Iyi ndiye katsamba kakang'ono kokha kamene kamakhala pamwamba pamapiri, pomwe matalala osatha amakhala mwakachetechete. Palibe chifukwa chomwe mutu wovomerezeka "Snow Leopard" udalandiridwa ndi okwera omwe adakwanitsa kugonjetsa mapiri asanu odziwika a Soviet Union.
Kufotokozera za kambuku wa chisanu
Uncia uncia, yemwe amakhala kumapiri aku Central Asia, amatchedwanso kuti kambuku kapena chipale chofewa... Amalonda aku Russia adabwereka mawu omaliza m'mawu oyamba a "irbiz" kuchokera kwa osaka a ku Turkic m'zaka za zana la 17, koma patangopita zaka zana limodzi nyama yokongolayi "idadziwitsidwa" kwa azungu (mpaka pano pachithunzichi). Izi zidachitika mu 1761 ndi a Georges Buffon, omwe adatsagana ndi zojambulazo ndi mawu akuti Kamodzi (kambuku wa chisanu) amaphunzitsidwa kusaka ndipo amapezeka ku Persia.
Malongosoledwe asayansi ochokera ku wasayansi wachijeremani a Johann Schreber adawonekera pambuyo pake, mu 1775. Kwa zaka mazana angapo zotsatira, nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa adaphunziridwa ndi akatswiri odziwika bwino a zinyama ndi apaulendo, kuphatikizapo Nikolai Przhevalsky wathu. Mwachitsanzo, paleogenetics apeza kuti kambuku wa chisanu ndi wamtundu wakale womwe udalipo padziko lapansi zaka pafupifupi 1.4 miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe
Ndi mphaka wamkulu, wofanana ndi kambuku, koma wocheperako komanso wowoneka bwino. Pali zizindikiro zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa nyalugwe ndi kambuku: mtunda wautali (3/4 thupi) mchira wokulirapo ndi mawonekedwe apadera a rosettes ndi mawanga. Nyalugwe wachikulire wachikulire amakula mpaka 2-2.5 m (kuphatikiza mchira) wokhala ndi kutalika kofota kwa mamitala 0,6. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa akazi ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 45 mpaka 55, pomwe kulemera kwake kumasiyana pakati pa 22-40 kg.
Kambuku wa chisanu ali ndi mutu waung'ono, wozungulira wokhala ndi makutu amfupi, ozungulira. Alibe ngayaye, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira makutu awo amakwiriridwa ndi ubweya wakuda. Nyalugwe wachipale chofewa ali ndi maso owoneka bwino (kuti agwirizane ndi malaya) ndi 10-sentimita vibrissae. Miyendo yocheperako imakhala pamapazi akulu akulu okhala ndi zikhadabo zochotseka. Komwe kambuku wa chisanu adadutsa, pamakhala njanji zozungulira zopanda zikhadabo. Chifukwa cha malaya ake owirira komanso ataliatali, mchira umawoneka wokulirapo kuposa momwe uliri, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kambuku wa chisanu ngati balancer polumpha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kambuku wa chisanu amakhala ndi ubweya wakuda bii komanso wofewa, womwe umatenthetsa nyamazi m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Tsitsi kumbuyo kwake limafika 55 mm. Potengera kulimba kwa malayawo, nyalugwe wachipale chofewa samayandikira kwakukulu, koma amphaka ang'onoang'ono.
Kumbuyo ndi mbali zakumtunda kwa mbalizo zimapangidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira (wokhala ndi zoyera), koma mimba, mbali zam'mimbazi zam'miyendo ndi m'munsi mwake nthawi zonse zimakhala zopepuka kuposa kumbuyo. Mtundu wapaderawo umapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza ma rosettes akuluakulu amkati (mkati mwake momwe mumakhala timadontho tating'onoting'ono) ndi mawanga akuda / amdima olimba. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono amakongoletsa mutu wa kambuku wa chisanu, zikuluzikulu zimagawidwa pakhosi ndi miyendo. Kumbuyo kwakumbuyo, malo owonekera amasandulika kukhala mabala pomwe mawanga amaphatikizana, ndikupanga mikwingwirima yayitali. Pa theka lachiwiri la mchira, mawanga nthawi zambiri amatsekera mphete yosakwanira, koma nsonga ya mchira kuchokera pamwamba ndi yakuda.
Ubweya wa dzinja nthawi zambiri umakhala wotuwa, wokhala ndi pachimake chosuta (chowonekera kwambiri kumbuyo ndi mbali), nthawi zina ndi kusakanikirana kwa chikasu... Mtundu uwu udapangidwa kuti ubise kambuku wa chisanu pakati pa ayezi, miyala yakuda ndi chisanu. Pofika chilimwe, chiyambi chachikulu cha ubweya chimatha kukhala choyera, pomwe mawanga akuda amawonekera bwino. Nyalugwe achichepere achichepere nthawi zonse amakhala akuda kwambiri kuposa abale awo achikulire.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ichi ndi nyama yomwe imakonda kusungulumwa: zazikazi zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala ndi mphaka wokulirapo zimapanga magulu ofanana. Nyalugwe aliyense wachisanu amakhala ndi chiwembu chake, chomwe dera lake (m'malo osiyanasiyana) limayambira 12 km² mpaka 200 km². Nyama zimayika malire a gawo lawo lenileni ndi zonunkhira, koma osayesa kuteteza izi pomenya nkhondo. Akambuku a chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri amasaka mbandakucha kapena dzuwa lisanalowe, nthawi zambiri masana. Amadziwika kuti akambuku a chisanu omwe amakhala m'mapiri a Himalaya amapita kukasaka madzulo.
Masana, nyamazo zimapuma pamiyala, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito phanga kwa zaka zingapo. Nyumbayi nthawi zambiri imakhazikika m'miyala ndi m'mapanga, pakati pamiyala, yomwe imakonda kubisala pansi pamiyala yayikulu. Owona ndi maso akuti adawona akambuku a chipale chofewa ku Kyrgyz Alatau, atatsamira pamitsinje yaying'ono m'zisa za mbalame zakuda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Irbis nthawi ndi nthawi imadutsa malo ake, kuyang'ana m'misasa / msipu wa nyama zopanda ungwiro ndikutsatira njira zodziwika bwino. Nthawi zambiri njira yake (ikatsika kuchokera kumapiri kupita kuchigwa) imadutsa m'mbali mwa phiri kapena mumtsinje / mtsinje.
Chifukwa cha kutalika kwakutali kwa njirayo, kupatutsidwa kumatenga masiku angapo, zomwe zimafotokozera kuwoneka kochepa kwa chilombocho nthawi imodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, chisanu chakuya komanso chosasunthika chimachedwetsa kuyenda kwake: m'malo amenewa kambuku wa chisanu amapanga misewu yokhazikika.
Kodi irbis amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Zadziwika kuti kuthengo, akambuku a chipale chofewa amakhala zaka pafupifupi 13, ndipo amakhala otalikirapo kuwirikiza kawiri m'malo osungira nyama. Pafupifupi zaka zokhala ndi moyo mu ukapolo ndi zaka 21, koma mlandu udalembedwa pomwe nyalugwe wachikazi wachisanu amakhala ndi zaka 28.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Irbis imadziwika ngati mitundu yokhayo yaku Asia, yomwe mitundu yake (yokhala ndi dera lokwana 1,23 miliyoni km²) imadutsa m'mapiri aku Central ndi South Asia. Gawo lazofunika kwambiri za kambuku wa chipale chofewa limaphatikizapo mayiko monga:
- Russia ndi Mongolia;
- Kyrgyzstan ndi Kazakhstan;
- Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan;
- Pakistan ndi Nepal;
- China ndi Afghanistan;
- India, Myanmar ndi Bhutan.
Mwachilengedwe, malowa amachokera ku Hindu Kush (kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan) ndi Syr Darya kupita ku Southern Siberia (komwe imakhudza Altai, Tannu-Ola ndi Sayan), kuwoloka Pamir, Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun, Kashmir ndi Himalaya. Ku Mongolia, kambuku wa chipale chofewa amapezeka ku Mongolian / Gobi Altai komanso m'mapiri a Khangai, ku Tibet mpaka kumpoto kwa Altunshan.
Zofunika! Russia imangokhala ndi 2-3% yapadziko lonse lapansi: awa ndi zigawo zakumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa malo okhala mitundu. M'dziko lathu, madera okwanira anyalugwe a chipale chofewa akuyandikira 60,000 km². Nyamayo imapezeka mdera la Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Buryatia, Khakassia, Republic la Altai komanso kumapiri a Sayan Akummawa (kuphatikiza mapiri a Munku-Sardyk ndi Tunkinskie Goltsy).
Irbis saopa mapiri ataliatali ndi matalala osatha, kusankha mapiri otseguka, malo otsetsereka / otsetsereka ndi zigwa zazing'ono zokhala ndi zomera za m'mapiri, zomwe zimaphatikizana ndi mapiri amiyala ndi milu yamiyala. Nthawi zina nyama zimamamatira kumadera ena okhala ndi zitsamba ndi scree, zomwe zimatha kubisala kuti zisayang'ane. Nthawi zambiri akambuku a chipale chofewa amakhala pamwamba pamalire a nkhalangoyi, koma nthawi ndi nthawi amalowa m'nkhalango (nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira).
Zakudya za kambuku wachipale chofewa
Chilombocho chimagwira nyama mosavuta katatu kulemera kwake. Ungulates amakhala ndi chidwi chanthawi zonse ndi kambuku wa chisanu:
- nyanga zamapiri ndi mbuzi za ku Siberia;
- Argali;
- nkhosa zamphongo zamtambo;
- zotengera ndi zotengera;
- argali ndi anyani;
- musk agwape ndi nswala;
- serau ndi mbawala zamphongo;
- nguluwe zakutchire ndi nswala.
Ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa nyama zakutchire, kambuku wa chisanu amasunthira nyama zazing'ono (agologolo agulu ndi ma pikas) ndi mbalame (pheasants, zikopa za chipale chofewa, ndi chukots). Pakakhala kuti palibe chakudya wamba, chimatha kugunda chimbalangondo chofiirira, komanso kuwononga ziweto - nkhosa, akavalo ndi mbuzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wodya nyama wamkulu amadya makilogalamu 2-3 a nyama nthawi imodzi. M'chilimwe, chakudya cha nyama chimakhala chosadya pang'ono pomwe akambuku a chisanu ayamba kudya udzu ndi mphukira zokula.
Nyalugwe wa chisanu amasaka yekha, kuyang'ana ma ungulates pafupi ndi mabowo othirira, kunyambita kwa mchere ndi njira: kulumpha kuchokera kumwamba, kuchokera kuphompho, kapena kukwawa kuseli kwa malo okhala. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yachisanu ikayamba, akambuku a chipale chofewa amapita kukasaka m'magulu aakazi ndi ana awo. Nyamayo imadumpha pothawa pamene mtunda pakati pa iye ndi nyamayo wachepetsedwa mokwanira kuti ufike pamenepo ndikulumpha kwamphamvu zingapo. Ngati chinthucho chimachoka, kambuku wa chisanu amataya chidwi chake nthawi yomweyo kapena amagwera kumbuyo, atathamanga mita 300.
Nyalugwe zikuluzikulu za chipale chofeŵa nthawi zambiri amazigwira pakhosi kenako n’kumakolowola kapena kuswa khosi. Nyama imakokedwa pansi pa thanthwe kapena kumalo obisalako, komwe mungadye mwakachetechete. Ikadzaza, imaponya nyama, koma nthawi zina imakhala pafupi, ikuyendetsa obisalira, mwachitsanzo, miimba. Ku Russia, chakudya cha kambuku wa chipale chofewa chimakhala ndi mbuzi zam'mapiri, nswala, argali, mphalapala ndi mphalapala.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ndizovuta kwambiri kuwona moyo wa kambuku wa chisanu kuthengo, komwe kumafotokozedwa ndi kachulukidwe kochepa komanso malo okhala mitunduyo (matalala, mapiri komanso kutalikirana kwambiri ndi anthu). Mosadabwitsa, ofufuza sanatulukirebe zinsinsi za kambuku wa chipale chofewa, kuphatikiza mbali zambiri zakubala kwake. Amadziwika kuti nyengo yokhwima mu nyama imatseguka kumapeto kwa dzinja kapena koyambirira kwamasika. Munthawi yamakedzana, yamphongo imamveka ngati bass meow.
Mkazi amabweretsa ana kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse, atanyamula anawo kuyambira masiku 90 mpaka 110... Malo obisalamo akukonzekeretsa m'malo osavuta kufikako. Pambuyo pogonana bwino, wamwamuna amusiya mnzakeyo, ndikumayika nkhawa zake zonse zokulera ana pa iye. Amphaka amabadwa mu Epulo - Meyi kapena Meyi - Meyi - Juni (nthawiyo imadalira dera lamtunduwo).
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu zinyalala, monga lamulo, pali ana awiri kapena atatu, pang'ono pang'ono - anayi kapena asanu. Pali zambiri zokhudza ana ambiri, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi misonkhano ndi mabanja a anthu 7.
Ana obadwa kumene (kukula kwa mphaka woweta) amabadwa akhungu, opanda chodzitetezera komanso okutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda lofiirira lokhala ndi mawanga olimba. Pakubadwa, mphaka amalemera osapitirira 0,5 makilogalamu ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 30. Maso amatsegulidwa pakatha masiku 6-8, koma amayesa kukwawa m'dzenje asanakwane miyezi iwiri. Kuyambira zaka izi, mayi amayamba kuwonjezera mbale zoyamba nyama poyamwitsa.
Pofika miyezi itatu, amphaka amatsatira kale amayi awo, ndipo pakapita miyezi 5-6 amamutsata akamapita kukasaka. Wogulitsayo amayang'aniridwa ndi banja lonse, koma ufulu woponya mwachangu umatsalira ndi mkazi. Kukula kwachichepere kumadzilamulira pawokha osati koyambirira kwa masika otsatira. Kukula msanga kwa akambuku a chisanu kumadziwika ngakhale pambuyo pake, ali ndi zaka 3-4.
Adani achilengedwe
Kambuku wa chisanu, chifukwa cha mtundu wake, amakwezedwa pamwamba pa piramidi yazakudya ndipo alibe mpikisano (potengera chakudya chofananacho) kuchokera kuzilombo zazikulu. Kudzipatula kwina kwa malo okhala kumateteza akambuku a chipale chofewa kwa adani achilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Malinga ndi World Wildlife Fund, tsopano pali anyalugwe ochokera ku 3.5 mpaka 7.5 zikwi za chipale chachilengedwe, ndipo pafupifupi 2 zikwi zina amakhala ndi kuswana m'malo osungira nyama.... Kuchuluka kwakuchepa kwa anthu kudachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusaka mosaloledwa kwa ubweya wa nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa, chifukwa chake kambuku wa chisanu amadziwika kuti ndi tating'onoting'ono, osowa komanso omwe ali pangozi.
Zofunika! Osaka nyama mozemba amafunabe akambuku a chipale chofewa, ngakhale kuti m'maiko onse (komwe amapita) chilombocho chimatetezedwa ku boma, ndipo kupanga kwake ndikoletsedwa. M'buku la Red Book of Mongolia kuyambira 1997, kambuku wachipale chofewa adatchulidwa kuti ndi "wosowa kwambiri", ndipo mu Red Book of the Russian Federation (2001) mitunduyo idapatsidwa gawo loyamba monga "yowonongeka pamalire ake."
Kuphatikiza apo, kambuku wa chipale chofewa adaphatikizidwa mu Annex I ya Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna / Flora. Ndi mawu ofanana, kambuku wa chisanu (yemwe ali m'gulu loteteza kwambiri EN C2A) akuphatikizidwa mu 2000 IUCN Red List. Malo osamalira zachilengedwe omwe akuyang'anira kayendedwe ka ubweya waubweya akugogomezera kuti njira zotetezera zamoyo zomwe zili pansi sizikukwaniritsidwa mokwanira. Kuphatikiza pa izi, palibe mapulogalamu a nthawi yayitali oteteza kambuku wa chisanu.
