Amakhulupirira kuti dzina lachilendo "makoko" limapangidwa ndi mizu iwiri ya Proto-Slavic - "str" (liwiro) ndi "rebъ" (variegated / pockmarked). Chifukwa chake dzina la mbalameyi limawonetsera mtundu wa motley wa nthenga za m'chifuwa komanso kutha kugwira nyama.
Kufotokozera kwa mphamba
Ziwombankhanga zenizeni (Accipiter) ndi mtundu wina wa mbalame zodya nyama zam'mabanja amphaka (Accipitridae). Sazikulu kwambiri kuti zidye masana - ngakhale nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri, goshawk, siyidutsa kutalika kwa 0,7 m ndikulemera pafupifupi 1.5 kg. Mtundu wina wamba, sparrowhawk, umakula mpaka 0.3-0.4 m ndipo umalemera 0.4 kg.
Maonekedwe
Maonekedwe, monga momwe khungubwi limakhalira, amadziwika ndi malo ndi moyo.... Nyamayo imakhala ndi maso owoneka bwino, kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa anthu. Ubongo wa hawk umalandira chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi voliyumu (volumetric) chifukwa chakapangidwe kake ka maso - osati mbali zamutu, koma pafupi ndi mlomo.
Maso a mbalame zazikulu zimakhala zachikasu / zachikasu-lalanje, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mthunzi wofiira kapena wofiirira (tyvik). Mu mitundu ina, iris imawala pang'ono ndi msinkhu. Chiwombankhanga chili ndi mulomo wolimba wolumikizidwa wokhala ndi mawonekedwe - kusakhala kwa dzino pamwamba pamlomo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chiwombankhanga chimamva bwino, koma amasiyanitsa kununkhira osati kwenikweni ndi mphuno zake monga ... ndi pakamwa pake. Ngati mbalame imapatsidwa nyama yovunda, imatha kuigwira ndi milomo yake, koma kenako imayiitaya.
Zipolopolo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nthenga, koma kulibe nthenga kuzala ndi Tarso. Miyendo imasiyanitsidwa ndi minofu yamphamvu. Mapikowo ndi ofupika komanso osasunthika; mchira (wokulirapo ndi wautali) nthawi zambiri umakhala wozungulira kapena wowongoka. Mtundu wapamwamba m'mitundu yambiri ndi wakuda kuposa pansi: awa ndi amtundu wakuda kapena wabulauni. Kukula kwenikweni kwa gawo lakumunsi (loyera, lachikaso kapena loyera) nthawi zonse limasungunuka ndi ziphuphu zopingasa / zazitali.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Hawk amakhala m'nkhalango ya nkhalango ndipo amamanga chisa pamtengo wawutali kwambiri kuti athe kuwona komwe amasaka pafupifupi 100-150 km50. Wosaka nkhalangoyi amayenda mosavala nduwira zowongoka, kutembenukira mozungulira / mopingasa, kuyimilira modzidzimutsa, ndikuwukira mwadzidzidzi kwa omwe akuzunzidwa. Mbalameyi imathandizidwa ndi kukula kwa thupi komanso mawonekedwe a mapiko.
Chiwombankhanga, mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga, sichimauluka kumwamba, kufunafuna zamoyo kwa nthawi yayitali, koma mosayembekezereka chimagunda chilichonse (chothamanga, choyimirira kapena chowuluka), chikuyang'anitsitsa. Pogwira, chilombocho chimachitsina mwamphamvu ndi mawoko ake ndipo chimakumba ndi zikhadabo zake, ndikubaya ndi kupumula nthawi yomweyo. Kabawo amamudya wovulalayo, pamodzi ndi tsitsi / nthenga ndi mafupa.
Mukamva phompho "ki-ki-ki" kapena chokoka "ki-i-i, ki-i-i" kuchokera m'nkhalango, ndiye kuti mwamvapo gawo la nkhwangwa. Phokoso laphokoso kwambiri, lofanana ndi kulira kwa chitoliro, limapangidwa poyimba akalulu. Kamodzi pachaka (kawirikawiri pambuyo pobereka), nkhwangwa, monga mbalame zonse zodya, molt. Nthawi zina molt imachedwa kwa zaka zingapo.
Kodi nkhwangwa zimakhala motalika bwanji
Akatswiri okhulupirira mbalame amakhulupirira kuti kuthengo, nkhwangwa zimatha kukhala zaka 12-17... M'nkhalango zakumpoto kwa America, mbalame zotchedwa hummingbird zimakonda kukhazikika pansi pa zisa za akalulu, kuthawa adani awo achilengedwe, agologolo ndi ma jay. Kupanda mantha koteroko ndikosavuta kufotokozera - nkhwangwa zimasaka agologolo, koma alibe chidwi ndi mbalame za hummingbird.
Gulu, mitundu
Mtundu wa mbewa umaphatikizapo mitundu 47, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri kuti Accepiter gentills, goshawk. Mbalame zakum'mawa kwa dziko lapansi zimauluka nthawi yozizira ku Asia, Western - kupita ku Mexico. Goshawk amakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala, koma amapewa kukhazikika m'nkhalango zazikulu. Pouluka, mbalameyi ikuwonetsa njira yolowera.
Accipiter nisus (Sparrowhawk) imayimilidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono, tomwe timakhala kuchokera ku Western Europe ndi North Africa chakum'mawa mpaka ku Pacific Ocean. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu ku Europe kumadziwika ku Russia ndi Scandinavia. Zisa, zokhala ndi masamba ndi utoto wofewa, zimamangidwa pamitengo yama conifers, nthawi zambiri pamitengo yamaluwa. Chaka chilichonse, banjali limamanga chisa chatsopano. Sparrowhawk ndi msaki wabwino kwambiri yemwe amafunikira malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mbalame zing'onozing'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku Caucasus / Crimea, kusaka zinziri za nthawi yophukira ndi nkhono zosaka ndizodziwika, zomwe zimagwidwa, kuwetedwa ndikuphunzitsidwa kwa masiku angapo. Nyengo yakusaka ikangotha, mpheta zimamasulidwa.
Sparrowhawk imatha kuzindikirika ndi nthenga zake zakuda zakuda ndi mizere yoyera pamimba.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtundu wa Accipiter (akalulu weniweni) wazika mizu paliponse padziko lapansi, kupatula Arctic. Amapezeka pafupifupi ku Eurasia konse, kuchokera ku nkhalango-tundra kumpoto mpaka kumwera kwa dzikolo. Hawks adazolowera nyengo yaku Africa ndi Australia, North ndi South America, Philippines, Indonesia ndi Tasmania, komanso Ceylon, Madagascar ndi zilumba zina.
Mbalame zimakhala m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango zotentha, m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, zigwa ndi mapiri... Amakonda kuti asakwere mukatikati mwa nkhalango, posankha malo owala bwino, nkhalango zakunyanja ndi nkhalango. Mitundu ina yaphunzira kukhala ngakhale m'malo owonekera. Hawks ochokera kumadera otentha ndi okonda kukhazikika, ndipo mbalame zochokera kumadera akumpoto zimauluka kupita kumayiko akumwera kukakhala nyengo yachisanu.
Zakudya za Hawk
Mbalame (zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono) ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo, koma ngati kuli kofunikira, nkhwangwa zimadya nyama zazing'ono, amphibiya (zitsamba ndi achule), njoka, abuluzi, tizilombo ndi nsomba. Gawo lalikulu la menyu limapangidwa ndi mbalame zazing'ono (makamaka zochokera kubanja lopitilira):
- oatmeal, mpheta ndi mphodza;
- finches, skate ndi finches;
- zigawenga, zopingasa ndi zopendekera chisanu;
- ngolo, ma warblers ndi ma dippers;
- kinglets, anapiye ndi redstarts;
- mbalame zakuda, opha ntchentche ndi mawere.
Ziwombankhanga zazikulu zimasaka mbalame zambiri - pheasants, zikuluzikulu zamatabwa, ma hazel grows, mapartge, akhwangwala, zinkhwe, nkhunda, waders, komanso zoweta (nkhuku) ndi mbalame zam'madzi.
Zofunika! Mpheta zaku Japan zimaphatikizira mileme pazakudya zawo, pomwe nyimbo zakuda zaku Africa zimadya nyama za mbalame ndi pygmy mongooses.
Pakati pa nkhwangwa zamagazi ofunda, amakonda timitengo, mbewa, agologolo, hares, makoswe, ma ermine ndi akalulu. Tizilombo timaphatikizapo agulugufe, ziwala, cicadas, dzombe, ndi kafadala (kuphatikizapo njovu, ndowe ndi ndulu zazitali).
Kubereka ndi ana
Hawk nthawi zambiri amakhala wokhulupirika patsamba limodzi komanso mnzake. Awiriwo amamanga chisa miyezi 1.5-2 asanakwatirane, ndikuchilumikiza ku nthambi pafupi ndi thunthu osati patali. Si ma hawk onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chisa chakale - ena amasintha nyumba zawo chaka chilichonse, kumanganso chatsopano kapena kukwera cha wina. Mkazi amaikira mazira 3-4, amawasanganitsa kwa mwezi umodzi, pomwe yamphongo ndiyo imanyamula chakudya chake.
Amapitilizabe kusaka atawonekera anapiye, koma samawadyetsa. Pogwira zamoyozo, nkhwangwa imadziwitsa bwenzi lake, lomwe limawulukira kukakumana naye, limatenga mtembowo ndikuyamba kuwapha, kuwamasula nthenga / khungu ndikuwukhadzulakhadzula.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amayi okha ndi omwe amadyetsa anapiye ndi "zinthu zomaliza". Akafa, nawonso ana amafa, koma chifukwa cha njala: bambo ake amabweretsa ndikuponya nyama mu chisa, chomwe anapiye amalephera kupirira.
Anapiye amasiyana ndi makolo awo osati kukula kokha: kumapeto kwake, maso ndiopepuka kuposa ana. Mu anapiye, maso ambiri okhala ndi nthenga amawoneka ngati mikanda yowala yakuda, yomwe imakhala ngati chizindikiro kuti ayambe kudyetsa. Kamwana kakangodzaza, amatembenukira kumbuyo kwa mayiyo - samawonanso maso akuda akudawa ndipo amazindikira kuti chakudyacho chatha.
Anapiye a Hawk samasiya chisa chawo kwa mwezi wopitilira mwezi... Ngati anawo adawonekera kumapeto kwa Juni, ndiye mu theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti, akalulu achichepere ali kale opikika. Atatuluka m'chisa, makolowo amapitiliza kuwasamalira pafupifupi masabata 5-6. Ana amathawira kutali ndi kwawo kwa makolo, kuti akalandire ufulu wonse. Ma Hawks achichepere samakhala achonde mpaka atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani akulu a mphamba ndi amuna komanso zochitika zachuma zosaletseka. Mbalame zofooka komanso zazing'ono zimatha kutsekedwa ndi nyama zolusa, kuphatikizapo ma martens, nkhandwe, ndi amphaka amtchire. Mlengalenga, chiwopsezocho chimachokera ku mbalame zodya nyama monga chiwombankhanga, kadzidzi, khungubwe ndi kadzidzi. Sitiyenera kuyiwala kuti akalulu achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala mikhole ya achibale awo okalamba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwombankhanga chankhanza komanso chofulumira chimatha kuwononga malo osakira, ndichifukwa chake chidawonongedwa popanda chisoni (ndikulipira) padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Adasiya kupha akalulu pakati pa zaka zapitazo, atazindikira kuti amasungabe mitundu yamalonda ndikuwononga makoswe oopsa.
Mwachitsanzo, mdziko lathu, mpaka 2013, Lamulo la 1964 "Pokhazikitsa malamulo owerengera kuchuluka kwa mbalame zodya nyama", yoperekedwa ndi Main department of Hunting and Reserves, idagwira. Chikalatacho chinaletsa mosapita m'mbali kugwira ndi kuwombera mbalame zodya nyama, komanso kuwononga zisa zawo.
Tsopano kuchuluka kwa mitundu yofala kwambiri, goshawk, ili pakati pa 62-91 zikwi ziwiri... Mitunduyi ikuphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera II za Berne Convention, CITES 1, komanso Appendix II ya Msonkhano wa Bonn, monga momwe ikufunira chitetezo ndi mgwirizano padziko lonse lapansi.
