Daman kapena Damanovye (lat. Prosaviidae) ndi banja loyimiriridwa ndi nyama zazing'ono komanso zoweta zokhazokha, zokhazokha zomwe zilipo mgulu la Damana (Hyrasoidea). Banja limaphatikizapo mitundu isanu.
Kufotokozera za daman
Dzina lina la ma daman ndi zhyryaki... Ngakhale zili zakunja kwa ma hyrax amakono, nyama yotereyi ili ndi mbiri yakale, yakutali kwambiri.
Maonekedwe
Makulidwe a nyama yoyamwa: kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 30-65 masentimita ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 1.5-4.5 kg. Mchira wa mafutawo ndi achikhalidwe, osapitilira 3 cm, kapena kulibiretu. Mwakuwoneka, ma hyrax amakhala ofanana ndi makoswe - nyani zopanda zingwe kapena nkhumba zazikulu, koma m'magawo amphylogenetic nyamayi ili pafupi ndi nyama za proboscis ndi ma sireni. Damanovye ali ndi matupi olimba, amadziwika ndi kusakhazikika, mutu wawukulu, ndi khosi lolimba komanso lalifupi.
Mitengo yakutsogolo imakhala yolima, yolimba komanso yooneka bwino, yokhala ndi zala zinayi komanso zikhadabo zofananira zomwe zimafanana ndi ziboda. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yamtundu wa zala zitatu, chala chakumanja chokhala ndi msomali wautali komanso wopindika wothana ndi tsitsi. Mapazi amangokhala opanda kanthu, ali ndi khungu lakuda komanso labala komanso timadontho tambiri tomwe timafunikira pakhungu nthawi zonse. Mbali iyi ya kapangidwe ka zikopa imalola ma hyrax kukwera m'malo otsetsereka amiyala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo mwachangu kwambiri komanso mwaluso, komanso kutsikira chamutu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakatikati pambuyo pake pali malo omwe amaimiridwa ndi tsitsi lalitali, lopepuka kapena lakuda lomwe lili ndi malo apakati komanso thukuta lamatenda, lomwe limatulutsa chinsinsi chapadera pobereka.
Mphuno ndi yaifupi, ndi milomo yogawanika chapamwamba. Makutuwo ndi ozungulira, ang'onoang'ono kukula, nthawi zina amakhala obisika kwathunthu pansi pa malayawo. Ubweyawo ndi wandiweyani, wopangidwa ndi zofewa zofewa komanso zowuma, utoto wofiirira. Thupi, m'mphuno ndi m'khosi, komanso pamwamba pa maso pali mitolo ya vibrissae yayitali.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Banja la Damanovy lili ndi mitundu inayi, mitundu iwiri ndi yopitilira muyeso, ndipo angapo amakhala usiku.... Oimira amtundu wa Procavia ndi Heterohyrax ndi nyama zamoyo zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala pakati pa anthu asanu ndi asanu ndi mmodzi. Nyama yakutchire yamtchire imatha kukhala yokhayokha kapena kukhala pabanja. Ma hyrax onse amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyenda komanso kutha kuthamanga mwachangu, kulumpha mokwera komanso mosavuta kukwera pafupifupi kulikonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Oyimira gulu lililonse amayendera "chimbudzi" chimodzi, ndipo mkodzo wawo umasiya miyala yoyera kwambiri.
Oimira a banja la Damanovy amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa masomphenya ndi makutu otukuka, koma kusakhazikika kwamphamvu, chifukwa chake, nyama zotere zimayesetsa kusonkhana usiku kuti zizimva kutentha. Masana, nyama zam'madzi, pamodzi ndi zokwawa, zimakonda kusangalala ndi dzuwa nthawi yayitali, ndikukweza mawoko awo ndi thukuta. Daman ndi nyama yochenjera kwambiri yomwe ikazindikira ngozi, imalira mofuula komanso mokweza, kukakamiza gulu lonse kubisala msanga.
Ndi ma hyrax angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa hyrax pansi pazachilengedwe sizidutsa zaka khumi ndi zinayi, koma zimatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kutengera malo okhala ndi mitundu ya zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhanu za ku Africa zimakhala zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri, pomwe Cape hyrax imatha kukhala zaka khumi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mawonekedwe adakhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi momwe akazi nthawi zonse amakhala motalikirapo kuposa amuna.
Mitundu ya Daman
Posachedwa, banja la a hyrax lidalumikiza mitundu pafupifupi khumi kapena khumi ndi imodzi, yomwe inali m'magulu anayi. Pakadali pano pali mitundu inayi yokha, nthawi zina mitundu isanu:
- Banja la Prosaviidae limayimilidwa ndi D. arboreus kapena Woody hyrax, D. dorsalis kapena Western hyrax, D. validus kapena Eastern hyrax, H. brucei kapena Bruce's Daman ndi Pr. sarensis kapena Cape hyrax;
- Banja la Pliohyracidac limaphatikizapo magulu angapo - Kvabebihyrax, Pliohyrax (Lertodon), komanso Роstsсhizоtherium, Sоgdоhyrах ndi Titanоhyrax;
- Banja Geniohyidae;
- Banja la Myohyracidae.
Mitundu yonse yama hyrax imagawika m'magulu atatu: mapiri, steppe ndi zinyama zolimba... Mitundu yambiri imayimilidwa ndi banja limodzi, kuphatikiza mitundu pafupifupi isanu ndi inayi yomwe ikukhala ku Africa, kuphatikiza mitengo ndi mapiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma hyrax a m'mapiri ndi nyama zachikoloni zomwe zimapezeka kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Africa, kuyambira Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Egypt, Ethiopia ndi Sudan mpaka Central Angola ndi Northern South Africa, kuphatikiza zigawo za Mpumalanga ndi Limpopo, komwe kumakhala mapiri amiyala, talus ndi mapiri otsetsereka.
Cape hyraxes imafalikira kwambiri kuchokera ku Syria, North-East Africa ndi Israel kupita ku South Africa, ndipo imapezekanso pafupifupi kulikonse kumwera kwa Sahara. Anthu akutali amapezeka kumapiri a Algeria ndi Libya.
Mitengo ya mitengo yakumadzulo imakhala kumadera a nkhalango ku South ndi Central Africa, ndipo imapezekanso pamapiri otsetsereka mpaka 4.5 zikwi mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Ma hyraxes akummwera amafalikira ku Africa, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja yaku Southeast.
Malo okhalamo amtunduwu amapitilira kumwera kuchokera ku Uganda ndi Kenya mpaka kudera la South Africa, komanso madera akum'mawa a Zambia ndi Congo, kumadzulo chakum'mawa kwa gombe lakum'mawa. Nyamayo imakhazikika m'chigwa ndi m'nkhalango.
Zakudya za hyrax
Maziko azakudya zambiri za hyraxes amaimiridwa ndi masamba. Komanso, nyama zoterezi zimadya udzu ndi mphukira zazing'ono zokoma. Mimba yovutirapo ya herbivore yotere imakhala ndi microflora yopindulitsa yokwanira, yomwe imathandizira kuti pakhale chakudya chokwanira komanso chosavuta chodyetsa chomera.
Ntchentche za ku Cape nthawi zina zimadya chakudya cha nyama, makamaka tizilombo ta dzombe, komanso mphutsi zawo. Cape hyrax imatha kudya zomera zomwe zili ndi poizoni wolimba popanda kuwononga thanzi lake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma Daman ali ndi zotchingira zazitali kwambiri komanso zopindika, zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakudya kokha, komanso zimagwiranso ntchito ngati njira yotetezera nyama yamanyazi kuzinyama zambiri.
Zakudya zamtundu wa mapiri zomwe zimakhala m'mapaki amtunduwu zimaphatikizapo mitundu ya cordia (Cordia ovalis), grevia (Grewia fallax), hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), ficus (Fiсus), ndi merua (Maerua trirhylla). Nyama zotere sizimamwa madzi, chifukwa chake zimalandira madzi onse ofunikira kuthupi kuchokera kuzomera.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imaswana pafupifupi chaka chonse, koma kuchuluka kwa kuswana kumachitika nthawi zambiri mzaka khumi zapitazi zamvula. Mimba mu Cape hyrax yachikazi imangodutsa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Kutalika kodabwitsa kotereku ndikutengera kuyankha kwamakedzana, pomwe zinyama zinali kukula kwa tapir wamba.
Anawo amasungidwa ndi aakazi mu chisa chotetezeka bwino, chotchedwa chisa cha ana, chomwe chimadzazidwa bwino ndi udzu... Nyansi imodzi imakhala ndi ana asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi, omwe sanakule kwambiri kuposa ana amitundu ina. Ana a m'mapiri ndi kumadzulo kwa arboreal hyrax nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ana amodzi kapena awiri okulirapo komanso otukuka bwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amuna achichepere nthawi zonse amasiya mabanja awo, pambuyo pake amadzipangira okha, koma amathanso kulumikizana ndi amuna ena m'magulu akulu, ndipo akazi achichepere amalowa nawo mabanja awo.
Pambuyo pobadwa, mwana aliyense amapatsidwa "nsonga yamunthu", motero mwana sangadye mkaka kuchokera kwa wina. Njira yoyamwitsa imatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma anawo amakhalabe m'mabanja mwawo kufikira atakula msinkhu, zomwe zimachitika mu hyrax pafupifupi chaka ndi theka. Masabata angapo atabadwa, ma hyrax ang'onoang'ono amayamba kudya zakudya zamasamba zamtundu wawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Phiri la hyrax limasakidwa ndi njoka zazikulu kwambiri, kuphatikiza ndi hieroglyphic python, mbalame zodya nyama ndi akambuku, komanso nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya. Mwazina, mitunduyi imatha kutenga chibayo cha matenda opatsirana ndi chifuwa chachikulu, komanso imadwala ma nematode, utitiri, nsabwe ndi nkhupakupa. Adani akuluakulu a afisi aku Cape ndi akambuku ndi nyama zakufa, komanso ankhandwe ndi afisi, mbalame zina zolusa, kuphatikiza chiwombankhanga cha Kaffir.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ku Arabia ndi kumwera kwa Africa, ma hyraxes amapezedwa kuti apeze nyama yokoma komanso yopatsa thanzi, kukumbukira kalulu, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri ziweto zonse zotere. Omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakadali pano ndi nkhalango zamtchire, anthu onse omwe amadwala mitengo mwachisawawa komanso zochitika zina za anthu. Mwambiri, masiku ano mitundu yonse ya mitundu ya hyrax ndiyokhazikika..
