Nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri yamasewera okhala ndi nthenga kumtunda, a grouse wamatabwa, akhala akuwoneka ngati chikho chofunikira kwa msaki. Zowona, sikovuta kuwombera mbalame yapano - mwachisangalalo chachikondi, imasiya kukhala tcheru.
Kufotokozera za grouse yamatabwa
Tetrao Linnaeus ndi dzina la mtundu wa mbalame womwe umatchedwa kuti grouse... Ndi za banja la ma pheasants ndi dongosolo la nkhuku, kugawa, nawonso, kukhala mitundu iwiri yofanana, yopangidwa ndi mitundu 16.
Maonekedwe
Imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri za nkhuku komanso zambiri (motsutsana ndi mbalame zakuda, hazel grouse, woodcock ndi partridge) mbalame zamasewera a m'nkhalango. Amuna omwe amakhala pagulu lanyumba limakula mpaka 0.6-1.15 m ndikulemera kwa 2.7 mpaka 7 kg (mapiko otambalala 0.9-1.25 m), azimayi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako komanso ocheperako - kupitirira theka la mita yolemera 1, 7-2.3 makilogalamu.
Yamphongo imakhala yamphamvu yopindika (ngati mbalame yodya nyama) mlomo wowala ndi mchira wautali wozungulira. Mzimayi (kopalukha) ali ndi mlomo wocheperako komanso wakuda, mchira wake ndi wokutira komanso wopanda mphako. Ndevu (nthenga zazitali pansi pamlomo) zimakula mwa amuna okha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchokera patali, capercaillie amawoneka ngati monochrome, koma pafupi "amathyoka" mumitundu yambiri: yakuda (mutu ndi mchira), imvi yakuda (thupi), bulauni (mapiko), wobiriwira wobiriwira (chifuwa) ndi ofiira owala (nsidze).
Mimba ndi mbali nthawi zambiri kumakhala mdima, koma mbalame zina zimakhala zoyera mbali. Subspecies T. u. uralensis, wokhala ku Southern Urals ndi Western Siberia, amadziwika ndi mbali zoyera / mimba yokhala ndi mizere yakuda. M'mphepete mwake mumayera mipiringidzo yoyera, malo oyera oyera amawonekera m'munsi mwa mapiko, ndipo nsonga zoyera zimapezeka munthenga za mchira. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wamiyala yoyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakatikati pa nthenga za mchira.
Grouse ya nkhuni imadziwika ndi nthenga zamitundumitundu zomwe zili ndi mizere yambiri (ocher ndi yoyera) ndi bulu wofiira, yemwe kulibe mwa anthu ena. Mwala wa capercaillie ndi wocheperako kuposa wamba ndipo samakula kuposa 0,7 m ndikulemera kwa 3.5-4 kg. Kulibe ndowe yachindunji, ndipo mchira wake ndiwotalikirapo. Mwamuna amalamulidwa ndi mtundu wakuda ndikuphatikizidwa kwa mawanga oyera kumchira / mapiko, chachikazi ndi chofiyira chachikasu, chophatikizidwa ndi mizere yakuda ndi yakuda.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Capercaillie ndi mbalame yomwe imangokhala yokha yomwe imakonda kusamuka nthawi zina. Amawuluka mwamphamvu, motero amapewa maulendo apandege, ochokera kumapiri kupita kuzigwa ndi kubwerera.
Amadyetsa ndikugona mumitengo, nthawi ndi nthawi kutsikira pansi masana. M'nyengo yotentha amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi minda ya mabulosi, mitsinje ndi chiswe. Pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, capercaillie amakhala pamiyala yaying'ono yomwe imathandiza kugaya chakudya chokhwima (masamba, masamba ndi mphukira).
M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala usiku atakhuta chipale chofewa, kupita kumeneko kuchokera chilimwe kapena kuchokera pamtengo: atapita pang'ono m'chipale chofewa, capercaillie amabisala ndikugona. Kuzizira koopsa ndi chimphepo chamkuntho chimakhala m'chipale chofewa (chomwe chimakhala chotentha madigiri 10 ndipo kulibe mphepo) masiku. Malo obisalako nthawi zambiri amasandulika crypt. Izi zimachitika thaw ikalowedwa m'malo ndi chisanu ndipo chipale chofewa chimayamba kuzizira (kutumphuka), komwe mbalame sizimathawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Grouse yamatabwa imakhala chete, ndipo imawonetsa kuyankhula bwino pakadali pano. Serenade yayifupi pano imatha masekondi ochepa, koma imagawika bwino m'magawo awiri.
Woimbayo amayamba ndikudina kawiri, kupatula pang'ono, komwe kumasandulika trill yolimba. Kudina, kumveka ngati "tk ... tk ... tk - tk - tk-tk-tk-tk-tk-tktktktktkk", osayimitsa kulowa gawo lachiwiri (masekondi 3-4), otchedwa "kutembenuza", "kugaya" kapena "kupotoza ".
Ndipakati "potembenuka" pomwe capercaillie imasiya kuchita zinthu zakunja, ndikusandulika kosavuta. Nthawi ina iliyonse mbalameyo imamva / kuwona bwino kwambiri ndipo imachita zinthu mosamala kwambiri. Pozindikira galu, matabwawo "akung'amba" osakondwa, amatuluka mwa munthu mwakachetechete, koma akupanga phokoso losiyana ndi mapiko ake.
Zadziwika kuti kulira kwawo pafupipafupi kumaposa kupumira kwa mbalame, ndiye kuti, imangofunika kutsamwa chifukwa chosowa mpweya... Koma izi sizichitika chifukwa champhamvu yopumira, yopangidwa ndi mapapu ndi ma tumba 5 amlengalenga. Chofunika kwambiri - mpweya wambiri umapereka kuziziritsa pakuwuluka, ndipo zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupuma.
Ndi ma grouse angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi yayitali sikudutsa zaka 12, koma pali zambiri zokhudza amuna omwe anakwanitsa zaka 13 zakubadwa. Ali mu ukapolo, zitsanzo zina zidapulumuka mpaka zaka 18 kapena kupitilira apo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wood grouses sakhala mumtengo womwe wachibale wawo adaphedwa. Palibe kufotokozera zomveka komwe kwapezeka pa izi. Akatswiri a zachilengedwe adazindikira kuti grouse yamatabwa sinasinthe kwazaka zambiri, komanso mitengo "yamunthu", yopatsidwa mbalame imodzi.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti si mboni zaimfa yake yokha, komanso anyamata achichepere, omwe amakwaniritsa zomwe zikuchitika chaka chilichonse, samayerekezera ndi mtengo wa capercaillie. Mtengo wowopsa umakhalabe waulere kwa zaka 5 kapena ngakhale 10.
Mitundu ya Wood grouse
Mtundu wa Tetrao Linnaeus (malinga ndi mtundu wakale) unaphatikizira mitundu 12. Popita nthawi, ma grouse amtengo adagawika m'magulu awiri okha:
- Tetrao urogallus - wamba grouse;
- Tetrao parvirostris - miyala yamatabwa yamatabwa.
Popeza adakhazikika m'makona osiyanasiyana, mbalamezo zidayamba kutulutsa mawu.... Mwachitsanzo, ziboliboli zamatabwa zochokera ku Western Europe zimatsanzira thonje la chimango chomwe chikuwuluka m'botolo. Phokoso lomweli limatulukanso ndi ma grouse amitengo omwe amakhala ku Baltics. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amatcha "nyimbo" ya South Ural wood grouse classical.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zoological Institute of Russia ikukhulupirira kuti grouse yamatabwa ndi nyumba ya taiga ya Kumwera kwa Urals (madera a Beloretsky, Zilairsky, Uchalinsky ndi Burzyansky). Ngakhale ziweto zatsika modetsa nkhawa, mitundu ingapo yama grouse idakalipobe ndipo ikuphimba kumpoto kwa kontinenti yaku Europe, komanso Central / West Asia.
Mbalameyi imapezeka ku Finland, Sweden, Scotland, Germany, Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Northern Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Ukraine. Wood grouse wamba amakhala kumpoto kwa gawo la Europe ku Russia, kufalikira ku Western Siberia (kuphatikiza). Mtundu wachiwiri umakhalanso ku Siberia, mwala wotchedwa capercaillie, womwe mitundu yake imagwirizana ndi zigawo za larch taiga.
Mitundu yonse iwiri yamitengo yamitengo imakonda nkhalango zokhwima, zazitali zazitali zosakanikirana / zosakanikirana (zocheperako nthawi zambiri), kupewa nkhalango zazing'ono zazilumba zazing'ono. Zina mwa malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi madambo a m'nkhalango, momwe zipatso zambiri zimamera.
Zakudya zamatabwa
Thupi la capercaillie lili ndi malo osauka kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira. Mu chisanu chowawa, amakhutira ndi mitengo ya paini ndi mkungudza, kupita kukafunafuna chakudya kamodzi patsiku (nthawi zambiri masana). Pakakhala / kuchepa kwa mitengo ya mkungudza ndi mkungudza, mbalame zimasinthana ndi singano za fir, juniper, mphukira ndi masamba a mitengo yothothoka. Poyamba kutentha, grouse yamatabwa imabwerera kuzakudya zachilimwe, zomwe zimaphatikizapo:
- Zimayambira mabulosi abulu;
- zipatso zopyapyala ndi kucha;
- mbewu ndi maluwa;
- udzu ndi masamba;
- masamba ndi mphukira;
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo tizilombo.
Pakatikati mwa Seputembala, mbalame zimauluka kupita kumchenga ndi ziphuphu zachikaso, singano zomwe capercaillie amakonda kudyetsa nthawi yophukira.
Kubereka ndi ana
Capercaillie ikugwa pa Marichi - Epulo... Amphongo amawulukira kumeneku pafupi kwambiri ndi madzulo, akungoyendetsa dala mapiko awo poyandikira. Nthawi zambiri pamalo amodzi kuchokera kwa 2 mpaka 10 "osuta" amasonkhana, koma m'nkhalango zazikulu mumakhala pano (dera la 1-1.5 km2), pomwe ambiri mwa omwe amafunsira amayimba.
Komabe, amalemekeza malo amunthu wina, kukhala kutali ndi oyandikana nawo kupitilira 150-500 m ndikuyamba kuyenda kusanache. Ndikwalawala koyamba, oimbayo amatsikira pansi ndikupitiliza kuyimba, nthawi zina amasokoneza poyimirira ndikudumpha ndikuphimba kwamapiko mokweza. Zimachitika kuti ma capercaillies amatembenukira potembenuka ndikuyamba kulimbana, akumamatira kukhosi kwawo ndi milomo yawo ndikukhudza mapiko awo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakatikati pa nyengo yokwatirana, ma grouse amitengo amafika pakadali pano, otanganidwa ndi zisa zomanga (muudzu, pansi pa tchire, ngakhale pabwalo). Kopalukha imakamba zakukonzekera kukhathamira mothandizidwa ndi squats, kuchita izi mpaka yamphongo itatsika. Grouse yamitala ndi mitala ndipo m'mawa amatha kukwatirana ndi ma grouse atatu atatu.
Kupiringa kumatha masamba atsopano atangotuluka. Mkazi amakhala pamazira (kuyambira 4 mpaka 14), amawamasulira pafupifupi mwezi. Anapiye ndi odziyimira pawokha ndipo kuyambira tsiku loyamba lomwe amadzidyetsa okha, poyamba amadya tizilombo, ndipo pambuyo pake zipatso ndi zomera zina. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, amatha kuwuluka pama nthambi osapitilira mita imodzi, ndipo pamwezi amatha kuuluka kale. Amuna okulirapo amayamba kukwatirana kuyambira azaka ziwiri. Amayi amayamba kulera kuyambira zaka zitatu, popeza achinyamata ndi opusa - amataya mazira awo kapena kusiya zisa zawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Mitengo yamitengo imakhala ndi adani okwanira pakati pa mbalame ndi nyama zowononga nthaka zomwe sizikuwopseza achikulire ngati ana awo. Zimadziwika kuti mpheta imakonda kudya anapiye, ena onse omwe amadya mwamphamvu amawononga zisa za capercaillie.
Adani achilengedwe a mitengo yolimba ndi:
- nkhandwe ndi baji;
- galu wa raccoon;
- weasel ndi marten;
- hedgehog ndi ferret;
- khwangwala ndi khwangwala;
- goshawk ndi peregrine falcon;
- kadzidzi woyera ndi kadzidzi.
Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu amtundu uliwonse wa nyama zodya nyama kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa ma grouse amitengo. Kotero zinali pamene nkhandwe zinkawuluka m'nkhalango. Chikhalidwe chofananacho chidadziwika ndikukula kwa agalu a raccoon.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe ku Europe amakhulupirira kuti pakadali pano kuchuluka kwa capercaillie kumasiyana pakati pa 209-296 zikwi ziwiri.
Zofunika! Mbalameyi yatchulidwa mu Zowonjezera I za European Union Directive yokhudza kusamalira mbalame zamtchire, komwe kumapezeka mitundu yosawerengeka komanso yosatetezeka, yotchedwa "pangozi". Grouse yamatabwa imatetezedwanso ndi Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa Berne.
Njira yoopsa yakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma grouse amatanthauzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo:
- kusaka malonda;
- kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zakutchire;
- kudula mitengo mwachisawawa (makamaka pamafunde ndi malo ozungulira ana)
- akalowa ngalande ngalande;
- Kufa kwa ana chifukwa cha vuto la omwe amatola bowa / zipatso.
Mitengo ya mitengo yomwe ili pangozi ili m'gulu la Red Data Books la Russian Federation, Belarus ndi Ukraine... Akatswiri azachilengedwe ku Belarus akufuna njira zingapo zotetezera ma capercaillie m'malo omwe adakhalapo Soviet. Malinga ndi a Belarus, malo akuluakulu apano ayenera kusandulika malo osungirako zinthu zazing'ono poletsa kugwetsa, komanso kusaka nkhuni za mfuti.
