Mmbulu (lat. Canis lupus) ndi nyama yoopsa kuchokera kubanja la Canidae. Pamodzi ndi mphalapala (Cаnis latrаns) ndi nkhandwe wamba (Cаnis аureus), komanso mitundu ina yazinyama, mimbulu imvi kapena wamba imaphatikizidwa mgulu la Mimbulu (Cаnis).
Kufotokozera kwa nkhandwe imvi
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wamtundu ndi kafukufuku wamtundu, mimbulu ndiye makolo agalu agalu oweta, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa subspecies a nkhandwe. Pakadali pano, Cаnis lupus ndiye mamembala akulu kwambiri am'banja lawo.
Maonekedwe
Kukula ndi kulemera kwa thupi la nkhandwe zimadziwika ndikutanthauzira kwakanthawi ndipo zimadalira nyengo, zina zakunja. Kutalika kwakanthawi kwa nyama ikamafota kumasiyana pakati pa 66 mpaka 86 cm, ndikutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 105-160 masentimita ndi 32-62 kg. Kufika kapena chaka chimodzi nkhandwe sikulemera kupitirira 20-30 kg, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mimbulu yazaka ziwiri ndi zitatu sikupitilira 35-45 kg. Nkhandwe yokhwima imakhala ndi zaka zitatu, pomwe kulemera kochepa kwa thupi kumafikira 50-55 kg.
Kunja, mimbulu imafanana ndi agalu akulu, opindika-pindika okhala ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yamphamvu, zazikulu komanso zazitali zazitali. Zala ziwiri zapakati pazinyama zotere zimadziwika ndikutsogola kowonekera, chifukwa njirayo imapeza mpumulo wapadera. Mimbulu imakhala ndi mutu wakutchire wokhala ndi mphako yayitali komanso yopingasa, yotsekera kwambiri, yomwe imadziwika ndikulongosola kowonekera, komwe kumapangitsa kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe opitilira khumi ndi awiri a nkhope ya mdani. Chigoba chake ndichokwera, chachikulu komanso chachikulu, ndikutseguka kwammphuno pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati panjira ya nkhandwe ndi njira ya galu kumaimiridwa ndi kutsalira kwakumbuyo kwakumbuyo kwa zala zakumbuyo, komanso kusunga chikhomo "mu mpira" ndi njira yotsalira yomwe nyamayo idatsata.
Mchira ndi "woboola pakati", wakuda, nthawi zonse umatsamira. Chofunika kwambiri cha chilombo chamtchire ndi kapangidwe ka mano. Nsagwada yakumtunda ya nkhandweyo ili ndi zida zisanu ndi chimodzi, ma canine awiri, ma premolars asanu ndi atatu ndi ma molars anayi, ndipo pachibwano chapafupi pali ma molars angapo. Mothandizidwa ndi msana, chilombocho sichimangogwira bwino, komanso chimakoka nyama, chifukwa chake kutayika kwa mano kumayambitsa njala komanso kufa kwa nkhandwe.
Ubweya wa nkhandwe ziwiri zidzasiyana m'litali ndi kachulukidwe kokwanira... Tsitsi lolondera lolimba ndi madzi ndi zothamangitsa dothi, ndipo chovalacho ndichofunikira kuti muzitha kutentha. Ma subspecies osiyanasiyana amasiyana mtundu womwe umafanana ndi chilengedwe. Zowononga za m'nkhalango zimakhala zofiirira. Anawo amakhala ndi yunifolomu mtundu wakuda, womwe umapepuka pamene nyama ikukula. Pakati pa anthu omwewo, mtundu wa jekete la anthu osiyanasiyana amathanso kusiyanasiyana.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mimbulu imagwira ntchito zake zazikulu usiku, ndikupita nawo ndikufuula kwakanthawi komanso kwakanthawi, komwe kumakhala njira yolumikizirana ngakhale patali kwambiri. Pokasaka nyama, nkhandwe, monga lamulo, sizimapanga mawu osafunikira ndikuyesera kuyenda mwakachetechete momwe zingathere.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malo okhala nkhandwe imvi ndiyosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chotsekeredwa kwa nyama yodya nyama pafupifupi pafupifupi malo aliwonse.
Nyama yodya nyamayi imakhala ndi kumva bwino kwambiri... Kuwona ndi kununkhiza kumakhala koyipitsitsa munyama yotere. Chifukwa cha ntchito yamanjenje yayikulu kwambiri, mphamvu, liwiro komanso kuthekera, mwayi wa nkhandwe kupulumuka ndiwokwera kwambiri. Nyamayi imatha kukula msanga mpaka 60 km / h ndikuphimba mtunda wa 75-80 km usiku umodzi.
Ndi mimbulu ingati yomwe ikukhala
Zizindikiro za kutalika kwa moyo wa nkhandwe imvi m'malo achilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimadalira zochita za anthu. Nthawi ya moyo wa chilombo chotere m'chilengedwe ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu kapena kupitirirapo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mimbulu imapezeka m'malo ambiri ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku North America, komwe idasankha taiga, madera a nkhalango zowirira, matalala am'madzi komanso chipululu. Pakadali pano, malire akumpoto akunyumba akuyimiridwa ndi gombe la Arctic Ocean, ndipo chakumwera chikuyimiriridwa ndi Asia.
Chifukwa cha ntchito yolimba yaumunthu, kuchuluka kwa malo ogawira chilombocho kwatsika kwambiri pazaka zochepa zapitazi. Nthawi zambiri anthu amapha mapaketi a nkhandwe ndikuwathamangitsa m'malo awo okhalamo, chifukwa chake nyama yowononga sikhala ku Japan, British Isles, France ndi Holland, Belgium ndi Denmark, komanso Switzerland.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nkhandwe imvi ndi ya nyama zakutchire, zomwe zimakhala makilomita 502 mpaka 1.5 zikwi2, ndipo dera lam'magulu am'banja limadalira momwe malowo alili.
Gawo logawa nkhandwe limatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kokwanira, mosasamala nyengo. Chilombocho chimayesetsa kupewa malo achisanu ndi nkhalango mosalekeza ndikayamba nyengo yozizira. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu chimapezeka m'chigawo cha tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra, nkhalango-steppe ndi mapiri, komanso madera. Nthawi zina, nyama yolusa imakhazikika pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala, ndipo madera a taiga pakadali pano amadziwika ndi kufalikira kwa mimbulu kutsatira kugwa kwa taiga, komwe kumachitika ndi anthu.
Zakudya za nkhandwe imvi
Mimbulu imadyetsa pafupifupi chakudya cha nyama zokha, koma kumadera akumwera, zipatso zamtchire ndi zipatso nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa ndi adani. Chakudya chachikulu chimayimiriridwa ndi nyama zowola zakutchire komanso zakutchire, hares ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono, komanso mbalame ndi nyama zowola. Mimbulu ya Tundra imakonda ana amphongo ndi agwape achikazi, atsekwe, mandimu ndi ma voles. Nkhosa zamphongo ndi tarbagans, komanso hares, nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama zolusa zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri. Chakudya cha nkhandwe chingathenso kukhala:
- ziweto, kuphatikizapo agalu;
- agalu amphaka;
- Zinyama zakutchire kuphatikiza nguluwe ndi agwape;
- zinyama;
- zimbalangondo, nkhandwe ndi martens;
- Caucasus wakuda grouse ndi pheasants;
- agologolo agalu ndi ma jerboas;
- ziphuphu;
- zokwawa;
- tizilombo tambiri;
- makoswe amadzi;
- nsomba, kuphatikizapo carp;
- abuluzi ndi mitundu ina ya akamba;
- osati mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya njoka.
Zofunika! Mimbulu ndi imodzi mwazinyama zolimba kwambiri, chifukwa chake imatha kudya popanda milungu ingapo kapenanso pang'ono.
Mimbulu imadziwika ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira, kutengera zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza malo, mitundu ya nyama, komanso kukhalapo kwa chidziwitso cha munthu aliyense kapena paketi iliyonse.
Akuluakulu amadya nyama yochepera makilogalamu asanu patsiku, koma chakudya chochepa kwambiri choyambira nyama sayenera kuchepera kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka mpaka ma kilogalamu awiri patsiku. Nyama zonse zomwe zimadya theka zimachotsedwa ndikubisala mosamala.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mimbulu ndi nyama zogonana zokhazokha, ndipo kubereka ndimikhalidwe yamitundu iwiri m'banja lomwe lakhazikika kale. Pakangoyamba nyengo yokhwima, chikhalidwe cha alpha wamkazi komanso wamwamuna wa alpha chimasintha kwambiri ndikukhala mwamakani, koma pambuyo povutikira, malingaliro amgulu amasintha kukhala abwino kwambiri polera ana.
Nyumbayi imakonzedwa m'malo okhala otetezedwa bwino, koma nthawi zambiri maenje omwe nyama zina zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati adani ake. Kuphatikiza pa kutetezedwa kwa adani ndi anthu, malo oyenera a phangalo amalola wamkazi ndi wamwamuna kuti azindikire zoopsa nthawi.
Nthawi ya bere ndi miyezi iwiri pafupipafupi. M'madera akumwera, ana amabadwa kumapeto kwa February kapena pakati pa Epulo, komanso pakati ndi kumpoto - kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Chiwerengero cha ana mu zinyalala chimatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira atatu mpaka khumi ndi awiri. Ana agalu amabadwira m dzenje, ndipo m'masiku oyamba mmbulu wake sawasiya, ndipo amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndiudindo wodyetsa banja.
Kuyamwitsa anawo kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi ndi theka.... Kuyambira ali ndi miyezi iwiri, anawo amasintha kudya nyama. Ana a nkhandwe akula msanga amatha kukhala okha kwa nthawi yayitali, pomwe mmbulu wake umapita kukasaka ndi paketi yonse. Ngati pali kukayikira kuti kuli koopsa, anawo amasamutsidwa ndi akazi kupita kumalo ena, komwe chitetezo chokwanira chidzatsimikizika kwa mbewuyo.
Amuna amakula msinkhu azaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu, ndipo akazi amakhala azaka pafupifupi ziwiri, koma nthawi zambiri amaberekanso ali ndi zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu. Komabe, monga tawonera, zaka zakubadwa koyamba kwa mmbulu zimadalira pazinthu zingapo zachilengedwe. Ndi chakudya chokwanira kapena pakuchepa kwakukulu kwa mimbulu, malamulo oyendetsera chilengedwe cha ziwombankhanga amayamba kugwira ntchito.
Adani achilengedwe
Nkhandwe imvi ili ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa pakati pa nyama. Lero, ma subspecies makumi atatu a nyama yowopsa iyi, yodzikongoletsa komanso yolimba amadziwika. Ukhondo wosavomerezeka wa nyama zamtchire umawonongedwa mopanda chifundo ndi anthu okha, zomwe zimakhudza chiwonkhetso cha ziwombankhanga zonse ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kufalikira kwa miliri yosiyanasiyana pakati pa nyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe imvi m'maiko ena awopsezedwa kuti chiwonongedwa kwathunthu nthawi zambiri chifukwa choopa anthu kutaya ziweto zawo zonse. Chilombocho chinawonongedwa mopanda chifundo ndi ziphe, ndipo, mwa zina, anawomberedwa mwamphamvu ndi alenje. Zochita zoterezi zapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mimbulu yonse, chifukwa chake, ku Minnesota, nyama yolusa yatetezedwa ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi kwazaka zopitilira makumi anayi.
Masiku ano, mkhalidwe wokhazikika wa anthu wamba ukuwonedwa ku Canada ndi Alaska, ku Finland, Italy ndi Greece, Poland, m'maiko ena aku Asia ndi Middle East. Kuchepa kwa anthu komwe kumadza chifukwa cha kupha nyama mwachinyengo komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kumawopseza anthu omwe akukhala m'malo a Hungary, Lithuania ndi Latvia, Portugal ndi Slovakia, komanso Belarus, Ukraine ndi Romania. Nkhandweyo imagawidwa ngati mitundu yotetezedwa m'maiko monga Croatia, Macedonia ndi Czech Republic, Bhutan ndi China, Nepal ndi Pakistan, ndi Israel. Gawo lalikulu la nkhandwe za imvi zikuphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa CITES.
