Chimbalangondo chakuda cha Himalaya chimadziwikanso kuti mwezi, Ussuri, kapena chifuwa choyera. Izi ndizoyimira zakutchire zamtunduwu, makamaka zosinthidwa ndi moyo wopambanitsa.
Kufotokozera za chimbalangondo choyera
Morphologically, mawonekedwewo amafanana ndi mtundu wina wa chimbalangondo choyambirira.... Malinga ndi asayansi, ndiye kholo la "zimbalangondo" zambiri, kupatula panda ndi zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino. Ngakhale, makamaka, imayimilidwa ndi nyama zodyerako ziweto, zina zomwe zitha kuwonetsa kuzunza anthu ndi nyama zomwe zalengeza kuti zikuwasaka.
Maonekedwe
Chimbalangondo cha ku Asiya chili ndi mphuno yakuda komanso yopyapyala, chibwano choyera komanso chigamba choyera pamphumi. Makutu akulu kwambiri, otumphuka a chimbalangondo cha mawere oyera ndi owoneka ngati belu. Kutalika kwa mchira ndi masentimita 11. Kutalika kwa phewa la chimbalangondo chachikulire ndi 70-100 cm, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 120-190, kutengera kugonana ndi msinkhu wa nyama. Amuna akuluakulu amalemera pakati pa 60 ndi 200 kg, ndikulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 135. Zazikazi zazikulu zimalemera pakati pa 40-125 kg. Makamaka zikuluzikulu zimafika makilogalamu 140.
Zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asia ndizofanana ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, koma zimakhala ndi thupi lopepuka zokhala ndi thupi loyenda kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Milomo ndi mphuno za chimbalangondo cha Himalayan ndizokulirapo komanso zoyenda kwambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zofiirira. Chigaza cha chimbalangondo chakuda ndi chochepa, koma chachikulu, makamaka mdera la nsagwada. Imayambira 311.7 mpaka 328 mm kutalika ndi 199.5-228 mm m'lifupi. Pomwe chachikazi ndi 291.6-315 mm kutalika ndi 163-173 mm mulifupi. Ngakhale chinyama chimakhala chodyera, mawonekedwe a chigaza si ofanana ndi kapangidwe ka chigaza cha pandas. Ali ndi nsidze zocheperako, timapepala totsalira, ndipo minofu yakanthawi ndi yolimba komanso yolimba.
Ndizosangalatsa!Pafupifupi, zimbalangondo zazikulu za ku Himalaya ndizochepa pang'ono kuposa zimbalangondo zakuda zaku America, koma makamaka zazikulu zazikulu zimatha kupitirira kukula kwa mitundu ina. Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro amtundu wa chimbalangondo cha Himalaya ndiabwino kwambiri kuposa a chimbalangondo chofiirira.
Chimbalangondo cha Himalaya chili ndi kapangidwe kake kakapangidwe kake, ngakhale ataduka miyendo yake yakumbuyo, imatha kukwerabe pamtengo pogwiritsa ntchito zokhazokha zakumbuyo. Ili ndi thupi lakumtunda lamphamvu kwambiri komanso miyendo yakumbuyo yofooka kuposa mitundu yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali ikuimirira pansi. Ngakhale zikhadabo za m'miyendo yakutsogolo ya chimbalangondo cha mawere oyera ndi zazitali pang'ono kuposa zamiyendo yakumbuyo. Izi ndizofunikira kukwera mitengo ndikukumba.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asiya zimachokanso, ngakhale zimakonda kubwera kunyumba za anthu usiku. Amatha kukhala m'mabanja achikulire awiri ndi ana awiri motsatizana. Zimbalangondo za Himalayan ndizokwera bwino, zimakwera mapiri kukabisalira adani, kusaka, kapena kungopuma. Malinga ndi Ussuriysk Territory, zimbalangondo zakuda zimathera mpaka 15% ya nthawi yawo mumitengo. Amathyola nthambi ndi nthambi kuti ayeretse malo odyetsera ndi ogona. Zimbalangondo zakuda za Himalaya sizibisalira.
Ndizosangalatsa!Zimbalangondo zimakonza mapanga awo pakati pa Okutobala ndipo zimagona mmenemo kuyambira Novembala mpaka Marichi. Maenje awo amatha kupangika mkati mwa mitengo yopanda pake, mapanga kapena mabowo apansi, zipika zopanda pake, kapena pamapiri otsetsereka a mapiri ndi dzuwa.
Zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asia zimamveka mosiyanasiyana... Amang'ung'udza, akufuula, amakalipa, ndipo amatha. Phokoso lapadera limatulutsidwa panthawi yamantha komanso mkwiyo. Amalira mokweza akamatumiza machenjezo kapena kuwopseza, ndikufuula akamamenya nkhondo. Pakufika zimbalangondo zina, zimatulutsa malilime ndi "chimbudzi" kwinaku zikukopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Kodi zimbalangondo za Himalaya zimakhala motalika bwanji?
Amakhala ndi moyo kuthengo ndi zaka 25, pomwe chimbalangondo chakuda chakuda ku ukapolo chidamwalira ali ndi zaka 44.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Amapezeka kwambiri ku Himalaya, kumpoto kwa Indian Subcontinent, Korea, Northeast China, Russia Far East, Honshu ndi Shikoku, zilumba za Japan, ndi Taiwan. Zimbalangondo zakuda nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana, m'zipululu. Nthawi zambiri samakhala pamwamba pa 3700 m ku Himalaya nthawi yachilimwe, ndikutsika mpaka 1500 m m'nyengo yozizira.
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimakhala mbali yaying'ono kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Iran kum'mawa kudzera ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, m'munsi mwa mapiri a Himalaya ku India, ku Myanmar. Kupatula ku Malaysia, zimbalangondo zakuda zimapezeka m'maiko onse akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Sanapezeke m'chigawo chapakati chakum'mawa kwa China, ngakhale ali ndi gawo logawika kumwera ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Amatha kuwona kum'mwera kwa Russia Far East komanso ku North Korea. Ambiri mwa iwo ali ku South Korea. Zimbalangondo zoyera zakuda zimapezekanso ku Japan, kuzilumba za Honshu ndi Shikoku, komanso ku Taiwan ndi Hainan.
Palibe kuyerekezera kosatsimikizika ponena za kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asia. Japan yasonkhanitsa deta ya anthu 8-14,000 omwe amakhala ku Honshu, ngakhale kudalirika kwa izi sikunatsimikizidwe mwalamulo. Chiwerengero cha anthu a WGC ku Russia - 5,000-6,000. Mu 2012, Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku Japan udalemba kuchuluka kwa anthu 15,000-20,000. Kuyerekeza kochulukirapo, popanda chidziwitso, kunapangidwa ku India ndi Pakistan, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu 7,000-9,000 ku India ndi 1,000 ku Pakistan.
Zakudya za zimbalangondo za Himalaya
Mwachibadwa, zimbalangondo zoyamwitsa zoyera ndizabwino kwambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zofiirira, koma zowononga kuposa zimbalangondo zakuda zaku America. Mosiyana ndi ma pandas, chimbalangondo chokhala ndi mawere oyera sichimangodalira kupezeka kwa chakudya chochepa kwambiri. Amakhala wokonda kudya kwambiri komanso wopanda miyambo, amakonda zakudya zopatsa thanzi pang'ono pang'ono. Amadya mokwanira, kuwaika m'madontho amafuta, pambuyo pake amapita mwamtendere nthawi yoperewera chakudya. Nthawi zakusowa, zimayendayenda m'zigwa zam'mitsinje kuti zizitha kulandila mtedza ndi mbozi za tizilombo ku mitengo yovunda.
Ndizosangalatsa!Zimbalangondo zakuda za Himalayan ndizabwino kwambiri. Amadyetsa tizilombo, kafadala, mphutsi, chiswe, zovunda, mazira, njuchi, mitundu yonse ya zinyalala zazing'ono, bowa, zitsamba, maluwa ndi zipatso. Amadyanso zipatso, njere, mtedza ndi mbewu.
Kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Juni, adzawonjezera zakudya zawo ndi zomera zobiriwira komanso zipatso. Kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala, zimbalangondo zamtunduwu zimakwera mitengo kuti zidye yamatcheri a mbalame, ma cones, mipesa ndi mphesa. Nthawi zambiri, amadya nsomba zakufa nthawi yobereka, ngakhale izi zimaimira kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri pazakudya zawo kuposa za Brown Bear. Zimakhala zolusa kuposa zimbalangondo zofiirira zaku America ndipo zimatha kupha osatulutsa, kuphatikiza ziweto, pafupipafupi. Nyama zakutchire zitha kuphatikizira nswala za muntjac, nguluwe zakutchire ndi njati zazikulu. Chimbalangondo cha bere loyera chimatha kupha pomuthyola khosi wovulalayo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pakati pa Sikhote-Alin, nyengo yoberekera zimbalangondo zakuda imayamba koyambirira kuposa zimbalangondo zofiirira, kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti.... Kubadwa kumakhalanso koyambirira - pakati pa Januware. Pofika Okutobala, kuchuluka kwa chiberekero cha mayi wapakati kumakula mpaka 15-22 mm. Chakumapeto kwa Disembala, mazirawo amalemera magalamu 75. Litala lakale lachikazi limapezeka pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Nthawi zambiri, chimbalangondo chimachira kwa zaka 2-3 kuchokera pakubadwa.
Amayi apakati nthawi zambiri amakhala 14% ya anthu. Kuberekera kumachitika m'mapanga kapena m'mabowo a mitengo m'nyengo yozizira kapena koyambirira kwamasika pambuyo pathupi masiku 200-240. Ana amatulutsa magalamu 370 pobadwa. Pa tsiku lachitatu, amatsegula maso awo, ndipo tsiku lachinayi amatha kusuntha okha. Zinyalala akhoza kukhala ndi ana 1-4. Ali ndi pang'onopang'ono kukula. Pofika Meyi, makanda amafikira makilogalamu 2.5 okha. Amakhala odziyimira pawokha pakati pa miyezi 24 ndi 36 yazaka.
Adani achilengedwe
Zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asia nthawi zina zimatha kumenyana ndi akambuku ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira. Amalimbananso ndi akambuku ndi maphukusi a mimbulu. Mphaka wa ku Eurasian ndi nyama yoopsa kwambiri yomwe imadyetsa ana a mabere oyera. Zimbalangondo zakuda zimakonda kulamulira nyalugwe zakum'mawa chifukwa chakumenyana m'malo okhala msipu, pomwe akambuku amalamulira m'malo otseguka, ngakhale zotsatira zakukumana koteroko zimadalira kwambiri kukula kwa nyama iliyonse. Akambuku amadziwika kuti amasaka ana a zimbalangondo osakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Akambuku amasakanso zimbalangondo zakuda. Alenje aku Russia nthawi zambiri amatha kukumana ndi mitembo ya zimbalangondo zoyamwa zoyera zomwe zili ndi kambuku kakang'ono kolusa panjira. Potsimikizira, pafupi ndi zotsalazo titha kuwona ndowe za akambuku.
Pofuna kuthawa, zimbalangondo zimakwera pamwamba pamitengo kudikirira kuti nyamayo izitopa ndi kuchoka. Nyalugwe, nayenso amatha kunamizira kuti wachoka, kudikirira kwinakwake kutali. Akambuku nthawi zonse amasaka zimbalangondo zazing'ono, pomwe achikulire nthawi zambiri amamenya nkhondo.
Zimbalangondo zakuda, monga lamulo, zimasunthira kumalo otetezedwa ndi akambuku ali ndi zaka zisanu. Oyamwa mawere oyera ndi omenya nkhondo molimba mtima. Jim Corbett nthawi ina adawonera chithunzi cha chimbalangondo cha Himalaya chithamangitsa kambuku, ngakhale chidutswa chakumutu kwake chadulidwa komanso chovulala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
IUCN imadziwika kuti ndi "Ovutitsidwa", makamaka chifukwa chodula mitengo komanso kusaka ziwalo zofunika kwambiri. Chimbalangondo chakuda cha ku Asia chidalembedwa ngati nyama yotetezedwa ku China. Amatetezedwanso ku India, koma chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa kusinthaku, omutsutsawo ndi ovuta kuweruza. Komanso, ku Japan kuli zimbalangondo zakuda zoyamwitsa zoyera. Kuphatikiza apo, kupitilizabe kusowa kwa njira zabwino zotetezera zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Japan. Zimbalangondo zoyamwitsa zoyera zimaphatikizidwa Buku Lofiira Russia, monga mtundu wosowa womwe umatetezedwa mwapadera ndikuletsa kuwasaka. Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Book of Vietnam.
Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikoopseza kwambiri malo okhala achi China akuda... Pofika koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mtundu wa chimbalangondo chakuda udachepetsedwa kukhala 1/5 ya dera lomwe lidalipo mpaka ma 1940. Anthu akutali amakumana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe komanso majini. Komabe, kusodza ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu kwambiri zakusowa kwawo kosayembekezereka. Chifukwa mapesi a chimbalangondo chakuda, khungu ndi ndulu ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri. Komanso, zimbalangondo za Himalaya zimawononga malo olimapo - minda ndi minda yoweta njuchi.
Zofunika!Komanso ku India kuzembera chimbalangondo chakuda kwachuluka, ndipo ku Pakistan, akuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Ngakhale kupha chimbalangondo kumadziwika ku Japan konse, palibe zochepa zomwe akuluakulu aboma akuchita kuti athetse vutoli. Kupha "tizirombo tating'onoting'ono" kumachitika kuno chaka chonse kuti tiwonjezere zokolola. Mabokosi otchera akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira 1970 kuti awagwire. Akuyerekeza kuti mtsogolomo kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zowonongedwa kuyenera kuchepa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa asaka akale achikhalidwe komanso kukula kwa achinyamata achichepere, osakonda kusaka.
Ngakhale zimbalangondo zakuda zakhala zikutetezedwa ku Russia kuyambira 1983, kupha nyama moperewera, komwe kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo mumsika waku Asia, kukupitilizabe kuwopseza anthu aku Russia. Ogwira ntchito aku China ndi aku Korea omwe akuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga matabwa akuchita nawo malonda osavomerezeka. Amalinyero ena aku Russia akuti ndizotheka kugula chimbalangondo kwa osaka nyama kuti akagulitse ku Japan ndi ku Southeast Asia. Makampani a nkhalango akukula mofulumira ku Russia, zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri chimbalangondo chakuda cha ku Asia. Kudula mitengo yokhala ndi zibowo kumachotsa zimbalangondo zakuda malo awo okhala. Izi zimawakakamiza kuyika malo awo pansi kapena pamiyala, potero zimawapangitsa kukhala osatetezeka ku akambuku, zimbalangondo zofiirira, komanso alenje.
Kudula mitengo kudalephera kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa chimbalangondo chakuda cha ku Taiwan, ngakhale kuti mfundo zatsopano zosamutsira umwini wa malo am'mapiri kuchokera kuboma kukhala zofuna zawo zikukhudza anthu ena okhala kutsika, makamaka kum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Ntchito yomanga msewu watsopano wodutsa pakati pa zimbalangondo nawonso ndiwopseza.
South Korea idakhalabe amodzi mwa mayiko awiri okha omwe amalola kuti zimbalangondo zakuda zizisungidwa... Monga tafotokozera mu 2009, pafupifupi zimbalangondo 1,374 zimakhala m'mafamu 74 a zimbalangondo, momwe zimasungidwa kuti ziziphedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe aku Asia.
