South America ndiyotchuka chifukwa cha mitundu yake yazomera komanso nyama. Ndipamene, m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, momwe mumakhala tamarins - m'modzi mwa oimira odabwitsa kwambiri anyani. Chifukwa chiyani zili zodabwitsa? Choyamba - ndi mawonekedwe ake owala, osaiwalika. Anyaniwa amasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wowoneka bwino kotero kuti amawoneka ngati zolengedwa zokongola kuposa nyama zenizeni.
Kufotokozera kwa tamarins
Tamarins ndi anyani ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala m'nkhalango zamvula za New World... Ndi a banja la ma marmosets, omwe oimira awo, monga ma lemurs, amadziwika kuti ndi anyani ochepera padziko lapansi. Zonsezi, mitundu yoposa khumi ya tamarini imadziwika, yomwe imasiyana mosiyanasiyana mtundu waubweya wawo, ngakhale kukula kwa anyaniwa kumathanso kusiyanasiyana.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa matamara kumangokhala kuyambira 18 mpaka 31 cm, koma nthawi yomweyo kutalika kwa mchira wawo wowonda kwambiri ndikofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi ndipo kumatha kufikira masentimita 21 mpaka 44. Mitundu yonse ya anyani ang'onoang'onowa amadziwika ndi mitundu yowala komanso yosazolowereka. Mtundu waukulu waubweya wawo wofewa komanso wandiweyani ukhoza kukhala wachikasu-bulauni, wakuda kapena woyera. Palinso anthu omwe ali ndi ubweya wa mithunzi yagolide ndi yofiira.
Monga lamulo, ma tamarini siamtundu umodzi; amasiyana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazithunzi zodabwitsa kwambiri komanso mitundu yowala kwambiri. Amatha kukhala ndi miyendo yopyapyala, "masharubu" oyera kapena akuda, "nsidze" kapena "ndevu." Mwachitsanzo, tamarini wina, wamapewa agolide, amakhala ndi utoto wodabwitsa mwakuti patali angaoneke ngati mbalame zowala kwambiri kuposa anyani.
Zoyamwa za nyama zodabwitsa izi zimatha kukhala zopanda ubweya kapena zokulira ndi ubweya. Matamarini, kutengera mtundu womwe akukhalamo, atha kukhala ndi "masharubu" ndi "ndevu" zobiriwira komanso nsidze.
Mitundu yambiri ya anyaniwa imadziwika ndikuchuluka pamutu, m'khosi ndi m'mapewa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a mkango wamphongo. Pali mitundu yopitilira khumi yam tamarins... Nawa ena mwa iwo:
- Tamarin wachifumu. Mbali yayikulu ya nyani wamng'onoyu wopanda magalamu opitilira 300 ndi ndevu zake zoyera, zazitali komanso zobiriwira, zopindika pansi, mosiyana kwambiri ndi utoto wakuda wakuda. Mitunduyi idatchedwa dzina lofananira ndi Kaiser waku Germany Wilhelm II, yemwenso amadziwika ndi masharubu okongola.
- Tamarin wofiira. Mwa anyani awa, mtundu waukulu wa malaya ndi wakuda kapena wabulauni. Koma miyendo yawo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo imakhala yojambulidwa mumthunzi wachikaso wofiira kwambiri wachikuda ndi utoto waukulu wa malayawo. Makutu amtunduwu ndi akulu komanso otumphuka, amafanana ndiomwe amakhala.
- Tamarin wakuda wakuda. Mtundu waukulu wa malaya ndi wakuda kapena wakuda. Sacram ndi ntchafu zamtunduwu zimapangidwa ndi utoto wowala wofiira-lalanje, ndipo mphuno ndiyoyera. Pangakhalenso mawanga oyera pamimba.
- Tamarin wamutu wofiirira. Imafanana ndi cham'manja, kupatula kuti ilinso ndi "nsidze" zoyera. Mtundu wa ubweya wa anyaniwa umakhalanso wosiyana. Ngati ubweya wamankhwala akuda ndi wamfupi, ndiye kuti amtundu wa bulauni amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali, amapanga mane ndi zokoma zambiri. Alinso ndi mawonekedwe am'makutu osiyana: m'makutu am'mbali yakuda, ndi akulu, ozungulira komanso otuluka, pomwe okhala ndi mitu ya bulauni ndi ocheperako ndipo amaloza m'mwamba.
- Tamarin wamapewa agolide. Ili ndi utoto wowala kwambiri komanso wowoneka bwino. Mutu wake ndi wakuda, mphuno yake ndi yoyera, khosi ndi chifuwa chake zajambulidwa ndi golide kapena zonona, ndipo kumbuyo kwa thupi lake ndi kotuwa kwa lalanje. Miyendo yakutsogolo imakhala yakuda, yamtundu wofiirira mpaka m'zigongono.
- Tamarin wofiira. Mtundu waukuluwo ndi wakuda, womwe umayikidwa ndi khungu lowala lalanje pamimba ndi pachifuwa ndi chikwangwani choyera mozungulira mphuno.
- Oedipus tamarin. Chovala pamapewa ndi kumbuyo kwa anyani amenewa ndi bulauni, mimba ndi ziwalo zimapakidwa kirimu wotumbululuka kapena utoto wachikaso. Mchira wautali uli ndi utoto wofiyira pafupi ndi tsinde, pomwe kumapeto kwake umakhala wakuda. Mbali yayikulu yakunja yamatamarine a oedipal ndi mane woyera wonyezimira wa tsitsi lalitali lomwe limapachikidwa mpaka paphewa lenileni la nyama. Dzina la mitunduyi silikugwirizana ndi mfumu Oedipus kuchokera ku zikhulupiriro zakale zachi Greek, kapena, ndi zovuta za Oedipus. Kungoti m'Chilatini zimamveka ngati "oedipus", kutanthauza "wamiyendo yayikulu". Matamara a oedipal adatchulidwa chifukwa chaubweya waubweya komanso wautali womwe umaphimba miyendo ya anyaniwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti miyendo yawo izioneka yowoneka bwino.
- Tamarin wamiyendo yoyera. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti ndi wachibale wapamtima wa Oedipus tamarin. Ndipo ataphunzira kangapo pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi, adapeza kufanana kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, mwa onse awiri, utoto wa ubweya wa anawo umasinthanso chimodzimodzi akamakula. Mwachiwonekere, kulekanitsidwa kwa mitundu iwiriyi kunachitika nthawi ya Pleistocene.
Masiku ano mitundu iwiriyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi choletsa chachilengedwe monga mawonekedwe a Mtsinje wa Atrato. Mwa achikulire, ma tamarini oyenda ndi zoyera amakhala ndi chitsulo chamtambo chosakanikirana ndi kuphatikiza kopepuka. Kutsogolo kwa thupi kumakhala kofiirira. Mchirawo ndi wa bulauni; mwa anthu ambiri, nsonga yake ndi yoyera. Mphuno ndi mbali yakutsogolo ya mutu ndi yoyera mpaka makutu, kuyambira makutu mpaka kusintha kwa khosi kupita m'mapewa ndi bulauni-bulauni. Kutsogolo kwake kwa matamara oyenda ndi zoyera ndi kofupikirapo kuposa akumbuyo. - Tamarin Geoffroy. Kumbuyo kwa anyani amenewa, tsitsili limakhala ndi utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yachikaso ndi yakuda, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi chifuwa ndizowala. Nkhope zamphongozi pafupifupi zilibe tsitsi, tsitsi lakumutu ndi lofiira, lokhala ndi zingwe zopota zitatu pamphumi.
Dzinalo m'Chilatini - Saguinus midas, tamarin wamanja ofiira adalandira chifukwa chakuti miyendo yake yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo imakhala yojambulidwa ndi mithunzi yagolidi, kotero kuti mawondo ake amawoneka okutidwa ndi golide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigwirizane ndi King Midas kuchokera ku nthano zakale zachi Greek, yemwe amadziwa momwe angasinthire zonse kukhala golide , chilichonse chomwe mungakhudze.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ma Tamarine amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, momwe mumakhala zomera ndi mipesa yambiri, yomwe amakonda kukwerapo. Izi ndi nyama zosintha nthawi zambiri zomwe zimadzuka m'mawa ndipo zimagwira ntchito masana. Amanyamuka usiku m'mawa wonse, ndikukhazikika kukagona pamitengo ndi mipesa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mchira wautali komanso wosinthasintha ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa ma tamarini, chifukwa ndi omwe amayenda kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi.
Anyaniwa amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono - "mabanja", momwe muli nyama zinayi mpaka makumi awiri... Amalumikizana ndi abale awo pogwiritsa ntchito maimidwe, mawonekedwe a nkhope, kubwebweta ubweya, komanso phokoso lalikulu lomwe ma tamarini onse amapanga. Kumveka kumeneku kumatha kukhala kosiyana: kofanana ndi kulira kwa mbalame, malikhweru kapena kufuula kwakanthawi. Zikakhala zoopsa, ma tamarini amatulutsa mokuwa kwambiri.
Mu "banja" lamatamarini, pali olowezana - matriarchy, momwe mtsogoleri wagululi ndi wamkazi wachikulire komanso wodziwa zambiri. Amuna, komano, amatanganidwa kwambiri ndikupanga chakudya cha iwo eni ndi abale awo. Ma Tamarine amateteza gawo lawo kuti lisawonongedwe ndi alendo, amalemba mitengo, kuwaluma. Monga anyani ena, ma tamarini amathera nthawi yochuluka kutsuka ubweya wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa chake, amachotsa majeremusi akunja, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amalandila kutikita kokasangalala.
Ndi ma tamarini angati omwe amakhala
Kuthengo, ma tamarini amatha kukhala zaka 10 mpaka 15, m'malo osungira nyama amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Pafupifupi zaka zawo zimakhala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma tamarini onse amakhala m'nkhalango yamvula ya New World... Malo awo okhala ndi Central ndi South America, kuyambira ku Costa Rica mpaka ku madera aku Amazonia ndi kumpoto kwa Bolivia. Koma anyaniwa sapezeka kumapiri, amakonda kukhala m'malo otsika.
Zakudya za Tamarins
Matamara makamaka amadya zakudya zamasamba monga zipatso, maluwa komanso timadzi tokoma. Koma sangaperekenso chakudya cha nyama: mazira a mbalame ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono, komanso tizilombo, akangaude, abuluzi, njoka ndi achule.
Zofunika! Momwemonso, ma tamarine ndi odzichepetsa ndipo amadya pafupifupi chilichonse. Koma ali mu ukapolo, chifukwa cha kupsinjika, amatha kukana kudya zomwe sizachilendo kwa iwo.
M'malo osungira nyama, ma tamarini nthawi zambiri amadyetsedwa zipatso zosiyanasiyana zomwe anyaniwa amangopembedza, komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: ziwala, mphemvu, dzombe, njenjete. Kuti achite izi, amapitsidwira mnyumba ya anyani kwa anyani. Amawonjezeranso nyama yowonda yophika, nkhuku, nyerere ndi mazira a nkhuku, kanyumba tchizi ndi utomoni wa mitengo yazipatso zam'madera otentha pazakudya zawo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Tamarins amakula msinkhu pakadutsa miyezi 15. ndipo kuchokera mu m'badwo uno akhoza kuberekana. Masewera awo okwatirana amayamba pakati kapena kumapeto kwa dzinja - mozungulira Januware kapena February. Ndipo, monga pafupifupi nyama zonse zoyamwitsa, amuna a tamarins amakonzekeretsa akazi muzochitika zina zakukwatira. Mimba mwa anyani anyaniwa imakhala pafupifupi masiku 140, motero pofika Epulo-koyambirira kwa Juni, ana awo amabadwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akazi achonde a tamarin nthawi zambiri amabala mapasa. Ndipo miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kale atabadwa ana am'mbuyomu, amatha kuberekanso ndipo amatha kubweretsa ana awiri.
Ma tamarini ang'onoang'ono amakula mwachangu ndipo pakatha miyezi iwiri amatha kuyenda mosadalira ndipo amayesanso kudzipezera chakudya.... Osangokhala amayi awo okha, komanso "banja" lonse limasamalira ana omwe akukula: anyani akuluakulu amawapatsa zidutswa zokoma kwambiri ndipo mwanjira iliyonse amateteza tiana ku ngozi zomwe zingachitike. Atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri ndipo atakula, ma tamarins achichepere, monga lamulo, samasiya gulu, amakhalabe mu "banja" ndikuchita nawo gawo pamoyo wawo. Mu ukapolo, amakhala bwino awiriawiri ndipo amaswana bwino; monga lamulo, alibe mavuto pakulera ndi kulera ana.
Adani achilengedwe
M'nkhalango zotentha momwe mumakhala ma tamarini, ali ndi adani ambiri. Mbalame zodya nyama monga akabawi, ziwombankhanga, harpy yaku South America, nyama zoyamwitsa - jaguar, ocelots, jaguarundis, ferrets, ndi njoka zazikulu zosiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza pa iwo, akangaude owopsa, tizilombo ndi achule atha kukhala pachiwopsezo ku ma tamarins, omwe, ngakhale samadya anyani, koma chifukwa chofuna kudziwa komanso kufuna kuyesa chilichonse "mwagwira", amatha kuyesa nyama zina zapoizoni. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa ma tamarin achichepere, omwe amadziwika ndi chidwi chosasunthika ndipo amatenga chilichonse chomwe chimakopa chidwi chawo.
Pofuna kuti asakhale pachiwopsezo chogwidwa ndi anyani, anyani akuluakulu amayang'anitsitsa mosamala nkhalango yamvula ndi mlengalenga, ndipo, ngati nyama yowopsa, mbalame kapena njoka iwonekera pafupi, amachenjeza anzawo za ngoziyo ndikulira kwakukulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Vuto lalikulu lomwe likuopseza ma tamarini ndikudula nkhalango yam'malo otentha komwe anyaniwa amakhala. Komabe, mitundu yambiri ya tamarini ikadali yochulukirapo ndipo siyiwopsezedwa kuti itha. Udindo kutengera mtundu wa ma tamarins.
Osadandaula
- Tamarin wachifumu
- Tamarin wofiira
- Tamarin wakuda
- Tamarin wamutu wofiirira
- Tamarin wofiira
- Tamarin wamaliseche
- Tamarin Geoffroy
- Tamarin Schwartz
Koma, mwatsoka, pakati pa ma tamarini palinso mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo ndipo ikatsala pang'ono kutha.
Yandikirani pamalo osatetezeka
- Tamarin wamapewa agolide... Choopseza chachikulu ndikuwononga malo achilengedwe amtunduwu, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwononga nkhalango zam'malo otentha. Chiwerengero cha ma tamarini okhala ndi mapeyala agolide akadali okulira mokwanira, koma akuchepa ndi pafupifupi 25% m'mibadwo itatu iliyonse, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.
Mitundu yowopsa
- Tamarin wamiyendo yoyera... Nkhalango momwe ma tamarini a mapazi oyera amakhala mosakhalitsa ndipo dera lomwe amakhala limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu pamigodi, komanso paulimi, pomanga misewu ndi madamu. Chiwerengero cha anyaniwa chikucheperanso chifukwa chakuti zambiri zimathera mumisika yakomweko, komwe amagulitsidwa ngati ziweto. Chifukwa cha ichi, International Union for Conservation of Nature yapereka mtundu wa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa kwa ma tamarini a mapazi oyera.
Mitundu yomwe ili pafupi kutha
- Oedipus tamarin. Chiwerengero cha anyani amenewa m'malo awo okhala pafupifupi 6,000 okha. Mitunduyi ili pachiwopsezo ndipo idaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa "anyani 25 omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu padziko lapansi" ndipo adatchulidwa kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2012. Kudula mitengo kwachititsa kuti malo okhala Oedipus tamarin achepe ndi magawo atatu, zomwe zidakhudza kuchuluka kwa anyani amenewa. Kugulitsa ma tamarins a oedipal monga ziweto ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, omwe adachitika kwakanthawi kwa anyani amtunduwu, nawonso adavulaza anthu. Ndipo ngati m'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wasayansi wamafuta a oedipal tamarins watha, malonda osavomerezeka a nyama akupitilizabe kusokoneza anthu awo. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chakuti nyama izi zimakhala mdera locheperako, zimatha kutengeka ndi zosintha zilizonse mdera lawo.
Ma Tamarins ndi ena mwa zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri zopangidwa ndi chilengedwe. Anyaniwa omwe amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha za ku New World ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo awo achilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchera nyama mosalamulirika kunakhudzanso kuchuluka kwawo. Ngati simusamala posungira anyaniwa pano, zitha kufa, kuti mbadwo wotsatira wa anthu athe kuwona zisamara pazithunzi zakale zokha.
