Lero kuli kovuta kukumana ndi munthu yemwe sanamvepo za nyama ngati iyi nsombazi zazikulu zoyera... Nyama yakaleyi komanso yapadera ili munjira yoopsa komanso yachinsinsi, pomwe makanema amakono komanso atolankhani adachita gawo lalikulu.
Kodi uyu ndi wakupha wankhanza komanso wopanda chifundo yemwe amadyerera anthu? Kodi nchifukwa ninji sharki wamkulu ali m'gulu la zolengedwa zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi? Chidwi mwa munthu wodabwitsayu sichitha mpaka lero. Palinso nyama ina yochititsa chidwi yolusa m'madzi - whale shark. Werengani izo, mudzazikonda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: White Shark
Dziko lamasayansi lamakono silingagwirizane pa funsoli: kodi nsomba zazikulu zoyera zidachokera kuti Padziko Lapansi? Ochirikiza nthanthi imodzi amakhulupirira kuti iyi ndi mbadwa yachindunji ya nsomba zazikulu kwambiri - megaladon, yomwe idazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo. Yemwe akuti ndi kholo lake anali ndi kukula kwakukulu, komwe masiku ano kuli kovuta kulingalira - kutalika kwa 30 m ndikulemera matani oposa 50.
Oimira lingaliro losiyana la chiyambi cha sharki oyera amakhulupirira kuti nyama yapaderayi idapulumuka mpaka lero chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa imodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu ya shark yotayika - mako. Zowononga zonsezi ndi amtundu wa herring shark ndipo ali ndi mano ofanana. Shark yoyera, kapena monga amatchulidwanso - karcharodon, ndi nsomba zamatenda, zomwe mafupa ake alibe mafupa olimba, koma amakhala ndi khungwa lofewa komanso lotanuka. Chifukwa cha thupi lake lofewa, lokumbutsa torpedo yankhondo, nsombazi ndizomwe zimayikidwa ndi lamnifomu.
Ngakhale pali mikangano yambiri yokhudzana ndi chiyambi cha nsomba yoyera yoyera, asayansi padziko lonse lapansi amagwirizana chimodzi - ndi chilombo chakale, chowopsa, chankhanza komanso chanzeru kwambiri, chomwe kafukufuku wawo sanayime mpaka pano. Ndipo chinthu chowopsa mukafufuza, ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuchitsatira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mano a shaki yoyera
Great White Shark ili ndi thupi lamphamvu losunthika, lopepuka lomwe limalola kuti lizitha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri. Mutu waukulu kwambiri, wokhala m'malire ndi maso ang'ono, akutali kwambiri ndi mphuno ziwiri. Ma grooves awiri ang'onoang'ono amapangitsa mphuno ya nyamayo, yomwe imawalola kununkhiza kusinthaku pang'ono m'madzi ndikununkhira kwa nyama yomwe ili patali makilomita angapo.
Zipsepsezo zakuthambo ndi zazikulu za shaki yoyera zazikulu ndizodziwika ndipo zimawoneka pamwamba pamadzi. Zipsepse zakutsogolo, kumatako ndi m'chiuno sizowonekera kwenikweni, monga mwa oimira mtundu uliwonse wa nsomba. Zingwe zisanu zakuya za gill zili kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mutu mbali zonse ziwiri ndipo zimalola kupuma.
Mtundu waukulu wa shark woyera umakhala mogwirizana ndi dzina lake. Mbali zakutsogolo ndi zoyandikira za nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda, zofiirira, zamtambo, kapena zobiriwira. Izi zimathandiza kuti nsombazi zisamaoneke ngati zili m'madzi. Koma nyama yolanda nyama nthawi zonse imakhala yoyera kapena yamkaka.
Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa sharki woyera kufanana ndi nyama zina zowopsa padziko lapansi, zotsatirazi zitha kudziwika:
- kukula kwakukulu;
- Shark woyera wamkulu pachimake amafikira 4 - 5 mita kutalika;
- akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa amuna;
- thupi lovuta la nyama zolusa zimakhala pakati pa 700 ndi 1000 kg. Komabe, pamakhala milandu yokumana ndi shark 7, 10 komanso 11 mita kutalika. Pali nthano zonena za kukula kwakukulu kwa mkuntho wa nyanja. Mpaka pano, shark yoyera wamkulu kwambiri yemwe wagwidwa amadziwika kuti wagwidwa mumtsinje wa herring kuchokera kugombe la Canada mu 1930. Kutalika kwa munthuyu kunali 11 mita 30 masentimita;
- kukamwa kokulira okhala ndi mano akuthwa lumo. Shaki yoyera kwambiri ili ndi mano pafupifupi 300 yonse. Amalumikizidwa m'mbali, kulola mbuye wawo kuti azijambula nyama mwachangu komanso mozemba, ngati macheka kapena nkhwangwa. Mano amakonzedwa m'mizere ingapo - nthawi zambiri amakhala asanu. Mmoyo wonse wa shark, mano ake amakonzanso kwathunthu kangapo;
- kusowa kwa chikhodzodzo. Izi zimakakamiza shark yoyera kuti azingoyenda osagona kapena kupumula, kuti asamire.
Kodi shark woyera wamkulu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pakamwa pa shaki yoyera
Shaki yoyera kwambiri imapezeka pafupifupi m'nyanja zonse zapadziko lapansi, kupatula ku Arctic.
Nthawi zambiri, nyama yoopsa imeneyi imapezeka m'malo otsatirawa:
- California South Gombe;
- Gombe la South Africa;
- Mexico;
- Australia;
- New Zealand.
Nsomba zambiri zoyera zimakonda kukhala pamwamba pamadzi potenthedwa ndi cheza chofunda cha dzuwa mpaka 15-25C. Kuukira kochititsa mantha kwambiri kwa osaka nyama awa kunalembedwa m'madzi osaya. Kaŵirikaŵiri sizilowa m'madzi ozizira a m'nyanja, koma sizitanthauza kuti sangapezeke pamenepo.
Chimodzi mwazizindikiro za nsombazi ndi kuthekera kwake kapena ngakhale chidwi chosamuka kwakanthawi. Asayansi adalemba zochitika pomwe anthu ena adayenda maulendo ataliatali kuchokera ku kontinenti ina kupita kwina ndikubwerera. Chifukwa chenicheni cha kusunthaku sichikudziwika. Izi zitha kukhala kulakalaka kubereka, ndikusaka magombe omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri.
Mwambiri, shark yoyera imangodzitama m'malo mwake komanso kuberekana. Ochepa mwa zamoyo zina zam'madzi zomwe zitha kupikisana naye pankhani ya kusaka, kotero amatha kumverera ngati wamkulu pazomwe zili m'madzi am'nyanja.
Kodi shark woyera wamkulu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Makulidwe a White White Shark
Amakhulupirira kuti nsombazi zimatha kudya chilichonse, mosasamala kanthu za kukoma ndi kukula kwake. Izi ndizowona, panali zochitika zina pomwe zinthu zosayembekezereka zidapezeka m'mimba mwa nsomba zazikulu zoyera - kuyambira mabotolo agalasi mpaka mabomba am'madzi. Komabe, ngati tikulankhula za chakudya cha nyama za nyama zopanda mantha izi, ndiye kuti nsomba ndi nkhono zamitundu ndi kukula kwake zimabwera patsogolo. Achinyamata amadya zazing'onozing'ono, komabe, mafuta onenepa komanso opatsa thanzi, sardine ndi tuna. Shaki yoyera ikakula, anamgumi ang'onoang'ono, dolphin, zotsekemera ndi mikango yam'madzi, ndi nsombazi zina zimakhala mano.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti mlenje waluso ameneyu sadzasiya zakufa, ndipo nsombazi zimanunkhiza fungo lake losaneneka patali ndi makilomita angapo. Nyama ikuluikulu yowola ya namgumi yakufa imatha kudyetsa shaki yoyera yayikulu pafupifupi mwezi wathunthu. Maluso osaka a shark yoyera wamkulu ndi osangalatsa kwambiri. Pogwira chidindo chaubweya, nyamayo imatha kusambira kwa nthawi yayitali m'madzi, ngati kuti siziwona nyama, kenako imalumphira kumtunda, ikumugwira mwamphamvu ndi nsagwada zake zamphamvu. Izi ndi zochititsa chidwi komanso zowoneka bwino.
Kusaka dolphin kumawonekanso kosadabwitsa - nsombazi zimasambira pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumbuyo, motero zimalepheretsa dolphin kutha kuwona komwe ili. Uwu ndi umodzi mwa maumboni osatsutsika kuti olusa akalewa ali ndi nzeru zokwanira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Great White Shark
Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti nsombazi zimakhala zodya nyama zokha. Mwambiri, izi ndizowona, komabe, zikafika pakusaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nsombazi zimatha kukhazikika m'masukulu a anthu awiri kapena asanu. Gulu laling'ono ili lili ndi mtsogoleri m'modzi wa alpha, ndipo mamembala ena onse apatsidwa maudindo. Bungwe ili ndilofanana kwambiri ndi kusaka kwa paketi ya nkhandwe.
Ponena za maudindo pakati pa nsombazi zoyera, apa zinthu zikuchitika mu miyambo yabwino kwambiri yachifumu. Akazi amalamulira amuna chifukwa chakuti amawaposa kwambiri kukula. Mikangano mkati mwa gulu imathetsedwa pamlingo wopereka chiwonetsero mwa kuluma pang'ono, kuchenjeza.
Mosiyana ndi anzawo, shark woyera wamkulu amatha nthawi zina kutulutsa mutu wake m'madzi kuti awone bwino nyamayo ndikuwunika momwe zinthu ziliri. Luso lodabwitsali la nyama yolusa yam'nyanja nthawi zambiri limawonekera m'mabuku a kanema ndi makanema anyama zakutchire, chifukwa chake gawo la opha ozizira komanso owerengera wakupha limakhazikika kwambiri pa shark yoyera. Nsomba zoyera zimawerengedwa kuti ndi azaka zapakati pamadzi. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi moyo zaka 70 kapena kupitilira apo, pokhapokha, atagwera m'makoka a anthu opha nyama mopanda chilungamo kapena kudyedwa ndi ena, ngakhale olusa mwazi ambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Shaki yoyera kwambiri
Nsomba zazikulu zoyera zimakonda kukhala zokha gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo. Khalidwe lawo lodalirika silimalekerera mpikisano ndi mpikisano, ali okonzeka kupita kungogwirizana mwachidule chifukwa cha jackpot yayikulu ngati mkango wanyanja kapena gulu la dolphin. Akazi sadzavomereza amuna kukhala alfa pagulu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kudya anzawo kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi pakati pa nsomba zoyera.
Pomwe kampani ina ya asodzi aku Australia idakhala ndi mwayi wowonera chochitika chowopsa, monga shaki imodzi ya mita sikisi imaluma kamodzi mu theka lina, laling'ono.
Nsomba zazikulu zoyera zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zikhwime kuti ziberekane. Nthawi zambiri kuthekera kwakuchulukitsa mwa iwo kumangowonekera pofika zaka 30 mwa akazi komanso pofika zaka 25 mwa amuna. Zowonongera m'madzi izi zili mgulu la nsomba za viviparous za dzira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nsombazi zimanyamula mazira omwe abambo amatenga mimba yawo mpaka m'mimba mwake mpaka nthawi yobadwa.
Thupi la shark woyera wamkazi limapangidwa kuti lizinyamula mazira awiri mpaka khumi ndi awiri nthawi imodzi. Komabe, ali m'mimba kale, omwe adzagonjetse nyanja zamtsogolo poyamba amakhala ngati opha obadwa. Amphamvu kwambiri amadya ofooka, motero pofika nthawi yobadwa, ndi ana awiri kapena atatu okha amakhala ndi moyo nthawi zonse.
Nthawi yoberekera ya shark yoyera yayikulu imatha miyezi khumi ndi chimodzi. Atabadwa, achinyamata nthawi yomweyo amayamba kusaka paokha ndipo samangokhalira kugwirizana ndi amayi awo. Tsoka ilo, si ana onse omwe amayenera kukhala kuti adzawone tsiku lawo lobadwa loyamba. Nyanja ndi yankhanza ndipo imanyansidwa ndi kufooka. Zinthu zonsezi, kuphatikiza kutha msinkhu, kutenga nthawi yayitali, komanso kubadwa kocheperako, ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama yosaonekayi itheretu.
Adani achilengedwe a shark woyera wamkulu
Chithunzi: White Shark
Ndi ochepa omwe angayerekeze kutenga udindo wa mdani wolumbirayo wa nyama yoopsa ngati shark woyera wamkulu. Komabe, chilengedwe ndichanzeru kwambiri ndipo pazochita zilizonse pamakhala zotsutsa. Tikasanthula zamoyo zam'nyanja mwatsatanetsatane, titha kuzindikira "adani" angapo achilengedwe a shark yoyera:
- Sharki ena - monga tawonera kale, adaniwa samanyoza kudya anzawo, kapena amatha kuvulaza achibale awo pamipikisano;
- Whale whale - mtundu uwu wa nangumi ndiwowopsa kwambiri kwa nsomba zonse ndi ena okhala m'nyanja. Amakhala agile, anzeru, ochezeka komanso olimba kwambiri. Zotsatira za nkhondo pakati pa whale whale ndi shark yoyera yayikulu sizingakhale zosayembekezereka.
- nsomba za hedgehog - wokhalamo yemwe akuwoneka ngati wopanda vutoyu akhoza kuyambitsa imfa yopweteka ya shark yoyera yayikulu. Polowa m'kamwa mwa chilombo, nsomba yotchedwa hedgehog imakula kwambiri, kuvulaza pakhosi pake. Kuphatikiza apo, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi minga zapoizoni, zomwe pang'onopang'ono zimayambitsa kuledzera ndi imfa yopweteka ya chilombo.
- bambo - mwatsoka, m'magulu otukuka amakono, pamakhala milandu yambiri yakupha dala nsombazi zoyera chifukwa cha zipsepse zawo, mano, nthiti kapena chidwi chongokhala. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchuka kwa cannibal shark ndikukhazikika kumbuyo kwa nyama zam'madzi izi, zomwe zimaputa mkwiyo wa anthu. Zowonadi, milandu yakuzunzidwa kwa anthu siyachilendo kwenikweni, koma tisaiwale kuti anthu ena, osambira panyanja komanso asodzi samatsatira njira zodzitetezera m'malo okhala nsomba zoyera. Chowonadi ndichakuti kuchokera pansi pamadzi munthu woyandama pa bolodi kapena bwato amawoneka ngati mkango wanyanja kapena chidindo. Shaki imangosokoneza anthu ndi nyama yomwe imakonda kudya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Giant White Shark
Masiku ano, chiwonetsero chonse cha nsomba zazikulu zoyera ndi anthu pafupifupi 3500. Ambiri mwa ziwombankhanga zoyera akhazikika pafupi ndi Dyer Island (South Africa). Apa ndipamene maphunziro ambiri a ichthyological amachitika, chifukwa chomwe timadziwa zochuluka za moyo wamtunduwu wa shark.
Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuvomereza, koma pakadali pano nyama yayikulu yatsanziyi ili pafupi kutha. Gawo lachitatu la nsomba zazikulu zoyera zimawonongedwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha kupusa, umbombo ndi umbuli. Zipsepse za Shark amadziwika kuti amachiritsa; madokotala ena amalosera kuthekera kwawo kuthana ndi khansa ndi matenda ena owopsa.
Mwa mbadwa za ku South Africa, kupha shaki yoyera kumawerengedwa kuti ndi chisonyezo chachikulu cha kulimba mtima. Mano a nyama yogonjetsedwa nthawi zambiri amakhala okongoletsa totem. Mkhalidwe wankhanza kwambiri kunyanja zam'madzi izi umalimbikitsidwa ndi nkhani zambiri zakuukira kwankhanza kwa anthu oyera. Komabe, kodi ndizomveka kuimba mlandu nyama zakutchire kuti ife eni tikulowerera dera lawo? Yankho lake ndi lokhumudwitsa ndipo lalandidwa kale pamasamba a International Red Book. Nsomba zazikulu zoyera zikupitilira kutha ndipo izi mwina siziyimitsidwa.
Kusunga nsomba zazikulu zoyera
Chithunzi: Great White Shark
Chilombo chakalechi chimakhala choyenera kutetezedwa ndi mayiko ena. Udindo wa sharki woyera m'chilengedwe cha m'nyanja zikuluzikulu padziko lapansi sichingaganizidwebe mopambanitsa. Iwo, monga mimbulu m'nkhalango, amatenga gawo la kayendedwe ka nyanja yakuya, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyama ndi nsomba. Kusowa kwa ulalo umodzi kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeredwa kwa chakudya chonse.
Kutsika kwa chiwerengero cha sharki oyera kumawonekera m'masamba a International Red Book. Ali pamlingo wofanana ndi akamba omwe ali pangozi, anamgumi aumuna ndi nyama zamankhwala. Monga mukudziwa, kuchepa kwa ziwombankhanga zoyera kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi machitidwe opanda nzeru aumunthu. Gulu loteteza zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi likuyesera kuthetsa vutoli popereka ndalama zankhaninkhani komanso mapulogalamu apadera omwe cholinga chake ndi kupulumutsa nsombazi.
Ichthyologists - ma geneticist kwanthawi yayitali akhala akuyesera kuti abwezeretsenso mtundu wa zinyama zamphamvuzi kuti athe kukulitsa gawo la anthu m'malo opangidwa mwanzeru. Kuphatikiza apo, msika wapadziko lonse wakhazikitsa veto pazogula ndi kugulitsa nyama ya shark. Tikuyembekeza kuti izi zithandizira chilengedwe kuti chikhalebe cholimba mwachilengedwe komanso shark oyera oyera ngati gawo limodzi.
Ogonjetsa nyanja yakuya sayenera kuloledwa kutha mosasinthika. Shaki yoyera kwambiri anapulumuka mamiliyoni a zaka za chisinthiko, masoka achilengedwe omwe adapha nyama zambiri zakale, koma munthu adakhala wamphamvu. Tili m'manja mwathu kufotokozera kuti mphamvuzi zikuyenda bwino ndikuyamba njira yolenga ndikusunga zomwe tili nazo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.02.2019
Idasinthidwa: 18.09.2019 pa 21:18
