Mbalame ya Steppe yokhala ndi Turkey - uku ndikutanthauzira koperekedwa ndi Vladimir Dal ku liwu loti "drakhva" (aka bustard) mudikishonale yofotokozera ya chilankhulo chachikulu chachi Russia.
Kufotokozera kwa bustard
Otis tarda (bustard, yemwenso amadziwika kuti dudak) amaimira banja la Bustard lofanana ndi Crane ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zolemera kwambiri zouluka. Wamphongo amakula kukula ngati nkhuku ndipo amalemera kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa wamkazi... Unyinji wamwamuna wamwamuna ndi 7-16 kg wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 1.05 m, pomwe akazi amalemera pafupifupi 4-8 kg ndi kutalika kwa 0.8 m.
Mitundu iwiri ya bustard ikufotokozedwa:
- Otis tarda tarda - European bustard;
- Otis tarda dubowskii - East Siberia wopita patsogolo.
Maonekedwe
Ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ili ndi chifuwa chachikulu ndi khosi lakuda. Imasiyana ndi mitundu ina yamitundumitundu yopanda nthenga makamaka m'miyeso yake yochititsa chidwi monga mitundu yake yosiyana siyana ndi miyendo yolimba yopanda mapiko (yosinthidwa poyenda pansi).
Nthengayo imasakanikirana ndi mitundu yofiira, yakuda ndi imvi, komanso yoyera, momwe m'mimba, pachifuwa, pansi ndi kumbuyo kwamapiko zimapakidwa utoto. Mutu ndi khosi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotuwa phulusa (zokhala ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri kum'mawa). Pamwambapo pamakhala nthenga zofiira kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa. Mapiko oyendetsa ndege yoyamba nthawi zonse amakhala ofiira, amtundu wachiwiriwo ndi abulauni, koma ndi mizu yoyera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pofika masika, amuna onse amakhala ndi makola achimake ndi masharubu. Zomalizazi ndi zofinya za nthenga zolimba ngati ulusi wautali kuyambira pansi pamlomo mpaka mbali. Mwa "masharubu" amuna amawoneka mpaka kutha kwa chilimwe.
Mosasamala nthawi ya chaka, akazi amabwereza mitundu yophukira / yozizira yamphongo. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mlomo wonyezimira komanso maso akuda, komanso miyendo yayitali, yamphamvu ya utoto wobiriwira. Mwendo uliwonse uli ndi zala zitatu. Mchira ndi wautali, wozungulira kumapeto. Mapiko otambalala ndi 1.9-2.6 m. Bustard imanyamuka ndi khama, koma imathamanga mofulumira, kutambasula khosi ndikunyamula miyendo yomwe siyidutsa kumapeto kwa mchira... Mapiko a mapikowo sanafulumire, kulola munthu kuti awone minda yayikulu yayikulu ndi nthenga zakuda zouluka.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Bustard amadzuka masana. M'mawa ndi madzulo, amapeza chakudya, ndipo masana amadzipangira tulo, atagona pansi pamthunzi waudzu. Ngati thambo laphimbidwa ndi mitambo ndipo mpweya kuli ozizira mokwanira, bustard imapuma yopuma masana ndipo imadyetsa popanda zosokoneza. Kunja kwa nyengo yakubereketsa, ma dudak amakhala m khamu lalikulu, nthawi zambiri gulu lachiwerewere, lomwe limafikira anthu zana limodzi.
Nthawi zina, anyamata achichepere, osakhwima amadziwika m'magulu azimayi. Bustard, mosiyana ndi kireni, salola kuti miyendo yake / mulomo wake ulowe kuti amasuke pansi ndikuyambitsa zinyalala. Mbalameyi imayenda pang’onopang’ono ndi kumata maudzu, ikumangodya zokhazokha zodyedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri imasiya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Imagwira nyama zazing'ono ndikumenyetsa mwachangu mlomo wake, ndikuponyera mutu wake patsogolo. Masewera othawa amakhala ndi kulumpha mwachangu, kugwedeza kapena kumaliza pansi musanameze.
Bustard amayenda m'mlengalenga masana okha. Kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa malowa kumakhala pansi, kum'maŵa ndi kumpoto kumapangitsa kusuntha kwakanthawi ndipo kumawerengedwa kuti akusamuka / pang'ono. Nthawi zina imagonjetsa maulendo ataliatali wapansi, ndipo imachoka m'nyengo yozizira mochedwa (osati koyambirira kwa Okutobala - Novembala), ikusonkhana m'magulu angapo a mbalame mazana angapo. Dudaki molt kawiri pachaka: nthawi yophukira, pomwe nthenga zimasinthiratu, komanso masika (nyengo isanakwane), pomwe nthenga zing'onozing'ono zimangosintha.
Ndi ma bustard angati amakhala
Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri azakuthambo adawona, bustard amakhala m'malo achilengedwe kwazaka pafupifupi 20.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Madera okhala bustard abalalika m'malo osiyanasiyana a kontinenti ya Eurasia, ndipo anthu ochepa okha amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Morocco (Africa). Pali zambiri, komabe, kuti anthu aku Africa atha kale. Ku Eurasia, uwu ndi kumwera kwa chilumba cha Iberia, Austria, Slovakia ndi kumwera kwa Bohemia. Great bustard amapezeka pafupi ndi Gomel, ku Chernigov, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza ndi Samara madera akumwera kwa Bashkiria.
Mitunduyi imakhala ku Western Siberia, mpaka ku Barnaul ndi Minusinsk, kumwera kwa mapiri a Sayan Kum'mawa, madera otsika a Upper Angara, chigwa cha Khanka ndi chigwa cha Zeya wotsika. Kum'mwera, malowa amafikira ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, zigawo za Asia Minor, madera akumwera a Azerbaijan ndi kumpoto kwa Iran. Mbalamezi zinakhazikika kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian ndikupitanso kumunsi kwa Urals, Irgiz, Turgai ndi madera akum'mawa a Kazakhstan.
Bustard amakhala ku Tien Shan, komanso kumwera, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Tajikistan, komanso kumadzulo, mpaka ku Karatau. Kum'mawa kwa Tien Shan, malowa amaphimba malire akumpoto a Gobi, phazi la Greater Khingan kumwera chakumadzulo, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chigawo cha Heilongjiang komanso kumwera kwa Primorye.
Zofunika! Kusiyana pakati pa madera akum'mwera ndi azungu kumayendera Altai. Anthu aku Turkey ndi ku Europe amakonda kukhazikika, kum'mawa (steppe) zimawuluka nyengo yachisanu, posankha Crimea, kumwera kwa Central Asia ndi dera la Caspian, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amalankhula zakusintha kwachilengedwe kwamitunduyi, kutengera kufalikira kwa magawidwe ake. Zatsimikizika kuti ma bustards aphunzira kukhala ndi kuberekana m'malo omwe asinthidwa ndi anthu pafupifupi osazindikirika.
Malo oyambilira a Dudak amadziwika kuti ndi dambo lakumpoto kwa steppes... Masiku ano ma bustards amakonda udzu wamtali wamtali (makamaka nthenga) udzu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo athyathyathya, okhala ndi mapiri pang'ono (okhala ndi zomera zazitali, koma osati zowirira), kupewa zigwembe, zigwa, mapiri otsetsereka komanso malo amiyala. Bustards chisa, monga lamulo, m'chigwa, nthawi zina chimakhazikika m'mapiri.
Zakudya zabwino kwambiri za bustard
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi chakudya chambiri chambiri, chomwe chimaphatikizapo nyama ndi mbewu, zomwe kuchuluka kwake kumakhudzidwa ndi msinkhu komanso jenda la bustard, komwe amakhala komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Akuluakulu amafunitsitsa kudya masamba, mphukira, inflorescence ndi mbewu zazomera zamtchire monga:
- dandelion, nthula yam'munda, khungwa la mbuzi, kubzala nthula, wamba, kulaba;
- dambo ndi zokwawa clover, sainfoin, nandolo ndi nyemba (kufesa);
- kufesa ndi radish kumunda, kugwiriridwa, kabichi wam'munda, turnips, mpiru wakuda;
- mbuzi ndi fescue;
- mapulani osiyanasiyana.
Nthawi zina imasinthira mpaka kumizu yaudzu - umbelliferae, grassgrass, ndi anyezi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndikusowa kwazomera wamba, bustard imayamba kudya kovuta, mwachitsanzo, mphukira. Koma ulusi wolimba wa beets nthawi zambiri umayambitsa kufa kwa mbalame chifukwa chodya chakudya.
Kapangidwe ka chakudya cha ziweto chikuwoneka motere:
- akulu / mphutsi za dzombe, ziwala, njuchi ndi chimbalangondo;
- kafadala / mphutsi za zikumbu zapansi, zikumbu zakufa, Colorado kafadala, kafadala wamdima, kafadala wamasamba ndi ma weevils;
- mbozi za agulugufe ndi nsikidzi (osowa);
- nkhono, mbozi zapansi ndi nsidze;
- abuluzi, achule, anapiye akumlengalenga ndi mbalame zina zisa pansi;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- nyerere / ziboliboli zochokera ku mtundu wa Formica (zodyera anapiye).
Ma bustards akulu sangachite popanda madzi: nthawi yotentha amauluka kupita kudzenje lothirira, nthawi yozizira amakhala okhutira ndi chipale chofewa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Anthu osamukira kudziko lina amabwerera kudziko lakwawo kukasungunuka chipale chofewa, ndikuyamba kuyenda phompho likangouma. Amayenda m'magulu (osamenya nkhondo) komanso osagwirizana, posankha malo otseguka komwe mungayang'anire malowa.
Mmodzi wamwamuna mpaka 50 m m'mimba mwake. Panopa nthawi yake imagwirizana ndi kutuluka kwa dzuwa, koma nthawi zina zimachitika dzuwa lisanalowe kapena masana. Dudak yonyamula amatambasula mapiko ake, ndikuponyera kumbuyo khosi lake, ikuphwanya pakhosi pake, ikukoka masharubu ake ndikuponyera mchira wake kumbuyo kwake. Mwamuna wachikondi wachisangalalo amawoneka ngati mtambo woyera womwe umawoneka ngati "mbalame" wamba pambuyo pa masekondi 10-15.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akazi obwera kapena obwera kumene samapanga magulu okhazikika. Mu bustards, zonse polyandry ndi polygyny zimawonedwa, pamene "okwatirana" ndi "akwatibwi" amakwatirana ndi anzawo osiyanasiyana.
Zisa kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, kukonza zisa pamalo opanda kanthu, nthawi zina kuziphimba ndi udzu. Makulitsidwe a mazira (2-4), komanso kulera ana, wapatsidwa kwa mayi: abambo agwirizane mu ziweto ndi amasamukira ku malo postnuptial molting.
Anapiye amaswa mu Meyi - Juni, patatha milungu itatu kapena inayi yakusakaniza... Kuwomba pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo kumatuluka mu chisa, koma samachisiya: apa amayi awo amawadyetsa. Amayamba kufunafuna chakudya m'masiku asanu, osasiya kudyetsa amayi kwa milungu ina iwiri. Achinyamata amakhala ndi mapiko pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, osasiya amayi awo mpaka nthawi yophukira, ndipo nthawi zambiri mpaka masika. Nthenga yomaliza yozizira / yobereketsa imawoneka m'mapiri osapitilira zaka 4-6 mofanana ndi kubereka, komwe kumachitika mwa akazi azaka 2-4, ndipo mwa amuna azaka 5-6.
Adani achilengedwe
Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimasakidwa ndi zilombo zolusa zapadziko lapansi ndi nthenga:
- ziwombankhanga;
- chiwombankhanga chagolide;
- mphungu yoyera;
- manda;
- nkhandwe, kuphatikizapo steppe;
- mbira ndi mmbulu;
- steppe ferret;
- amphaka / agalu osochera.
M'madera opangidwa mwamphamvu ndi anthu, zoopsazi zimawopseza ana ndi zotchinga za dudak. Zisa nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi madambo komanso zotchinga m'munda, nkhandwe, agalu, akhungubwe, akhwangwala otuwa / akuda ndi ma rook. Omalizawa adasinthidwa kuti azitsatira zida zakumunda, ndikuwopseza ana kuchokera ku zisa zawo, zomwe ndizomwe rooks amagwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, anapiye ndi mazira amakhala agalu osochera mosavuta.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mpaka zaka za zana la 20, bustard inali yofala, ikukhala kudera lalikulu la mapiri a Eurasia. Tsopano mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ili pangozi, ndipo mbalameyi imaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Books za mayiko angapo komanso International Union for Conservation of Nature, komanso kutetezedwa ndi misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zofunika! Zifukwa zakutha kwa mitunduyi ndizopanda chidwi - kusaka kosalamulirika, kusintha kwa malo okhala, ntchito za makina azolimo.
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, bustard ija yawonongedweratu ku France, Scandinavia, Poland, England, Balkan ndi Morocco. Amakhulupirira kuti kumpoto kwa Germany kuli mbalame pafupifupi 200, ku Hungary ndi madera oyandikana ndi Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic ndi Romania - pafupifupi 1300-1400 Dudaks, ndi ku Iberia Peninsula - anthu ochepera 15 zikwi.
Ku Russia, bustard adatchedwa masewera "achifumu", akumagwira mochuluka mothandizidwa ndi mbalame zosaka. Tsopano mu danga la Soviet Union anthu pafupifupi 11,000 adalembetsedwa, omwe ndi mbalame 300-600 zokha (zomwe zimakhala ku Buryatia) zomwe zili m'mayikowa. Kuti apulumutse mitunduyi, malo osungira nyama zamtchire ndi nkhokwe apangidwa ku Eurasia, ndipo kuswana kwa mbalame zam'mlengalenga kwayamba ndikubwezeretsanso m'malo omwe adasamukira kale. Ku Russia, malo ofanana adatsegulidwa mdera la Saratov.
