo.
Mimbulu ya mbuzi imadziwika ndikubwerera kudera limodzi. Nthawi yoyamba akazi amabweretsa ana azaka ziwiri. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku 190. Nthawi yobereka m'gulu la ziweto imakhala yochepera mwezi, pachimake, pomwe 80% ya akazi imabereka, imatenga pafupifupi sabata.
Adani achilengedwe a mbawala
Chithunzi: Dzeren Red Book
Mphaka wa Pallas, ferrets, nkhandwe, ziwombankhanga ndizoopsa kwa ana ang'onoang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, ziwombankhanga za golide zimatha kusaka achikulire, koma nkhandwe ndiye mdani wawo wamkulu. M'nyengo yotentha, mimbulu imakonda kulimbana ndi mphalapala za mbuzi, chifukwa nyamazi zimatha kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimadya nyama yakuda. M'nyengo yotentha, gulu lalikulu la mphesa limagawika pakati, kulola kuti nyamayo idutse. M'chaka, mtundu wodwala kapena wovulala umatha kukhala nkhandwe.
Nthawi yobereka, mimbulu imasamaliranso ana awo ndipo siyisunthira patali, yomwe ili pafupi ndi kasupe wamadzi, pomwe agwape samabwera kubowola masiku angapo. Ana obadwa kumene amatha kukhala mimbulu yosavuta ngati malo awo okhala ali pafupi ndi dera lomwe gulu la ziweto likubereka. Poterepa, banja limodzi limatha kudya ana a ng'ombe okwana asanu patsiku.
M'dzinja ndi masika, ogwidwa ndi imvi amadikirira mabowo othirira, omwe ndi ochepa m'mapiri opanda chipale chofewa. Amuna amatha kugwidwa mano a nkhandwe nthawi yamadzulo, mu Disembala, ndikufooketsa anthu - koyambirira kwamasika, mu Marichi. Zowononga zimagwiritsanso ntchito kusaka mwa njira yozungulira, pamene nyama ziwiri zimayendetsa gulu kuti zibisalire, komwe gulu lonse la nkhandwe likuyembekezera antelope.
Chosangalatsa cha mitundu iyi ya artiodactyls: pakuwona zoopsa, zimatulutsa mawu ndi mphuno zawo, ndikuwuzira mwamphamvu mpweya. Komanso, mbawala zimalumpha kwambiri kuti ziwopsyeze adani ndikupondaponda mapazi awo, ndikuthawira pokhapokha ngati pali chiwopsezo china m'moyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbawala ya Zabaikalsky
Pafupifupi zikwi khumi ndi mitundu ya Tibetan ya antelopes. Dzeren Przewalski ndi osowa - pafupifupi anthu chikwi. Mazi aku Mongolia ali ndi anthu opitilira 500 zikwi, malinga ndi magwero ena - mpaka miliyoni. Ku Transbaikalia, zitatha mitundu yonse ya artiodactyls mzaka za m'ma 70s zapitazo, kubwezeretsa anthu kudayamba.
Mu Daursky Reserve, anayamba kuswana nyama kuyambira 1992. Mu 1994, malo otetezedwa "Dauria" adapangidwa, okhala ndi mahekitala opitilira 1.7 miliyoni. Pakatikati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi, panali kuchuluka kwakukula pakati pa goitre antelope ku Central ndi Western Mongolia. Anayamba kubwerera kumadera awo akale ndikulitsa madera awo osamukira ku Transbaikalia. Kuwunika kwa zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera kuzowona za zinyama izi kum'mawa kwa Mongolia kwawonetsa kuti anthu kumeneko atsika kwambiri pazaka 25 zapitazi.
Zifukwa zodabwitsazi zinali:
- yogwira yogwira chuma mobisa;
- kumanga misewu m'malo osamukira kwa artiodactyls;
- ntchito zaulimi;
- kufalikira kwakanthawi kwa matenda chifukwa chakuchepa kwa adani achilengedwe.
Nyengo zovuta kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000 zidapangitsa kuti antelope aku Mongolia asamukire ku Russia. Ena mwa iwo adatsalira kukhala ku Trans-Baikal steppes, m'chigawo cha nyanja za Torey. Tsopano malo okhala pansi m'malo awa ndiopitilira 5.5 zikwi m2. Chiwerengero chawo ndi pafupifupi 8 zikwi, ndipo panthawi yosamuka ku Mongolia imafika 70 zikwi.
Dzeren alonda
Chithunzi: Dzeren
Malinga ndi zisonyezo zoyerekeza za IUCN Red List, kusungidwa kwa mbawala yaku Mongolia mdera la Russia akuphatikizidwa mgulu loyamba la Red Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Komanso, nyamayi imaphatikizidwa ndi Red Data Books za Tyva, Buryatia, Altai ndi Transbaikalia. Antelope akuti awaphatikizire mu mtundu watsopano wa Red Book waku Russia. Ku Mongolia, nyamayo imakhala mdera lalikulu, chifukwa chake, pa IUCN Red List, ili ndi mitundu yazinthu zomwe sizimadetsa nkhawa.
Kuletsedwa kwa kusaka artiodactyl m'dziko lathu kunakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 30 za m'zaka zapitazi, koma kusasunga kunayambitsa kutha kwa mitunduyo. Kubwezeretsa kwa mbawala ku Transbaikalia kunayamba ndikulimbikitsa chitetezo ndi ntchito zambiri zamaphunziro pakati pa anthu. Chifukwa cha izi, zinali zotheka kusintha malingaliro am'deralo kwa antelope, anasiya kuwonedwa ngati akunja omwe adalowa kwakanthawi kuchokera kumadera ena.
Dziko la mbawala ku Russia limafunikira chisamaliro chapadera ndikuwunika mosalekeza, zomwe zingalole kuzindikira kwakanthawi kwa anthu. Pachifukwa ichi, mapulogalamu apadera owunikira ndi kuwongolera nyama apangidwa kale ndipo akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mbalame yamphongo ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya nyama zopaka ziboda; siziwopsezedwa kuti zitha padziko lonse lapansi. Kukhalapo kwa mitundu iyi padziko lapansi sikuyambitsa nkhawa, koma Mbawala imamvera misonkhano ina yamayiko ndi mgwirizano. Ntchito zopitiliza maphunziro zithandizira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nyama izi m'malo omwe kale ankakhala m'dera la Russia.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 12:43
