Wosema matabwa wamkulu, kapena wopangidwayo (lat. Dendroosoros major) ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ya oimira odziwika kwambiri a banja la Woodpecker komanso mtundu wa Woodpecker wochokera ku Woodpecker.
Kufotokozera kwa woponda matabwa
Mbali yapadera ya wopala matabwa ndi mtundu wake.... Mbalame zazing'ono, mosatengera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi, zili ndi "chipewa chofiira" kwambiri m'chigawo cha parietal. Great Spotted Woodpecker imaphatikizanso subspecies khumi ndi zinayi:
- D.m. Mаjоr;
- D.m. Kupuma;
- D.m. Kаmtsсhaticus;
- D.m. Zolemba;
- D.m. Hispanus;
- D.m. harterti Arrigoni;
- D.m. Canariensis;
- D.m. thаnnеri le Rоi;
- D.m. Zolemba;
- D.m. Numidus;
- D.m. Poelzami;
- D.m. Jaronicus;
- D.m. Cabanisi;
- D.m. Zamgululi
Mwambiri, ma subspecies taxonomy wa wopanga matabwa wowoneka bwino sanapangidwe bwino mokwanira, chifukwa chake, olemba osiyanasiyana amasiyanitsa mitundu 14 mpaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Maonekedwe
Kukula kwa woponda matabwa amafanana ndi thrush. Kutalika kwa mbalame yayikulu yamtunduwu imasiyanasiyana mkati mwa 22-27 cm, yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 42-47 ndi kulemera kwa 60-100 g.Mtundu wa mbalameyi umadziwika ndi utoto wonyezimira komanso wakuda, womwe umayenda bwino ndi utoto wofiyira kapena pinki wowoneka bwino. Ma subspecies onse amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Gawo lakumutu la mutu, komanso dera lakumbuyo ndi mchira wakumtunda zili ndi nthenga zakuda zokhala ndi buluu wonyezimira.
Mbali yakutsogolo, masaya, mimba ndi mapewa ndi zoyera zofiirira... Kudera la mapewa, pali minda yayikulu yayikulu yokhala ndi mkondo wakuda pakati pake. Nthenga zouluka ndi zakuda, ndimadontho oyera oyera, chifukwa chake mikwingwirima isanu yopepuka yopingasa imapangidwa pamapiko opindidwa. Mchira ndi wakuda, kupatula nthenga zoyera zoyera kwambiri. Maso a mbalameyi ndi ofiira kapena ofiira, ndipo mlomo wake umakhala ndi utoto wowoneka wakuda. Mzere wakuda womwe umatchulidwa umayambira pansi pamlomo, womwe umafikira mbali ya khosi ndi khosi. Mzere wakuda umadutsa tsaya loyera.
Amuna amasiyana ndi akazi mwa kupezeka kwa mzere wofiira kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mwachangu amadziwika ndi korona wofiira wamtundu wakuda wakuda wakuda. Kupanda kutero, opala matabwa achichepere alibe kusiyana kwakukulu pamitundu ya nthenga. Mchira ndi wautali m'mbali, wolunjika komanso wolimba kwambiri. Woodpeckers amauluka bwino komanso mwachangu mokwanira, koma nthawi zambiri amakonda kukwera mitengo ikuluikulu. Mitengo yamitengo yosiyanasiyananso imagwiritsa ntchito mapiko awo kuti iwuluke kuchokera ku chomera china.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Mitengo yamitengo yayikulu imadziwika ndi mbalame zaphokoso kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo omwe anthu amakhala. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zotere zimakhala moyo wokhawokha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nkhwangwa ndizodziwika ndikuwukira kwama subspecies osankhidwa. Akuluakulu omwe amangokhala amakhala ndi malo omwe amadyetsera aliyense payekha. Kukula kwa malo odyetserako ziweto kumatha kusiyanasiyana mahekitala awiri mpaka makumi awiri, kutengera mawonekedwe am'nkhalango ndi kuchuluka kwa ma conifers.
Ndizosangalatsa! Asanalimbane ndi mlendo m'dera lomwe amadyera, mwiniwake amatenga zomwe amati ndi zotsutsana, pomwe mulomo wa mbalame umatseguka pang'ono, ndipo nthenga zomwe zili pamutu zimawoneka zosokonezeka.
Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha panthawi yobereketsa amatha kuuluka kupita kumadera oyandikana nawo, omwe amatsagana ndi mikangano pakati pa mbalame. Maonekedwe a alendo amayambitsa ndewu, momwe mbalamezi zimamenyanirana ndi milomo ndi mapiko awo. Kuyandikira kwa anthu sikuti kumachita mantha ndi nkhwangwa, chifukwa chake mbalame imatha kukwera tsinde pafupi ndi pamwamba kapena kuwulukira kunthambi yomwe ili pamwambapa.
Ndi angati a nkhalango zosiyanasiyana amakhala
Malinga ndi zomwe boma lapeza komanso zomwe apeza, kutalika kwa moyo wa anyani akuluakulu amtchire sikadutsa zaka khumi. Kutalika kodziwika kwambiri kwa nkhwangwa kunali zaka khumi ndi ziwiri ndi miyezi eyiti.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Dera logawika mbalame zakuthwa zimakhudza gawo lalikulu la Palaearctic. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Africa, Europe, kumwera kwa Balkan ndi Asia Minor, komanso kuzilumba za Mediterranean komanso ku Scandinavia. Anthu ambiri amakhala ku Sakhalin, kum'mwera kwa Kuril ndi zisumbu zaku Japan.
Wosema matabwa ali m'gulu la mitundu yapulasitiki kwambiri, motero imatha kusintha mosavuta mtundu uliwonse wa biotope wokhala ndi mitengo, kuphatikiza zilumba zazing'ono zamatabwa, minda ndi mapaki. Kuchuluka kwa mbalame kumwazikana kumasiyana:
- kumpoto kwa Africa, mbalameyi imakonda mitengo ya azitona ndi popula, nkhalango zamkungudza, nkhalango za paini, nkhalango zazitali komanso zosakanikirana ndi kukhalapo kwa thundu;
- ku Poland, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'minda ya alder-ash and oak-hornbeam, mapaki ndi madera a nkhalango okhala ndi mitengo yambiri yakale;
- kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko lathu, wopanga matabwa amakhala wambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana a nkhalango, kuphatikizapo nkhalango zowuma za paini, nkhalango zam'madzi zam'madzi, nkhalango zamdima zakuda, zosakanikirana komanso zotambalala;
- ku Urals ndi Siberia, amakonda kukonda nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi ma conifers okhala ndi pine ambiri;
- m'dera la Far East, mbalame zamtunduwu zimakonda mapiri ndi nkhalango zowirira ndi mitengo ya mkungudza;
- ku Japan, odula matabwa amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, zotumphuka komanso zosakanikirana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Monga momwe kuwonera kwakanthawi kukuwonetsa, mbalame zazing'ono zimakonda kuyenda, ndipo mbalame zakale sizimachoka m'malo awo okhala zisa.
Chiwerengero cha opala matabwa omwe ali mkati mwa biotope amatha kutsika kangapo, ndipo njira yoti anthu athe kuchira imatenga zaka zingapo.
Zakudya za Woodpeckers Wamkulu
Chakudya cha wodula nkhuni chimakhala chosiyanasiyana, ndipo kukondera kwakukulu kwa chakudya cha mbewu kapena nyama kumadalira nyengoyo.
Amuna ndi akazi amapeza chakudya m'malo osiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yachilimwe-yotentha, opangira matabwa osiyanasiyana amadya tizilombo tambiri tambiri, komanso mphutsi zawo, zoyimiriridwa ndi:
- barbel;
- osula golide;
- makungwa a khungwa;
- mbawala zazing'ono;
- kafadala;
- mbalame zazimayi;
- ziwombankhanga;
- mbozi zapansi;
- mbozi;
- imago agulugufe;
- michira ya nyanga;
- nsabwe;
- coccids;
- nyerere.
Nthawi zina, mbalame zam'madzi zimadya nkhanu ndi nkhono. Pofika kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, mbalame zamtunduwu zimatha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, pomwe mbalame zimadya chakudya chodyetsa kapena, nthawi zina, zimadya zovunda. Zimadziwikanso kuti nkhwangwa zimawononga zisa za mbalame zanyimbo, kuphatikiza chowombetsa, chowulutsira, matumbo ndi mbalame.
Furu imapezeka pamtengo wa nthaka komanso panthaka... Akapezeka ndi tizilombo, mbalameyo imapha makungwawo ndi kukwapula kwamphamvu kwa mlomo wawo kapena imapanga chitenje chakuya mosavuta, kenako nyamayo imachotsedwa ndi lilime lake. Oimira nyundo ya banja la Woodpecker, monga lamulo, nkhuni zokha za mitengo yodwala ndi yakufa yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi tizirombo. M'chaka, mbalame zimadyetsa tizilombo tomwe timakhala padziko lapansi, kuwononga nyerere, komanso timagwiritsa ntchito zipatso zakufa.
M'nyengo yophukira-yozizira, chakudya cha nkhwangwa chimayang'aniridwa ndi zakudya zamasamba zokhala ndi mapuloteni, kuphatikiza mbewu za ma conifers, ma acorn ndi mtedza. Kwa nkhuku zamtundu uwu, njira yodziwika yopezera mbewu zopatsa thanzi kuchokera ku pine ndi spruce cones ndikugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa "smithy". Wosema matabwa amathyola chulu kuchokera kunthambi, kenako nkukhala mkamwa ndipo amamangiriridwa mkati mwa chimbudzi chomwe chakonzedwa kale, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ming'alu yachilengedwe kapena mabowo odziboola kumtunda kwa tsinde. Kenako mbalameyo imamenya bampu ndi mlomo wake, ndiyeno mambawo amawatsina ndipo mbewu zimatulutsidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumayambiriro kwa masika, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndikocheperako, ndipo nthanga zodyedwa zatha, opangira matabwa amadutsa khungwa pamitengo yosalala ndikumwa madzi.
Pamalo okhala ndi nkhalango imodzi, pali malo opitilira 50 "ma anvils" apadera, koma nthawi zambiri osagwiritsa ntchito mbalamezo. Pakutha nyengo yachisanu, phiri lonse lamiyala yosweka nthawi zambiri limasonkhana pansi pamtengo.
Komanso mbalame zimadya mbewu ndi mtedza wa zomera monga hazel, beech ndi thundu, hornbeam ndi amondi. Ngati ndi kotheka, mitengo yamitengo yosiyanasiyana imadyetsa makungwa a aspen ndi masamba a paini, jamu ndi masamba a currant, yamatcheri ndi maula, mlombwa ndi rasipiberi, buckthorn ndi phulusa.
Adani achilengedwe
Pakadali pano, pali zambiri zochepa zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwukira kwa nkhwangwa yomwe ili ndi mawanga ndi nyama zolusa m'malo otentha. Pali milandu yodziwika bwino pomwe nkhwangwa zimagwidwa ndi zolusa zam nthenga, zoyimiridwa ndi mpheta ndi goshawks. Mwa adani achilengedwe apadziko lapansi pali pine marten ndipo mwina ermine.
Kunja kwa nkhalango, mbalame zam'madzi zotchedwa peregrine falcons zimakhala zoopsa kwa wopalasa woonekera kwambiri.... M'mbuyomu, kunabwera deta yomwe inanena za chiwonongeko chotsalira chonse cha nkhono za peregrine za nkhalango ku Yamal tundra. Zisa za mbalame zimawonongeka ndi gologolo wamba ndi nyumba yogona, ndipo usiku wofiira amatha kukhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa nkhwangwa zosiyanasiyana.
Kuchokera mdzenje lokonzekera kupanga chisa, mbalame imatha kufinyidwa ngakhale ndi nyenyezi wamba. M'zisa za wokonda matabwa wowoneka bwino, adapezeka tizilombo toyamwa magazi, kuphatikiza utitiri wa Ceratorhyllus gallinae, Lystosoris Camrestris, Entomobrija marginata ndi Entomobrija nivalis, omwe amadya pansi Meenorophilia dienoplus Dienoroni Nestlings nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi ziwombankhanga ndi midges yoluma. M'madera ena pakamwa pa wodula nkhuni, nthata za Sternostoma hylandi zidapezeka.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pachikale, mbalame yamatabwa yamawangamawanga ndi mbalame yokhayokha, koma polyandry akuti ku Japan. Gawo lalikulu la mbalame limayamba kubereka lili ndi chaka chimodzi, ndipo gawo la awiriawiri omwe adapangidwa, ngakhale nyengo yobereketsa itatha, amakhalabe limodzi mpaka masika otsatira. Nthawi zisa pakati pa anthu akumwera ndi kumpoto sizimasiyana kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yolumikiza kumapitilira mpaka pakati pa Marichi, ndipo pakati pa Meyi mapangidwe awiriawiri amatha, chifukwa chake mbalame zimayamba kumanga chisa mdzenje, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala pamtunda wopitilira eyiti mita.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena m'masiku khumi oyamba a Meyi, yaikazi ya nkhwangwa yamawangamawanga imagonera mazira anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu oyera. Makulitsidwe amachitidwa ndi wamkazi ndi wamwamuna kwa masiku khumi ndi awiri, kenako akhungu ndi amaliseche, anapiye opanda thandizo amabadwa.
Atakwanitsa masiku khumi, anapiye amatha kukwera polowera, pogwiritsa ntchito kulira kwa chidendene... Makolo onse amadyetsa anapiye. Anapiyewo amakhala mchisa mpaka atakwanitsa milungu itatu, pambuyo pake amaphunzira kuuluka, pomwe gawo lina la ana limatsata wamkazi, ndipo linalo limatsata laimuna. Anapiye omwe aphunzira kuuluka amadyetsedwa ndi makolo awo kwa masiku khumi, pambuyo pake mbalamezo zimapeza ufulu wonse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, Great Spotted Woodpecker walandila ulemu wosavomerezeka ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature.
