Mbira yodziwika bwino (Meles meles) ndi nyama yoyamwa ya mtundu wa mbira ndi banja la a Cunya. Nyama yosakhazikika ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kusiyanitsa, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuchokera kwa ena oimira Carnivorous order ndi mtundu wa Badger.
Kufotokozera za baji
Mitundu yonse yazinyama zomwe zikudziwika mpaka pano ndizoyenera kukhala pakati pa oimira akulu kwambiri kubanja lalikulu la Kunya, komanso amadziwika ndi thupi lopindika komanso kusachita manyazi chifukwa chakukula kwa thunthu kumbuyo.
Maonekedwe
Mutu wa katumbu ndi wolitali, ndi maso apakatikati ndi makutu amfupi, ozungulira... Pamunsi pa caudal, pali tiziwalo tina tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timapangidwa kuti tizimatulutsa madzi owopsa. Katundu wonunkhira amatulutsa nyama sizimangodziwa achibale okha, komanso pamlingo winawake zimalumikizana. Nyama ili ndi miyendo yaifupi komanso yolimba yokhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba ndi zofooka zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zigwetse nthaka. Pamapazi ake a nyama za mtundu wamaliseche. Ndi malo ofunafuna otetemera a mano a kumbuyo kwa nyama, chinyama chimagaya chakudya chilichonse chomera.
Thunthu ndi mchira zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba, lopindika komanso lalitali. Kupezeka kwa chovala chachifupi komanso chowonda kumatchulidwanso. Tsitsi pamutu ndi miyendo ndi lalifupi kwambiri. Mbalame zimadziwika ndi kusungunuka pang'ono komwe kumachitika mchilimwe chonse. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, kutayika kwa malaya amkati kumawonedwa, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, nyama imasiya tsitsi. Ubweya wakale wa nyama umagwera pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kupuma pang'ono kwa awn yatsopano kumadziwika.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbira yamphongo ndi yayikulu kuposa yaikazi, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi la nyama yayikulu kumasiyanasiyana mkati mwa 60-90 cm, ndikutalika mchira wa 20-24 cm komanso kulemera kwa thupi osapitirira 23-24 kg. Kulemera kwa mbira isanafike nthawi yozizira ikhoza kufika 33-34 kg.
Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe amderali, koma kupezeka kwa ubweya wofiirira kumbuyo ndi tsitsi lakuda m'mbali mwamtunda wonse zitha kuonedwa ngati zizindikiritso. M'mbali mwa nyama, monga lamulo, pali "ziphuphu" zowala. Pamutu pamutu pali mzere wamdima womwe umadutsa m'maso kuchokera pamphuno ya katumbu, umaphimba makutu kapena kumakhudza m'mbali mwake. Mbali yakutsogolo ndi masaya ali ndi mawonekedwe oyera, achikasu kapena abulauni. Mtundu wa ubweya mchilimwe umakhala wakuda, wokhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Kwa achichepere, mawonekedwe owala pang'ono kutchulidwa ndichikhalidwe.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nyama zazikulu zimakonda kwambiri malo omwe anasankhidwa poyamba... Kukula kwake kwa chiwembu kumatha kufikira mahekitala 500-510 kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Anthu oyenda pawokha amakonda kukhala m'mayenje osavuta olowera / otuluka komanso chipinda chodyera molunjika. Malo omwe amatchedwa "midzi ya baji" ndi malo ovuta komanso apansi panthaka omwe ali ndi malo ambiri olowera / otsegulira komanso otsegulira mpweya wabwino. Komanso, "m'mizinda" yotereyi mumakhala ngalande zazitali zomwe zimasandulika zipinda zazikulu komanso zakuya zakuchimbira.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Bandicoot kapena marsupial badger
- Zinyalala (Merhitidae)
- Martens
Pansi pa chisa chimakhala ndi zofunda zowuma. Chipinda chodyera, monga lamulo, chimakhala pansi pamiyala yopanda madzi, yomwe imakhala ngati chitetezo chodalirika cha nyama ndi ana awo kuchokera kumadzi kapena m'mlengalenga.
Pochita kutsuka kwa burrow kwakanthawi, komwe kumachitika ndi nyama zazikulu, zinyalala zonse zakale ndi zotayika zimachotsedwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame ndi nyama zomwe sizikhala ndi nkhanza zachilengedwe kwa anthu kapena nyama zina, koma kuti zitha kudziteteza, nyamazi zodya nyama zimatha kuluma kapena kumenya mopweteketsa mnzake pamphuno.
Nthawi zambiri, mabowo a ziweto amakhala ndi nyama zina, kuphatikizapo nkhandwe ndi agalu a raccoon. Pofika nyengo yozizira komanso mpaka masika, mbira zimayamba kugona, ndipo panthawiyi kutentha kwa nyama kumakhala 34.5zaC. Mbira ndi nyama zomwe zimakonda kudya usiku, koma nthawi zambiri nyama zoterezi zimapezeka ngakhale mdima usanakwane.
Kodi mbira zimakhala motalika bwanji
M'malo awo achilengedwe, mbira sizikhala zaka zoposa khumi kapena khumi ndi ziwiri, ndipo mu ukapolo, nyama yotere imatha kukhala zaka khumi ndi zisanu kapena khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, miyezo yakufa pakati pa achinyamata imafika theka la chiwerengerocho. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nyama zimatha msinkhu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gawo logawa ndi malo okhala mbira zimasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe a subspecies:
- M. meles meles amakhala ku Western Europe. Mbira zotchedwa ku Ulaya ndizokulirapo kwambiri;
- M. meles marianensis amapezeka pafupifupi ku Spain konse ndi zigawo zina za Portugal;
- M. meles leuŃurus kapena Asia badger amakhala m'madera aku Russia, dera la Tibet, China ndi Japan, ndipo amafanana ndi ma subspecies aku Europe kukula;
- M.meles anaguma kapena Far Eastern mbira ndizoimira mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri;
- M. meles cannes kapena ma badger aku Central Asia, omwe amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a subspecies aku Europe.
Monga momwe kuwonera kwakanthawi kukuwonetsa, malo achilengedwe a mbira ndi osakanikirana ndi nkhalango za taiga, kawirikawiri - madera a nkhalango zamapiri. M'madera akumwera kwa nkhondoyi, nyama zamtchire zotere nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka komanso azipululu.
Nyamayo imakonda malo ouma, okhetsedwa bwino okhala ndi malo osungira pafupi kapena madambo, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chazakudya zazikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama zomwe zimakhala kumadera akumpoto zimagona nthawi yachisanu, koma mbira zomwe zimakhala kumadera akumwera zimakhalabe zolimba chaka chonse.
Zakudya zoyipa
Mitundu yonse yazinyama imakhala m'gulu la nyama zam'mimba, zomwe zakudya zawo zimayimiriridwa ndi nyama zokha komanso chakudya chomera.... Oimira dongosolo la Chilombo ndi mtundu wa Badger amasangalala kudya makoswe onga mbewa, tizilombo ndi malo awo oyambira, mitundu yonse ya nsikidzi, ziphuphu ndi mavu, mbalame zazing'ono ndi zokwawa, komanso mahule, ma nkhono ndi slugs.
Nthawi zina mbira zimagwira akalulu obadwa kumene, mazira a mbalame, osati abuluzi ndi njoka zazikulu kwambiri, komanso mitundu ina ya njoka zapoizoni. Pamodzi ndi nyama zina, mbira sizingateteze poizoni wa njoka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuyamba kwa chisanu choyamba kumatsagana ndi kuwonekera kwaulesi mu nyama ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito, chifukwa mafuta onse omwe amasonkhanitsidwa mchilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira amathera bwino kwambiri.
Monga chakudya chomera, nyama yonyansayi imakonda mitundu ya zomera ndi bowa, mbali zobiriwira za zomera ndi mabulosi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamthupi la nyama kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira. Nthawi zina, mbira zimagwiritsa ntchito tirigu wokoma ngati chakudya, kuphatikiza oat pakukhwima mkaka.
Nyama sizidya chakudya chopitilira theka la kilogalamu tsiku lililonse, koma nthawi yakubisala ikuyandikira, mbira zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe zimadya, chomwe chimalola kuti zipeze ma lipids okwanira, omwe amawonongeka nthawi yachisanu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yobereketsa matumba a subspecies osiyanasiyana imagwera munthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mwazinthu zina, nthawi yonse yoyembekezera imasiyanasiyana. Pamodzi ndi mamembala ena ambiri am'banja la Cunya, mbira zimanyamula ana awo kwa miyezi khumi kapena khumi ndi umodzi.
Mu zinyalala imodzi, kuyambira ma badger awiri mpaka asanu amabadwa, omwe amabadwa ndikusiyana kwakanthawi - Ana aku Europe amabadwa mu Disembala-Epulo, komanso kudera la dziko lathu - mkatikati mwa masika.
Mbira zomwe zimangobadwa kumene ndizosaona ndipo sizitha kuchita chilichonse, ndipo thupi lawo limakutidwa ndi ubweya wachizungu wosowa kwambiri... Maso a makanda amatseguka ali ndi pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka, pambuyo pake achichepere amayamba kutuluka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumanda awo.
Ma badger a miyezi iwiri ali kale achangu, chifukwa chake, amatha kuyenda pang'ono ndi wamkazi kufunafuna chakudya. Nyama zimakhala zokonzeka kupeza chakudya chodziyimira pawokha zikafika miyezi itatu, ndipo mbira zimakhwima kuyambira zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu.
Adani achilengedwe
Mbira pafupifupi sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe, koma mapaketi a nkhandwe, agalu akunyumba ndi lalnx wamkulu atha kuyika chiwopsezo china kwa omwe akuyimira mtundu wa Predatory and Badger. Akuluakulu ena amafa pakamenyedwa nkhondo zosalingana pazoyenera malo a munthu aliyense payekhapayekha.
Zofunika! Chiwerengero cha mbira chimamwalira chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwa madera okhala anthu komanso misewu yayikulu, komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo osungira mobisa komanso kusintha kwa malo okhala nyama.
Mwa zina, alenje komanso zochitika zachuma kapena zamakampani za anthu zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbira. Posachedwa, milandu yakugwira achichepere yakhala ikuchulukirachulukira ndi cholinga chowasunga monga ziweto zachilendo komanso zopanda ulemu.
Palibe zovuta zapadera posunga nyama zoterezo muukapolo, chifukwa chake kutchuka kwa mbira zapakhomo kumakulirakulirabe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mitundu ina ya mbira tsopano ndi ya nyama zakutchire, "Causing Least Concern", kapena "Under Minimum Threat of Extinction", chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso mitundu yamtundu waomwe akuyimira dongosolo la Predatory ndi mtundu wa Badger sali pachiwopsezo posachedwa.
