Zimbalangondo kapena zimbalangondo (lat. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zimbalangondo zonse ndi nyama zina za canine kumayimilidwa ndi thupi lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika.
Kufotokozera za chimbalangondo
Zinyama zonse zochokera ku Carnivores zimachokera pagulu lanyama zofananira ndi marten, zomwe zimadziwika kuti myacids (Miacidae), omwe amakhala ku Paleocene ndi Eocene. Zimbalangondo zonse ndi za Caniformia yocheperako. Zimaganiziridwa kuti oimira onse odziwika bwino amtunduwu amachokera kwa kholo limodzi lofanana ndi canine, lodziwika ndi mitundu yonse ya nyama zotere.
Poyerekeza ndi mabanja ena onse kuchokera ku ziweto zolanda nyama, zimbalangondo ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, kukula, komanso zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana mkati mwake. Zimbalangondo zonse zili m'gulu la oimira nyama zakuluzikulu zamakono.... Kutalika kwa thupi la chimbalangondo chachikulu chakumtunda kumafikira mita zitatu ndikulemera kwa makilogalamu 720-890, ndipo chimbalangondo chachi Malay ndi chimodzi mwazing'ono kwambiri m'banjamo, ndipo kutalika kwake sikupitilira mita imodzi ndi theka yokhala ndi kulemera kwa 27-65 kg.
Maonekedwe, mitundu
Zimbalangondo zamwamuna zimakhala zazikulu pafupifupi 10-20% kuposa akazi, ndipo mu zimbalangondo zakumtunda, ziwerengerozi zitha kukhala 150% kapena kupitilira apo. Ubweya wa nyama uli ndi mkanjo wamkati komanso wolimba. Mtundu waubweya, womwe nthawi zina umakhala wovuta kwambiri m'mitundu yambiri umakhala wocheperako, ndipo ubweya wa chimbalangondo chachi Malay ndiwotsika komanso m'malo ochepa.
Mtundu wa ubweyawo ndi yunifolomu, kuyambira mumthunzi wakuda wamakala mpaka kuyera. Kupatulapo ndi panda, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyana ndi akuda ndi oyera. Pakhoza kukhala zolemba zowala m'chifuwa kapena mozungulira maso. Mitundu ina imadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yotchedwa kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu wa ubweya. Zimbalangondo zimawonetsera mawonekedwe am'nyengo, omwe amafotokozedwa ndikusintha kwa kutalika ndi kachulukidwe kaubweya wawo.
Oyimira onse a banja la Bear amadziwika ndi thupi lolimba komanso lamphamvu, nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera kwambiri ndipo amafotokoza kufota. Makhalidwe ake ndi olimba komanso otukuka bwino, zikhadabo zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu, zosasunthika. Zikhadazo zimayang'aniridwa ndi minofu yamphamvu, yomwe nyamazo zimakwera mitengo, kukumba pansi, ndikung'amba nyama mosavuta. Kutalika kwa zikhadabo za grizzly kumafikira masentimita 13-15... Mapangidwe amtundu wonyamula nyama yolusa ndi kusokonekera. Panda wamkuluyo ali ndi “chala” china chachisanu ndi chimodzi m'miyendo yake yakutsogolo, yomwe ndi mphukira ya utali wozungulira wofanana ndi zitsamba.
Mchira ndi waufupi kwambiri, pafupifupi wosawoneka pansi paubweya. Chosiyacho ndi chimphona chachikulu, chomwe chimakhala ndi mchira wautali komanso wowoneka bwino. Chimbalangondo chilichonse chimakhala ndi maso ochepa, mutu wawukulu womwe umakhala wonenepa ndipo, monga lamulo, khosi lalifupi. Chigaza ndi chachikulu, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi nkhope zazitali komanso mapiri otukuka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, ndipo m'mitundu ina imafanana ndi kununkhira kwa galu, koma kuwona ndi kumva kwa nyama zolusa zazikulu komanso zazikulu kwambiri ndizofooka kwambiri.
Zipilala za zygomatic nthawi zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa pang'ono mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nsagwada zimakhala zamphamvu, zopatsa mphamvu yoluma kwambiri. Oyimira onse a banja la Bear amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa ziphuphu zazikulu ndi zotsekemera, ndipo mano ena onse amatha kuchepetsedwa, koma mawonekedwe ake ndi kapangidwe kake nthawi zambiri zimadalira mtundu wa zakudya. Chiwerengero chonse cha mano chimatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pazidutswa 32-42. Kukhalapo kwa kusiyanasiyana kwamunthu kapena zaka zokhudzana ndi mano kumawonekeranso nthawi zambiri.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zimbalangondo zimakonda kudya nyama zokha, choncho nyamazi zimakonda kukumana zokha n'cholinga choti ziziswana. Amuna amachita modzipereka, ndipo amatha kupha ana omwe amakhala pafupi ndi akazi kwanthawi yayitali. Oimira banja la Bear amadziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwakutiyakuti pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya moyo, chifukwa chake amatha kukhala madera okwera mapiri, madera a nkhalango, ayezi wa Arctic ndi masitepe, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu kuli panjira ya chakudya ndi moyo.
Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya zimbalangondo imakhala m'malo otsika ndi m'nkhalango zam'mapiri otentha kapena otentha. Chilombocho sichimapezeka kwenikweni m'mapiri opanda zomera zowirira. Mitundu ina imalumikizidwa bwino ndi malo am'madzi, kuphatikiza mitsinje yamapiri kapena nkhalango, mitsinje ndi magombe. Arctic, komanso malo ambiri
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyanja ya Arctic ndi malo achilengedwe a zimbalangondo zakumtunda, ndipo moyo wa chimbalangondo wamba chofiirira umalumikizidwa ndi nkhalango zam'madera otentha, taiga, steppes ndi tundra, ndi madera amchipululu.
Zimbalangondo zambiri ndi nyama zodya nyama zapadziko lapansi, koma zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndizam'madzi am'madzi. Zimbalangondo zachi Malay ndizomwe zimatsatira moyo wamakhalidwe abwino, chifukwa chake amatha kukwera mitengo mwangwiro ndikudzipangira malo okhala kapena, chomwe chimatchedwa "chisa". Mitundu ina ya zimbalangondo imasankha mabowo pafupi ndi mizu yamitengo ndi tizing'alu tokwanira ngati malo awo okhalamo.
Monga lamulo, nthumwi za banja la Bear ndi chilolezo zimakhala usiku, chifukwa chake samakonda kupita kukasaka masana.... Komabe, zimbalangondo zakumtunda zitha kuonedwa kuti ndizosiyana ndi malamulowa. Zinyama zolusa, kutsogolera moyo wokha, zimayanjana munthawi ya "masewera okhathamira" ndikukhwima, komanso polera ana awo. Mwa zina, magulu azinyama zotere zimawonedwa m'malo omwe amathiriramo anthu ambiri komanso m'malo odyetserako zachikhalidwe.
Kodi zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kutalika kwa moyo wa zimbalangondo m'chilengedwe kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa nyama yonyamayi:
- Zimbalangondo zochititsa chidwi - zaka makumi awiri;
- Apennine zimbalangondo zofiirira - mpaka zaka makumi awiri;
- Tien Shan zimbalangondo zofiirira - mpaka zaka makumi awiri kapena kotala la zana;
- Polar zimbalangondo - pang'ono kupitirira kotala la zana;
- Ma sloth ali ochepera zaka makumi awiri.
Mu ukapolo, nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi nyama yodya nyama nthawi zambiri imakhala yayitali kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimatha kukhala muukapolo kwa zaka zoposa 40-45.
Mitundu ya zimbalangondo
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zimbalangondo, ngakhale pali kufanana kofananako kofananako, zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo osati mawonekedwe, komanso zizolowezi, komanso moyo:
- Chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino kapena cha andean (Zovuta zapakati) - 150-180 masentimita kutalika ndi kulemera 70-140 makilogalamu, ndi shaggy, malasha wakuda kapena utoto wakuda bulauni. Kuzungulira maso pali mphete zina zoyera kapena zachikaso, kuphatikiza ndi zoyera zapakhosi;
- Chimbalangondo cha Brown Siberia (Ursus arctos colllaris) - mpaka 250 cm kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi 400-500 makilogalamu, ndi ubweya wotumbululuka kapena wofiirira wakuda ndi misomali yokhota kumapeto, yayitali, yofiirira kapena yakuda;
- Grizzly (Chimbalangondo cha Grizzly) - mtundu wakumpoto, wodziwika ndi kukula kwake, mtundu wake ndi moyo wawo, zogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe azachilengedwe;
- Chimbalangondo chofiirira cha Apennine (Ursus arctos marsicanus) - a subspecies ochepa a bulauni okhala ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 95-150 kg;
- Kodiak (Ursus аrсtos middendоrffi) - imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, mpaka kutalika kwa 2.7-2.8 m ndikulemera mpaka 770-780 kg, yokhala ndi thupi lolimba komanso lolimba, miyendo yolimba komanso yayitali, mutu waukulu kwambiri ndi mchira wawufupi;
- Tien Shan chimbalangondo chofiirira (Ursus arctos chisamaliro) - tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tolitali tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tomwe timakhala tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi miyendo yakutsogolo;
- Pika chimbalangondo kapena Chimbalangondo chofiirira cha ku Tibet (Ursus arctos pruinosus.
- Gobi chofiirira kapena kupaka (Ursus arctos gobiensis) - imodzi mwazing'ono zazing'ono za chimbalangondo chofiirira, ndi ubweya wochepa komanso wowuma wa bulauni wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira;
- Chimbalangondo chakumtunda kapena chimbalangondo, yemwenso amadziwika kuti oshkui kapena nanuk (Ursus maritimus) - nyama yayikulu kwambiri yodya nyama, mpaka mamita atatu kutalika kwake mpaka kulemera mpaka tani, yokhala ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri ndi mutu wolimba, komanso khungu lakuda ndi ubweya wopanda pigment;
- Chimbalangondo choyera kapena chimbalangondo cha himalayan (Ursus thibetаnus) - ali ndi thupi lochepa kwambiri, mphuno yowongoka komanso yopyapyala, makutu akulu komanso ozungulira. Avereji ya kulemera kwake ndi 120-140 makilogalamu kutalika kwa 80-85 cm;
- Gubach kapena "Chimbalangondo chaulesi» (Melursus ursinus) - ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 180 ndikulemera makilogalamu 55-140. Oimira mitunduyo ali ndi thupi lokulirapo komanso miyendo yayitali, mutu waukulu wokhala ndi chipumi chophwanyika, mphuno yolimba kwambiri, shaggy ndi ubweya wautali, wopanga mane osakhazikika m'khosi ndi m'mapewa;
- Biruang kapena Malay Bear (Amathandiza málаyаnus) - ndi woimira ocheperako pabanja wokhala ndi thupi losapitilira mita imodzi ndi theka komanso masentimita 26-65 kg. Nyama yamphongo yamphamvu komanso yolimba kwambiri imakhala ndi mphuno yayifupi komanso yotakata, yayifupi, yosalala komanso yolimba yakuda yokhala ndi thumba lachikaso pamphuno.
Ndizosangalatsa! Masiku ano, akatswiri ambiri a zoo amadzinenera kuti panda si zimbalangondo, koma ndi oimira akuluakulu a banja la Raccoon. Komanso, ma Grizzlies, omwe poyamba anali osiyana ndi mitundu ina, akutsutsidwa pano.
Mitundu yowonongeka ikuphatikizapo: Phanga la Florida kapena zimbalangondo zazifupi (Tremarstos florianus), zimbalangondo zazikulu zazing'ono (Arstodus simus), zimbalangondo zazing'ono zazing'ono (Arstodus pristinus), zimbalangondo za Atlas (Urstodus pristinus), zimbalangondo za Atlas (Urstodus borethos) Zimbalangondo zofiirira zaku Mexico (U. аrсtos nеlsоni), komanso zimbalangondo za Etruscan (U.еtrusсus), zimbalangondo zamphanga (U. spelaeus) ndi zimbalangondo zazing'ono (U. rossiсus)
Malo, magawidwe
Zimbalangondo zooneka bwino ndi okhawo a banja la Bear omwe amakhala ku South America, komwe kanyama kameneka kamakonda nkhalango zamapiri ku Venezuela ndi Ecuador, Colombia ndi Peru, komanso Bolivia ndi Panama. Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala m'chigwa cha mitsinje ya Lena, Kolyma ndi Anadyr, ambiri akum'mawa kwa Siberia ndi Stanovoy ridge, Northern Mongolia, madera ena a China ndi malire akum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan.
Ma Grizzlies amapezeka makamaka kumadzulo kwa Canada ndi Alaska, pomwe ochepa adapulumuka ku Mainland America, kuphatikiza Montana ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Washington. Zimbalangondo zofiirira za Tien Shan zimapezeka pamiyambo ya Tien Shan, komanso ku Dzhungar Alatau, yomwe ili ndi mapiri ozungulira, ndipo Mazalai amapezeka m'mapiri a chipululu a Tsagan-Bogdo ndi Atas-Bogdo, komwe kuli tchire losowa komanso ngalande zouma zouma.
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimagawidwa mozungulira, ndipo zimakhala m'malo ozungulira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko lathu lapansi. Zimbalangondo zoyera za ku Himalaya zimakonda nkhalango zamapiri komanso zamapiri ku Iran ndi Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi Himalaya, mpaka ku Japan ndi Korea. Oimira mitunduyo nthawi yachilimwe ku Himalaya amakwera mpaka mamitala zikwi zitatu ngakhale zinayi, ndipo nyengo yozizira ikamatsikira phazi.
Zimbalangondo zazing'onozing'ono zimakhala makamaka m'malo otentha ndi nkhalango zotentha za India ndi Pakistan, ku Sri Lanka ndi Nepal, komanso ku Bangladesh ndi Bhutan. Biruangi amagawidwa kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India kupita ku Indonesia, kuphatikiza Sumatra ndi Kalimantan, ndipo chilumba cha Borneo chimakhala ndi subspecies Helаrctos mаlаyаnus eurysрilus.
Zimbalangondo mu chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi
Oimira onse a banja la Bear, chifukwa cha zakudya zawo komanso kukula kwawo, amakhudza kwambiri nyama ndi zomera m'malo awo. Mitundu Zimbalangondo zoyera ndi zofiirira zimathandizira pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ungulates ndi nyama zina.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwazina, ndi pa zimbalangondo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pomwe ziwalo zambiri zakunja, komanso ma endoparasites ambiri, zimawonongeka.
Mitundu yonse yodyetsa yonyamula zimbalangondo imathandizira kufalikira kwa mbewu za zomera zambiri. Zimbalangondo zakumtunda nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi nkhandwe zomwe zimadya nyama zawo.
Zakudya za zimbalangondo
Zimbalangondo zooneka bwino ndizodyetsa kwambiri m'banjamo, ndipo chakudya chawo chachikulu chimaphatikizapo mphukira zaudzu, zipatso ndi mizu yazomera, mbewu za chimanga, ndipo nthawi zina tizilombo tomwe timakhala ngati nyerere kapena chiswe. Nsomba zimagwira gawo lofunikira pakudya kwa chimbalangondo cha ku Siberia, ndipo Kodiaks ndi omnivores omwe amadya masamba obiriwira, zipatso ndi mizu, komanso chakudya cha nyama, kuphatikiza nsomba ndi mitundu yonse yovunda.
Zimbalangondo zodya Pika kapena zimbalangondo zofiirira zaku Tibet zimadyetsa makamaka masamba obiriwira, komanso ma pikas, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa. Chakudya chachikulu cha zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndi zisindikizo za ringed, zisindikizo za ndevu, ma walrusi ndi nyama zina zambiri zam'madzi. Chilombocho sichinyoza nyama zakufa, chimadya nyama yakufa, mazira ndi anapiye, chimatha kudya udzu ndi mitundu yonse ya udzu wam'madzi, ndipo m'malo okhalamo amafunafuna chakudya m'malo ambiri otayira zinyalala.
Zakudya za zimbalangondo zoyera kapena zimbalangondo za Himalaya ndi 80-85% zoyimilidwa ndi zokolola, koma nyamayi imatha kugwiritsa ntchito nyerere ndi tizilombo tina, komanso nkhono zopatsa thanzi komanso achule. Zimbalangondo zazing'onozing'ono, monga malo ochitira mphalapala, zimasinthidwa kuti zizidya tizilombo tambiri tambiri, kuphatikizapo chiswe ndi nyerere. Ma biruang onse ndi omnivorous, koma makamaka amadya tizilombo, kuphatikizapo njuchi ndi chiswe, komanso zipatso ndi mphukira, mavuvu, ndi mizu yazomera.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi zambiri, zimbalangondo zomwe zafika zaka zitatu kapena zinayi zimachita nawo kubereka, koma izi sizimachitika chaka chilichonse chaka chilichonse, koma pakadutsa nyengo, yomwe imatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka zinayi. Nthawi yoberekera ya chimbalangondo chachikazi ndiyachidule, kuyambira masiku 60 mpaka 70, koma kuchedwa kukuika mazira a fetal kumatha kutalikitsa. Chiwerengero cha ana mu kanyumba kamodzi chimatha kusiyanasiyana ndikusiya munthu m'modzi mpaka asanu. Mitundu yobisalira imabereka ana m'nyengo yozizira, molunjika m'phanga.
Zimbalangondo ndi nyama zokhazokha, monga lamulo, magulu awiriwa amakhala osakhalitsa, ndipo amuna samatenga nawo gawo posamalira ana obadwa. Kuyamwitsa mkaka kumatengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira miyezi itatu mpaka isanu ndi inayi, ndipo achichepere amakhala ndi wamkazi pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Anthu amakula msinkhu azaka zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma kukula kwa nyama yoyamwa kumapitilira mpaka zaka zisanu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zaka khumi.
Mitundu ina imafa kwambiri kuyambira ali mwana komanso unyamata... Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amamwalira asanabadwe kumafikira 52-86%, pomwe kumatengera za polar pafupifupi 10-30% ya ana obadwa kumene ndipo pafupifupi 3-16% ya anthu osakhwima amafa chaka chilichonse.
Adani achilengedwe
Oyimira akuluakulu a banja la Bear alibe adani achilengedwe, ndipo nyama zazikuluzikulu zokhazokha zochokera kubanja la Feline ndi ma Canids ena zimawopseza nyama zazing'ono. Adani achilengedwe akuluakulu a zimbalangondo za Himalaya ndi mimbulu ndi akambuku a Amur.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino sichokwanira mokwanira, chifukwa chake, mitundu yomwe ili pangozi ili m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red. Chiwerengero cha achikulire achikulire nawonso adatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusaka kosalamulirika, choncho chilombocho chidatengedwa motetezedwa ndi boma. Zimbalangondo zofiirira za Apennine zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo mwachilengedwe, lero sipangakhale oimira 50-80 a subspecies iyi.
Zimbalangondo zofiirira za Tien Shan ndizosowa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake ndi kuchuluka kwake kumachepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake amatetezedwa ndi nkhokwe za Aksu-Dzhabagly ndi Alma-Atinsky, nkhokwe za Alma-Atinsky, Lepsinsky ndi Toktinsky. Zimbalangondo za Pika zimawonongedwa kuti ipeze bile, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achi China, koma magawo enieni osungira nyamayi sanadziwikebe chifukwa chakusowa chidziwitso.
Ziweto za Gobi ziyenera kuti zimakhala ngati "nyama zosowa kwambiri" ndipo zikuwopsezedwa kuti zitha kutha, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ochepa komanso chiwopsezo chachikulu cha subspecies. Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimabereka pang'onopang'ono ndipo zimafera ambiri akadali aang'ono, chifukwa chake ali pachiwopsezo mosavuta ndipo amaphatikizidwa ndi IWC, komanso mu Red Book la dziko lathu.
Zofunika! M'modzi mwa oimira subspecies a Himalayan bear akuphatikizidwanso mu Red Book - chimbalangondo choyera cha Baluchistan, chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha.
Zimbalangondo zaulesi zimalembedwanso mu IWC ndipo zili pangozi. Kuphatikiza apo, a Biruangi ndi ena mwa mitundu yosawerengeka komanso yowopsa kwambiri.
Zimbalangondo ndi munthu
Pali zochitika zochepa zodziwika za chimbalangondo chachikulu chowombera anthu, nthawi zina chimakhala chowopsa... Ozunzidwa ndi chimbalangondo nthawi zambiri amakhala alendo omwe amadyetsa nyama zazikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, dambo lililonse lokhala ndi zinyalala zodyera zomwe zimasonkhana pafupi ndi misasa ya alendo ndi mahema zimatha kukopa kuluma, ndipo grizzly, wosokonezeka pakudya, atha kukhala wankhanza ndikuukira.
Zimbalangondo za Himalayan zimachitanso nkhanza mukakumana ndi anthu, chifukwa chake zimadziwika kuti pali milandu yambiri yazowonongera anthu, kuphatikiza zomwe zimawononga.
