Pelicans (lat. Mitundu isanu ndi itatu yokha yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi ya Pelican-like, yomwe mitundu iwiri imakhala m'dera lathu.
Kufotokozera kwa Pelican
Oimira amtundu wa Pelican ndiwo mbalame zazikulu kwambiri motsatira dongosolo lawo.... Pakadali pano, mtunduwu umaphatikizaponso mitundu yoyimiriridwa:
- Chiwombankhanga cha ku Australia (P. connsillatus);
- Pelican Wokhotakhota (P. crisрus);
- American Brown Pelican (P. Rossidentalis);
- American White Pelican (P. erythrоrhynchоs);
- Zokongola zapinki (P. оnоtаlus);
- Vuwala wothandizidwa ndi pinki (Р.ufufesns);
- Chingwe chakuda (P. philipprensis);
- Pelecanus thagus.
Mitundu yonse yamtundu wa Pelican komanso mtundu wa Pelican wokhala m'malo otentha amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zosamuka.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi la nkhanu wamkulu ndi 1.3-1.8 m, ndikulemera kwa 7-14 kg. Maonekedwe kapena mawonekedwe a mbalameyi amadziwika kwambiri ndi a Pelesnidae ndipo amayimiridwa ndi thupi lopindika, koma lalikulu kwambiri, mapiko akulu, miyendo yayifupi komanso yayitali yokhala ndi nembanemba yayikulu pakati pa zala zazing'ono, ndi mchira wawufupi komanso wozungulira. Khosi la mbalameyi ndi lalitali komanso lokula bwino. Mlomo suli wopitilira 46-47 cm mulitali, ndi mbeza yachilendo kumapeto kwake.
Pansi pake pali chikopa cha kanyama ndipo kamakhala ndi thumba lachikopa lotambasuka kwambiri lomwe mbalameyi imagwiritsa ntchito kugwira nsomba zosiyanasiyana. Nthenga za vuwo ndi zotayirira, zosayenera kuthupi. Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri "imafinya" nthenga zomwe zimanyowa msanga mothandizidwa ndi mulomo wake. Mtundu wa oimira banja la Pelican ndi mtundu wa Pelican nthawi zonse umakhala wonyezimira - yoyera yoyera, mumayendedwe akuda, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi utoto wobiriwira. Nthenga zouluka zili ndi mtundu wakuda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chomwe chimakhala ndi ziwala zonse ndi mawu achilengedwe a mbalameyi nthawi yogona - kubangula kofuula komanso kosasangalatsa, ndipo nthawi yonseyi, oimira mtunduwu amakhala chete.
Milomo komanso mbali zopanda mutu zimakhala ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri, makamaka makamaka pakuyamba kwa nthawi yokwanira. Nthenga kumbuyo kwa mutu nthawi zambiri zimapanga mtundu winawake. Zazimayi ndizocheperako komanso sizikhala zowala kwambiri kuposa amuna. Nungu wamng'ono amadziwika ndi nthenga zofiirira kapena zotuwa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Palibe magulu okhazikika okhazikika m'magulu amtundu. Ndiwo moyo pakampani yochezeka komanso yolumikizana kwambiri yomwe imalola mbalame zam'madzi kupereka chitetezo chokwanira.
Mu gulu lirilonse pali owonerera angapo, akudziwitsa gulu lonse za ngozi zomwe zikubwera kwa mbalame, pambuyo pake njira yogwiritsira ntchito mwamtendere mdaniyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina pakati pa ziwombankhanga za gulu lomwelo, mikangano yaying'ono imatha kuchitika, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa chakudya kapena kufunafuna zida zomangira pokonza zisa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akamauluka, chifukwa cha mlomo wautali komanso wolemera kwambiri, mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'khosi mwa chilembo chotchedwa S, chomwe chimawoneka ngati chimeza ndi marabou.
Kulimbana kosalekeza pakati pa mamembala ena amtundu wa Pelican ndi nkhondo ya omenyera anzawo omwe akugwiritsa ntchito milomo yayikulu... Kuti inyamuke, mbalame yayikulu yokwanira imayenera kupatsidwa mayendedwe abwino. Ma Pelicans amatha kuuluka mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde ampweya pazolinga izi. Pakukwera ndege zamtunda wautali, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa mtsogoleri, yemwe amakhazikitsa mayendedwe a gulu lonselo. Pachifukwa ichi mbalame zotsogola, pakuwuluka kwa gulu, zimasinthana nthawi ndi nthawi.
Ndi ma pelican angati omwe amakhala
Ali mu ukapolo, ziwombankhanga zimatha kukhala zaka makumi atatu, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chomangidwa bwino komanso kusapezeka kwa adani achilengedwe. Kumtchire, kutalika kwa moyo wa omwe akuyimira mtundu wa Pelicans ndizochepa kwambiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zilombo za ku Australia zimapezeka pafupifupi ku Australia ndi New Guinea, komanso kumadzulo kwa Indonesia. Omwe amafika osakwatiwa amaphatikizaponso zooneka ngati ziwombankhanga zaku Australia, zomwe zimalembetsedwa ku New Zealand, pazilumba zakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku Australia, ziwombankhanga zotere nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'madzi abwino kapena kufupi ndi gombe la nyanja, komanso m'malo akuthwa ndi malo owundikirako nyanjayi, mkati mwa madzi am'madzi osakhalitsa komanso m'malo azilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Akalulu a ku Dalmatia (Pelesanus crispus) amakhala madera akutali, malo otsika komanso mitsinje, yomwe imadziwika ndi zomera zambiri zam'madzi. Nthawi zina mbalame zotere zimakhazikika pamadzi amchere komanso m'malo azilumba zazing'ono kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa anthu ochuluka kwambiri a nkhanu yoyera yoyera kapena yaku America yoyera (Pelesanus erythrоrhynchоs) adawonedwa mu Nyanja ya Aptekarsky m'chigawo cha America ku Montana pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Ziwombankhanga zaku America zofiirira (Relesnus ossidalentalis) zimakhala kuzilumba zowuma komanso zopanda anthu m'mphepete mwa nyanja yaku Chile, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma guano angapo m'malo amenewa.
Malo omwe amagawidwa a Pink Pelican (Pelesanus onocrotalus) akuyimiridwa ndi gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi Africa, komanso Anterior, Central ndi Southwest Asia. Phukusi lakuthwa (Pelesanus philipprensis) amakhala mdera lakumwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Asia, komanso zisa kuchokera ku Indonesia mpaka India, zomwe zimakonda nyanja zosaya.
Zinyama zothandizidwa ndi pinki (Relesnus rufessens) zimakhala mu lacustrine ndi madambo m'malo akumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, Madagascar, ndi kumwera kwa Arabia. Madera okhala ndi nthenda za nthenda zambiri zothandizidwa ndi pinki amakonda kuikidwa m'mitengo, kuphatikiza malambe.
Zakudya zaku Pelican
Chakudya chachikulu cha nkhanu chimayimiriridwa ndi nsomba, zomwe mbalame zoterezi zimagwira ndikutsitsa mitu yawo m'madzi.... Ndi m'madzi momwe nthumwi za mtundu wa Pelicans zimagwirira nyama ndi milomo yawo yomwe imakwera pafupi. Mlomo wa vuwo umasiyanitsidwa ndi chidwi chachikulu, chomwe chimathandiza mbalame kuti izipeza chakudya chokha m'madzi. Pamlomo wa pelicans pali mbedza yapadera, yokhotakhota pansi, chifukwa chomwe nyama yoterera imasungidwa bwino.
Nyama zomwe zatumizidwa zimamezedwa ndi kupindika kwamutu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti thumba lakhwangwala siligwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi mbalame kuti isunge chakudya. Mbali imeneyi ya mlomo imagwira ntchito chabe kuti nsomba zigwire kwakanthawi. A Pelicans, omwe amakhala m'madzi amchere amchere, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo kutunga madzi akumwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Vuwo akangogwira nsomba pakamwa pake, amaitseka ndi kukanikiza pachifuwa, pomwe nyamayo imagundana kukhosi.
Achi Pelican amapita kokasaka okha, koma amathanso kusonkhana pagulu, lomwe nthawi zina limakhala lalikulu kwambiri. Nsomba yomwe yapezekedwa yazunguliridwa ndi gulu la mbalame, kenako nyamayo imayendetsedwa pamchenga. Pelicans pakanthawi kochepa amamenya madziwo ndi mapiko awo, pambuyo pake nsomba zomwe zafikika kwambiri zimagwidwa ndi mulomo wake. Nthawi zina ma gull, cormorants ndi terns amatha kujowina kusaka limodzi. Masana, vuwo amadya nyama yoposa kilogalamu imodzi yokha.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, zakudya za oimira banja la a Pelican ndi mtundu wa Pelican nthawi ndi nthawi zimathandizidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya nkhanu, amphibiya achikulire ndi tadpoles, komanso ana akamba ang'onoang'ono.
Iwo ndi ofunitsitsa kulandira mbalame zoterezi ndikudya kuchokera kwa anthu. Pakakhala kuchepa kwa chakudya chodziwika bwino, akulu ndi mbalame zazikulu zimatha kugwira abakha kapena ntchentche, komanso kumenya mosavuta nyama kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya mbalame zam'madzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuti kubala pelicans analengedwa madera lalikulu, chiwerengero cha amene nthawi zina anthu zikwi makumi anayi. Zisa zimachitika ndi mbalame nthawi zosiyanasiyana mchaka ndipo zimadalira nyengo yakomweko. Pawiri mbalame zimapangidwa nyengo imodzi. Poyambira nyengo yokhwima, mitundu ya pakhosi ndi mulomo imasintha ndikupeza mthunzi wowala wa pinki wokhala ndi madera amtambo ndi chikasu chachikuda.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- African marabou
- Kitoglav kapena Royal Heron
Mzere wakuda wakuda womwe ukuwoneka pansi pamlomo. Asanakwatirane, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi chibwenzi nthawi yayitali, pambuyo pake wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amapita kukamanga chisa.
Mitundu yayikulu yoyimira banja la a Pelican ndi mtundu wa Pelican imamanga zisa zawo pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito izi mabowo omwe amakumbidwa ndi akazi, okhala ndi nthambi ndi nthenga zakale. Mitundu yaying'ono ya nkhanu imatha kubzala mwachindunji pamitengo yomwe ikukula pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Zisa zimamangidwa ndi akazi okha, koma amuna amabweretsa zida za izi. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zingapo zimamanga chisa chimodzi.
Chowotcha chachikazi chimakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena atatu mazira abuluu kapena achikaso... Mkazi ndi wamwamuna amachita nawo makulitsidwe a ana kwa masiku 35. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa anapiye omwe akutulukawo. Anapiye ongobadwa kumene ali ndi milomo yayikulu ndi maso otupa, ndipo kutuluka kwawo koyamba kumangowoneka tsiku lakhumi atabadwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zizindikiro za kufalikira kwa ziwalo zamatenda am'mimba ndizofooka kwambiri, koma akazi, monga lamulo, amakhala ocheperako ndipo amakhala ndi utoto wochepa poyerekeza ndi amuna.
Anapiye amasiya chisa nthawi zambiri ali ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, chifukwa chake magulu ofanana amakhala "nazale". Achi Pelican amakhala odziyimira pawokha ali ndi miyezi iwiri yokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Mwachilengedwe, nkhwangwa zilibe adani ambiri, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa mbalame zoterezi. Mbalame yayikulu nthawi zambiri imagwidwa ndi ng'ona, ndipo anapiye amatha kulanda ankhandwe, afisi ndi mbalame zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa ziweto zonse zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofala kwambiri pa DDT pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, komanso mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo. Kudya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chakudya kunakhudza thanzi la mbalame ndipo chinali chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kubala kwawo.
Anthu aku pelican a ku Australia (Pelecanus conspicillatus), American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) ndi American brown pelican (Pelecanus ossidentalis), Pinkican pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalis) ndi Rosovan pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalis) ndi Rosovian pelican ndizomwe sizikudetsa nkhawa kwambiri pakadali pano. Mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo ndi Curly Pelican (Pelesanus crispus). Grey Pelican okha (Pelecanus philippensis) ndi Pelecanus thagus ndi omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yosatetezeka masiku ano.
