Ndi chizolowezi kuyitana gulu la nsomba zamtundu wa sturgeon. Anthu ambiri amayerekezera ma sturgeon ndi nyama yawo ndi caviar, zomwe anthu amazikonda kwambiri. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Sturgeon wakhala chikhalidwe cha zikhalidwe zaku Russia komanso mlendo wolandiridwa patebulo la osankhika ndi zikwama zandalama. Masiku ano, mitundu ina ya sturgeon ndiyosowa, akatswiri ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana akuyesetsa kwambiri kuti achulukitse anthu.
Malongosoledwe a Sturgeon
Sturgeon - nsomba yayikulu yokhala ndi thupi lokwanira... Ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zakale kwambiri zamatenda padziko lapansi. Makolo enieni a sturgeons amakono adasokonekera m'mitsinje munthawi ya ma dinosaurs: izi zimatsimikizika ndikupeza mobwerezabwereza zakale za mafupa awo kuyambira nthawi ya Cretaceous (zaka 85 - 70 miliyoni zapitazo).
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi la sturgeon wamkulu mpaka 2 mita, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 50 - 80 kilogalamu. Mbalame yamphongo yolemera kwambiri yomwe idagwidwa, ikayesedwa, inalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 816 okhala ndi thupi lokwana pafupifupi mita 8. Thupi lalikulu la fusiform la sturgeon limakutidwa ndi masikelo, mafupa a mafupa, komanso mbale, zomwe zimakhala mamba okhwima (otchedwa "nsikidzi"). Amakhala pamizere yayitali 5: iwiri pamimba, imodzi kumbuyo ndi iwiri mbali. Kuchuluka kwa "nsikidzi" kumadalira kukhala amtundu winawake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Thupi, monga lamulo, limapangidwa utoto wapansi panthaka - mumayendedwe abulauni, imvi ndi mchenga, mimba ya nsombayo ndi yoyera kapena imvi. Kumbuyo kumakhala ndi mthunzi wobiriwira wobiriwira kapena wa azitona.
Ma sturgeon ali ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe - amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti amve pansi posaka chakudya. Tizilomboti timazungulira pakamwa tating'onoting'ono, topanda mano ndi milomo yolimba, yothinana, yomwe ili kumapeto kwa mphukira yotalikirapo, yosongoka, kumunsi kwake. Ntchentche zimabadwa ndi mano ang'onoang'ono omwe amatopa akamakula. Sturgeon ili ndi zipsepse zolimba, minyewa inayi ndi chikhodzodzo chachikulu, chotukuka bwino. M'mafupa ake a cartilaginous, mafupa am'mafupa kulibiretu, komanso msana (ntchito zake munthawi ya nsomba zimachitidwa ndi zidziwitso).
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ma sturgeon amakhala mozama kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 100 mita, amakonda kukhala ndikudyera pansi. Chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zawo, amakhala ozolowera kutentha kwamadzi ndi njala yayitali. Malinga ndi moyo wawo, mitundu ya sturgeon imagawika:
- anadromous: khalani m'madzi amchere amchere m'nyanja ndi nyanja, pakamwa pa mitsinje. Nthawi yobereka kapena yozizira, imakwera m'mitsinje, nthawi zambiri imasambira mtunda wautali;
- semi-anadromous: mosiyana ndi anadromous, zimakhalira pakamwa pamitsinje osasuntha mtunda wautali;
- madzi abwino: kukhala pansi.
Utali wamoyo
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa ma sturgeon ndi zaka 40-60. Ku beluga imatha zaka 100, Russian sturgeon - 50, stellge sturgeon ndi sterlet - mpaka zaka 20-30. Kutalika kwa moyo wa ma sturgeons kuthengo kumawongoleredwa ndi zinthu monga nyengo komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwamadzi chaka chonse, mulingo wa kuipitsa matupi amadzi.
Gulu, mitundu ya sturgeon
Asayansi amadziwa zamoyo 17. Ambiri aiwo adalembedwa mu Red Book.
Nawa ma sturgeon wamba ku Russia:
- Sturgeon waku Russia - nsomba, caviar ndi nyama zomwe zamtengo wapatali kuyambira kalekale. Tsopano ili pafupi kutha. Antenna, mosiyana ndi ma sturgeon ena, samakula mozungulira pakamwa, koma kumapeto kwa mphuno. Miyoyo ndi mazira mu Caspian, Black, Azov nyanja ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu ikuyenda mkati mwawo: Dnieper, Volga, Don, Kuban. Zitha kukhala zodutsa komanso zokhala pansi.
Unyinji wa wamkulu Russian sturgeon nthawi zambiri samapitilira 25 kilogalamu. Ili ndi thupi lokutidwa ndi zofiirira komanso zotuwa komanso mimba yoyera. Amadyetsa nsomba, nkhanu, mphutsi. Imatha kuswana ndi mitundu ina ya sturgeon (stellate sturgeon, sterlet) mwachilengedwe.
- Kaluga - osati mzinda wokhawo ku Europe gawo la Russia, komanso mitundu ya ma sturgeon omwe amakhala ku Far East. Kumbuyo kwa kaluga kumakhala kobiriwira, thupi limakutidwa ndi mizere ingapo ya mamba a mafupa okhala ndi minga yosongoka ndi masharubu omwe ndi akulu kwambiri potengera mitundu ina ya sturgeon. Wopanda thanzi. Imadyetsa poyamwa madzi mwa iyo yokha ndikukoka nyama limodzi nayo. Zaka zisanu zilizonse, Kaluga wamkazi amatulutsa mazira opitilira miliyoni.
- Sterlet - mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndi tinyanga tokhala ndi mphonje yayitali komanso mbale zingapo za mafupa. Mu sterlet, kutha msinkhu kumachitika koyambirira kuposa mitundu ina ya sturgeon. Makamaka mitundu yamadzi amchere. Avereji kukula kwake kufika theka la mita, kulemera sikudutsa makilogalamu 50. Ndi mtundu wosatetezeka.
Gawo lalikulu la chakudyacho limakhala ndi mphutsi za tizilombo, leeches ndi zamoyo zina za benthic, nsomba zimadyedwa pang'ono. Bester, mtundu wosakanizidwa wa sterlet ndi beluga, ndi mbewu yotchuka ya nyama ndi caviar. Malo achilengedwe amachitikira m'mitsinje ya Caspian, Black, Azov ndi Baltic, yomwe imapezeka m'mitsinje monga Dnieper, Don, Yenisei, Ob, Volga ndi mitsinje yake, Kuban, Ural, Kama. - Amur sturgeon, amphongo a Shrenk - amapanga madzi amchere komanso mawonekedwe a semi-anadromous, amadziwika kuti ndi wachibale wapamtima wa nkhono zazikulu za ku Siberia. Makina a gill ndiosalala ndipo ali ndi chimake chimodzi. Ali pafupi kutha. Imafika mamita atatu m'litali ndi thupi lolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 190, kulemera kwake kwa sturgeon nthawi zambiri sikudutsa 56-80 kg. Mphuno yotalikirapo imatha kukhala theka la kutalika kwa mutu. Mizere yakutsogolo kwa sturgeon imakhala ndi kachilombo ka 11 mpaka 17, kotsatira kake kuyambira 32 mpaka 47, ndi m'mimba kuyambira 7 mpaka 14. Amadya mphutsi za ntchentche za caddis ndi mayflies, crustaceans, lamprey larvae ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Kukhazikika mumtsinje wa Amur, kuchokera kumunsi mpaka kumtunda, kupita ku Shilka ndi Argun, mkati mwa nyengo yobereketsa, nsapato zimakwera mtsinjewu kupita kudera la Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
- Nyama zotchedwa sturgeon (lat. Acipenser stellatus) Kodi ndi mtundu wa sturgeon wodabwitsa, wogwirizana kwambiri ndi sterlet ndi munga. Sevruga ndi nsomba yayikulu, mpaka kutalika kwa 2.2 m ndi pafupifupi 80 kg. Mbalame yam'madzi imakhala ndi mphuno yayitali, yopapatiza, yosalala pang'ono, mpaka 65% yamutu wamutu. Mizere ya nyongolotsi zam'madzi zimakhala ndi zinthu 11 mpaka 14, m'mizere yotsatira pali kuyambira 30 mpaka 36, pamimba kuyambira 10 mpaka 11.
Pamaso pambuyo pake pamakhala bulauni yakuda, mbali zake ndizopepuka, mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera. Zakudya za ststate sturgeon zimakhala ndi ma crustaceans ndi mysids, nyongolotsi zosiyanasiyana, komanso mitundu yaying'ono ya nsomba. Sevruga amakhala m'mabeseni a Caspian, Azov ndi Black Sea, nthawi zina nsomba zimapezeka m'nyanja za Adriatic ndi Aegean. Pakati pa nyengo yobereketsa, ma sturgeon amtundu wa Volga, Ural, Kura, Kuban, Don, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Inguri ndi Kodori.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Dera logawira ma sturgeon ndilokulirapo. Nsomba zimakhala makamaka m'malo otentha (sturgeon samamva bwino m'madzi ofunda) ku Northern Hemisphere kokha. M'madera a Russia, ma sturgeon amakhala m'madzi a Caspian, Black ndi Azov Seas, ku Far East komanso kumpoto kwa mitsinje.
M'nyengo yobereketsa, mitundu yamtundu wa sturgeon yomwe siiri yamadzi imakwera m'mitsinje ikuluikulu. Mitundu ina ya nsomba imalimidwa moyenera m'mafamu am'madzi, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka mumitundu imeneyi.
Zakudya za Sturgeon
Mbalame yotchedwa sturgeon ndi yamphongo. Zakudya zake zachizolowezi zimaphatikizapo ndere, zopanda mafupa (molluscs, crustaceans) ndi mitundu yaying'ono ya nsomba. Mbalame ya sturgeon imasinthana kubzala chakudya pokhapokha nyama zikasowa.
Nsomba zazikulu zimatha kuukira mbalame zam'madzi. Atatsala pang'ono kubala, ma sturgeon amayamba kudya mwamphamvu chilichonse chomwe akuwona: mphutsi, nyongolotsi, leeches. Amayesetsa kupeza mafuta ambiri, chifukwa panthawi yobereka, njala ya ma sturgeon imachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Patangotha mwezi umodzi atatha kubereka, nsomba zimayamba kudyetsa... Chakudya chachikulu cha sturgeon mwachangu ndi nyama zazing'ono: ma copepods (cyclops) ndi cladocerans (daphnia ndi moina) nkhanu zazing'ono, mbozi zazing'ono ndi ma crustaceans. Kukula, ma sturgeon achichepere amaphatikizanso pazakudya zawo zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi, komanso nkhono ndi mbozi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma sturgeon amakula msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 5 ndi 21 (nyengo yozizira, pambuyo pake). Akazi amabala kamodzi zaka zitatu zilizonse, kangapo pamoyo wawo, amuna - nthawi zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalamezi imatha kuchitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Novembala. Kutalika kwa kubereka kuli pakati pa chilimwe.
Chofunikira pakukhazikitsa bwino ndikukhwima kwa mbeu ndikutsitsimuka kwamadzi ndi mphamvu yamphamvu. Kuswana kwa sturgeon ndikosatheka m'madzi othamanga kapena amchere. Kutentha kwamadzi ndikofunikira: kutentha galeta, kumaipira kwambiri caviar. Pakatenthedwa mpaka madigiri 22 kapena kupitilira apo, mazirawo samapulumuka.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Salimoni
- Silver carp
- Nsomba Pinki
- Tuna
Nthawi imodzi, ma sturgeon azimayi amatha kuikira mazira mpaka mamiliyoni angapo okhala ndi mamilimita 2-3, lililonse limalemera pafupifupi mamiligalamu 10. Amachita izi m'ming'alu ya mtsinjewu, pakati pa miyala komanso m'miyala yayikulu. Mazira omata amatsatira kwambiri gawo lapansi, motero samatengeka ndi mtsinje. Kukula kwa mazira kumatha masiku awiri kapena khumi.
Adani achilengedwe
Ma sturgeon am'madzi abwino alibe mdani pakati pa mitundu ina ya nyama zamtchire. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kumalumikizidwa ndi zochitika za anthu zokha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Sturgeon akuopsezedwa kuti atha m'zaka za zana la 21 kuposa kale lonse... Izi ndichifukwa cha ntchito za anthu: kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, kusodza mwachangu kwambiri, komwe kudapitilira mpaka zaka za zana la 20, ndi kupha nyama, komwe kukufalikira mpaka pano.
Zomwe zachepetsa kuchepa kwa ma sturgeon zidawonekeranso m'zaka za zana la 19, koma njira zothanirana ndi zamoyo - polimbana ndi kupha nyama mosalekeza, kukweza mwachangu m'minda ya nsomba ndikutulutsanso kuthengo - zidayamba kuchitika mzaka zaposachedwa. Pakadali pano, kusodza pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya sturgeon kuli koletsedwa ku Russia.
Mtengo wamalonda
Mitundu ina ya nyama ya sturgeon ndi caviar ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri: mankhwalawa ali ndi mapuloteni osungunuka mosavuta, zomwe zili mu nyama zimakhala 15%, mavitamini, sodium ndi mafuta acid. Zakudya za Sturgeon zinali gawo limodzi la tebulo la ma Russian ndi ma boyars, olemekezeka aku Roma wakale ndi China. Ankhondo a wamkulu Alexander Wamkulu adagwiritsa ntchito ma sturgeon caviar monga chakudya.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, sturgeon imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika msuzi wa nsomba, msuzi, hodgepodge, wokazinga komanso wokutidwa. Nyama yoyera yosakhwima mwachizolowezi imaphatikizidwa munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi ziwalo zonse za thupi la sturgeon, mpaka ku cartilage ndi notochord, ndizoyenera kudya anthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mafuta a Sturgeon ndi caviar adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu popanga zodzoladzola, ndipo zomatira zamankhwala zimapangidwa ndi kusambira chikhodzodzo.
Ndikotheka kufotokoza kwa nthawi yayitali zabwino zomwe kugwiritsa ntchito sturgeon kumakhala nako m'thupi la munthu... Mafuta a nsombazi amathandiza polimbana ndi kupsinjika ndi kukhumudwa, zimathandizira pakugwira ntchito kwa ubongo ndi dongosolo lamtima. Chofunika kwambiri ndi caviar yamitundu itatu ya sturgeon (yotsika):
- beluga (utoto - imvi kapena wakuda, mazira akulu)
- Russian sturgeon (bulauni, wobiriwira, wakuda kapena wachikasu)
- stellate sturgeon (mazira apakatikati)
