Odya ma net ndi mayina a asodzi a silika ndi asodzi kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean. Nyama zolusa zimasaka tuna mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti zimabowola mosavuta nsomba.
Kufotokozera za silk shark
Mitunduyi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Florida, silky and wide-mouthed shark, idadziwitsidwa padziko lapansi ndi akatswiri azamoyo ku Germany a Jacob Henle ndi Johann Müller mu 1839. Anapatsa mtunduwo dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Carcharias falciformis, pomwe falciformis amatanthauza chikwakwa, pokumbukira kasinthidwe ka zipsepse zam'mimba ndi zakumbuyo.
Nsomba ya epithet "silika" idapeza chifukwa cha khungu lake losalala modabwitsa (motsutsana ndi khungu la nsombazi), lomwe nkhope yake imapangidwa ndimiyeso yaying'ono ya placoid. Ndi zazing'ono kwambiri kotero kuti zimawoneka kuti palibe kwina kulikonse, makamaka mukamayang'ana nsombazi zikusambira padzuwa, pomwe thupi lake limanyezimira ndi imvi zotuwa.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Nsombazi zimakhala ndi thupi locheperako lomwe lili ndi mphuno yayitali, yomwe ili ndi khola losaoneka kutsogolo... Maso ozungulira, apakatikati amakhala ndi zotupa zonyezimira. Msinkhu wa silk shark umangokhala wa 2.5 m, ndipo mitundu yosawerengeka yokha imakula mpaka 3.5 m ndikulemera pafupifupi matani 0.35. M'makona am'kamwa mooneka ngati chikwakwa, ma grooves afupipafupi osonyezedwa. Mano otentha kwambiri a nsagwada zapamwamba amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu ndi mawonekedwe apadera: pakatikati pa nsagwada, amakula molunjika, koma amadalira kumakona. Mano a nsagwada yakumunsi ndi yosalala, yopapatiza komanso yowongoka.
Silk shark ili ndi mapaipi asanu a gill slits of a length and a high caudal fin yokhala ndi tsamba locheperako. Mapeto a lobe wapamwamba amakhala pang'ono kumapeto kwa chimaliziro choyamba. Zipsepse zonse za sickle shark (kupatula zoyambilira zoyambirira) zimakhala zakuda pang'ono kumapeto, zomwe zimawonekera kwambiri mwa nyama zazing'ono. Pamwamba pakhungu pamakhala ndi masikelo a placoid, iliyonse yomwe imabwereza mawonekedwe a rhombus ndipo imapatsidwa chingwe ndi dzino kumapeto kwake.
Msana nthawi zambiri umapaka utoto wakuda kapena wamtundu wakuda wagolide, mimba ndi yoyera, mikwingwirima yowoneka pambali. Shark atamwalira, thupi lake limatha msanga ndipo limafota mpaka imvi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nsomba za silika zimakonda nyanja yotseguka... Amakhala achangu, okonda kudziwa zambiri komanso amwano, ngakhale sangapikisane ndi chilombo china chomwe chimakhala pafupi - shaki wamphamvu komanso wodekha wamapiko ataliatali. Nsomba za silky nthawi zambiri zimakhamukira m'magulu, opangidwa mwina kukula kapena jenda (monga Pacific Ocean). Nthawi ndi nthawi, nsombazi zimakonza zodula zakunja, kutsegula pakamwa pawo, kutembenukira kunzake ndikuwuluka.
Zofunika! Pakakhala chinthu chokongola, sharkle shark siziwonetsa chidwi chake, koma imayamba kuzungulira mozungulira, nthawi zina ikutembenuza mutu wake. Nsomba za silika zimakondanso kuyendera pafupi ndi zida zam'madzi ndi zipika.
Ichthyologists adawona chodabwitsa kumbuyo kwa asaki (omwe sanathe kuwamasulira) - nthawi ndi nthawi amathamangira kuchokera kuzama mpaka kumtunda, ndipo akafika ku cholinga chawo, amatembenuka ndikuthamangira kwina. Nsomba za silika zimakonda kucheza ndi nyundo zamkuwa, zimalowa m'sukulu zawo, ndipo nthawi zina zimakonza mipikisano yazinyama zam'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti kamodzi nsonga yoyera, 25 chikwakwa ndi 25 shaki zofiirira zakuda adatsata sukulu yayikulu ya ma dolphin a botolo ku Nyanja Yofiira.
Kukula kwa nsombazi ndi mano ake akuthwa (ndimphamvu yoluma ya 890 Newtons) zikuyimira chiwopsezo chenicheni kwa anthu, ndipo kuwukira anthu osiyanasiyana kwalembedwa mwalamulo. Zowona, palibe milandu yambiri yotere, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndi maulendo osowa a shark kupita kuzama. Nsomba zoyendetsa ndege ndi quark zimakhala limodzi mwamtendere ndi nsombazi. Woyamba amakonda kuyenda pamafunde opangidwa ndi nsombazi, pomwe wachiwiri amatola zotsalira za chakudya chake, komanso amapaka pakhungu la nsombazi, kuchotsa tiziromboti.
Kodi nsombazi zimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Akatswiri ofufuza zaumulungu apeza kuti moyo wa nsombazi wa silika womwe umakhala m'malo otentha ndi otentha ndiosiyana pang'ono. Shark zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ofunda zimakula msanga ndikutha msinkhu. Komabe, nthawi yayitali yamoyo (mosasamala komwe kuli ziweto) ndi zaka 22-23.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Silk shark imapezeka paliponse, pomwe madzi a m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi amatenthedwa kuposa + 23 ° C. Poganizira momwe moyo umayendera, akatswiri azachipatala amasiyanitsa mitundu 4 ya asaka achikwere omwe amakhala m'mitsinje ingapo yamchere, monga:
- gawo lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic;
- kum'mawa kwa Pacific;
- Indian Ocean (kuchokera ku Mozambique kupita ku Western Australia);
- madera apakatikati ndi akumadzulo a Pacific Ocean.
Silk shark imakonda kukhala m'nyanja yotseguka, ndipo imawoneka pafupi komanso pamwamba komanso pakatikati mpaka 200-500 m (nthawi zina zochulukirapo). Akatswiri omwe awona nsombazi kumpoto kwa Gulf of Mexico komanso kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean adapeza kuti gawo la mkango nthawiyo (99%) ya adaniwo adasambira pamadzi okwanira 50 m.
Zofunika! Sharkle shark nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi chilumbachi / alumali kapena pamakona akuya a coral. Nthawi zina, nsombazi zimakhala pachiwopsezo cholowa m'madzi am'mbali, omwe kuya kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 18 m.
Shark shark ndiwothamanga komanso othamanga: ngati kuli kotheka, amasonkhana m'magulu akulu (mpaka anthu 1,000) ndipo amayenda mtunda wotalika (mpaka 1,340 km). Kusamuka kwa ma sharkle shark sikunaphunzire mokwanira panobe, koma zimadziwika, mwachitsanzo, kuti nsomba zina zimasambira pafupifupi 60 km patsiku.
Zakudya za Silk Shark
Kutalika kwa nyanja sikudzaza nsomba kotero kuti nsombazi zimazipeza popanda khama.... Kuthamanga kwabwino (kuchulukitsidwa ndi kupirira), kumva mwachidwi komanso kununkhiza kumamuthandiza kufunafuna masukulu owuma a nsomba.
Nsombazi zimasiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zambiri zam'madzi zomwe zimamveka pafupipafupi, nthawi zambiri zimatulutsidwa ndi mbalame kapena nyama za dolphin zomwe zapeza nyama. Lingaliro la kununkhira limathandizanso kwambiri, kupatula pomwe sharki wa silky sangapeze njira yolimba m'madzi am'nyanja: chilombocho chimatha kununkhiza nsomba yomwe ili pamtunda wa mamitala mazana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chisangalalo chachikulu kwambiri chamtundu wa shark chomwe chimachitikira ku tuna. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zingapo zamathambo ndi ma cephalopods amagwera patebulo la zenga shark. Kuti athetse njala mwachangu, nsombazi zimayendetsa nsomba m'masukulu ozungulira, ndikudutsamo zitatsegula pakamwa.
Chakudya cha silk shark (kupatula tuna) chimaphatikizapo:
- sardines ndi mackerel wamahatchi;
- mullet ndi mackerel;
- zowononga ndi nyanja zam'madzi;
- ma anchovies owala ndi ma katrans;
- nsomba ya makerele ndi eel;
- nsomba za hedgehog ndi triggerfish;
- squids, nkhanu ndi argonauts (octopus).
Nsombazi zingapo zimadyera pamalo amodzi nthawi imodzi, koma iliyonse imawukira, osangoyang'ana abale. Dolphin wokhala ndi botolo amadziwika kuti amapikisana nawo pachakudya cha sharkle shark. Komanso akatswiri a ichthyologists apeza kuti mtundu uwu wa nsombazi sazengereza kudya mitembo ya nsomba.
Kubereka ndi ana
Monga nthumwi zonse za mtundu waimvi, sharkle shark imakhalanso ya viviparous. Akatswiri azachipatala amaganiza kuti imafalikira chaka chonse, kupatula ku Gulf of Mexico, komwe kukwatirana / kubadwa kumachitika kumapeto kwa masika kapena chilimwe (nthawi zambiri Meyi mpaka Ogasiti).
Akazi onyamula ana kwa miyezi 12 amabereka chaka chilichonse kapena chaka chilichonse. Akazi okhwima ogonana amakhala ndi ovary imodzi (kumanja) ndi chiberekero cha 2 chogwira ntchito, chogawika kutalika kukhala zipinda zodziyimira pawokha mluza uliwonse.
Zofunika! The placenta, kudzera amene mwana wosabadwayo amalandira zakudya, ndi chopanda yolk sac. Zimasiyana ndi ma placentas a zina zotchedwa viviparous shark ndi nyama zina zakuthupi chifukwa minofu ya mluza ndi mayiyo sizigwirana konse.
Kuphatikiza apo, maselo ofiira a amayi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa "makanda". Pakubadwa, zazikazi zimalowa m'mphepete mwa miyala, pomwe mulibe nsombazi komanso chakudya chambiri. Nsomba za silika zimabweretsa 1 mpaka 16 shark (nthawi zambiri - kuyambira 6 mpaka 12), ndikukula ndi 0.25-0.30 m mchaka choyamba cha moyo wake. Patapita miyezi ingapo, achinyamatawo amapita kunyanja yakuya, kutali ndi komwe adabadwira.
Kukula kwakukulu kumawonedwa mu shark kumpoto kwa Gulf of Mexico, komanso otsika kwambiri mwa anthu omwe akulima madzi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Taiwan. Ichthyologists awonetsanso kuti kuzungulira kwa moyo wa shaki wosalala sikudziwika kokha ndi malo okhala, komanso ndi kusiyana kwakugonana: amuna amakula mwachangu kwambiri kuposa akazi. Amuna amatha kubereka ana ali ndi zaka 6-10, pomwe akazi sanapitirire zaka 7-12.
Adani achilengedwe
Nsomba za silika sizimagwidwa m'mazinyo a shaki zikuluzikulu ndi anamgumi opha... Poyembekezera kusintha kumeneku, oimira achichepere amtunduwu amalumikizana m'magulu angapo kuti adziteteze kwa mdani yemwe angakhalepo.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Nsombazi
- Nsomba za shark
- Shaki yopanda pake
- Whale shark
Ngati kugundana sikungapeweke, nsombazi zimawonetsa kukonzeka kumenya nkhondo pomenyetsa msana wake, ndikukweza mutu ndikugwetsa zipsepse / mchira wake. Kenako chilombocho chimayamba kuyenda mwadzidzidzi, osayiwalanso kutembenukira kumbali kuti chibweretse zoopsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano pali umboni wambiri wosonyeza kuti nsomba za silika m'nyanja zikuchepa. Kutsika kumafotokozedwa ndi zinthu ziwiri - kukula kwa malonda ndi kuthekera kochepa kwakubala kwa mitunduyo, komwe kulibe nthawi yobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zambiri (monga nsomba zam'madzi) zimafera mumaneti omwe amaponyedwa pa nsomba ya shaki.
Nsomba za silika zimasakidwa makamaka chifukwa cha zipsepse zawo, kutanthauza khungu, nyama, mafuta ndi nsagwada za nsagwada. M'mayiko ambiri, chikwakwa cha shark amadziwika kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri posodza pamalonda ndi zosangalatsa. Malinga ndi Food and Agriculture Organisation ya United Nations, mu 2000 chiwonetsero chonse cha silk shark chinali matani zikwi 11.7, ndipo mu 2004 - matani zikwi 4.36 okha. Mkhalidwe wosavomerezeka uwu ukhoza kuwonekeranso m'malipoti amchigawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa chake, akuluakulu aku Sri Lankan adalengeza kuti mu 1994 nsomba za silky shark zinali matani zikwi 25.4, zitatsika mpaka matani 1.96 zikwi mu 2006 (zomwe zidapangitsa kugwa kwamisika yakomweko).
Zowona, si asayansi onse omwe adaganiza kuti njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic ndi Gulf of Mexico ndizolondola.... Ndipo makampani asodzi aku Japan omwe akugwira ntchito m'nyanja ya Pacific / Indian sanazindikire kuchepa kulikonse pakupanga kuyambira m'ma 70s mpaka 90s azaka zapitazi.
Komabe, mu 2007 (chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa International Union for the Conservation of Nature), silk shark adapatsidwa udindo watsopano padziko lonse lapansi - "pafupi ndi malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo." Kudera lachigawo, makamaka, kum'mawa / kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean komanso kumadzulo / kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Central Atlantic, mitunduyo ili ndi "chiopsezo".
Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe akuyembekeza kuti ntchito yomaliza yomaliza ku Australia, United States ndi European Union athandizire kuteteza sharkle shark. Mabungwe akuluakulu awiri apanga njira zawo zowunikira kuwunika kwa asodzi kuti achepetse kugwidwa kwa nsomba za silika:
- Inter-American Commission yokhudza kusamalira nsomba zotentha;
- Commission yapadziko lonse lapansi yosamalira nsomba za Atlantic.
Komabe, akatswiri amavomereza kuti palibe njira yophweka yochepetsera kugwirabe mpaka pano. Izi ndichifukwa chakusunthika kwakanthawi kwamitundu yokhudzana ndi mayendedwe a tuna.
