Cuckoos (lat. Mbalame kuchokera ku dongosolo Cuckoo-like zili ponseponse kum'maŵa kwa dziko lapansi, koma zosiyana kwambiri zimadziwika m'madera otentha a ku Asia.
Kufotokozera kwa cuckoo
Banja lambiri limaphatikizapo mitundu yopitilira zana, koma mwina woimira wotchuka ndi nkhaka wamba, zomwe mawonekedwe ake akunja amadziwika pafupifupi kulikonse.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame yayikulu ndi masentimita 35-38, ndipo mchira saliposa masentimita 13-18. Mapiko otalika kwambiri amakhala mkati mwa masentimita 50-55. Kulemera kwa thupi kwa mwamuna wamwamuna wamkulu sikuposa 130 g. Mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yaifupi komanso yolimba mokwanira.... Makhalidwe akunja a amuna ndi akazi achikulire amasiyana kwambiri. Yaimuna imakhala ndi mchira wakuda wakuda ndi kumbuyo. Malo am'mero ndi pachifuwa mpaka pamimba amadziwika ndi utoto wonyezimira. Mbali zina za thupi, nthenga ndizopepuka, ndikukhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mlomo wake ndi wakuda ndipo miyendo ndi yachikaso.
Ndizosangalatsa! Cuckoos molt kangapo pachaka, kusungunuka pang'ono kumachitika mchilimwe, pomwe zochitika zonse zimawonedwa m'nyengo yozizira yokha.
Nthenga za mkazi zimadziwika ndi kutchuka kwa mithunzi yofiira komanso yofiirira. Kumbuyo ndi kumutu kumadutsa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Nthenga zonse zokhala ndi nthenga zimawoneka bwino. Chifuwacho ndi chowala, chokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera komanso yoyera komanso mikwingwirima yakuda. Kulemera kwa mkazi wachikulire sikupitilira, monga lamulo, 110 g. Achinyamata makamaka amakhala ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali yonse ya thupi.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Cuckoos ndi mbalame zobisalira komanso zosamala kwambiri, osasiya chilichonse chazomwe amachita. Ngakhale kuti nkhaka zimatha kudziwitsa aliyense za kupezeka kwake, sizilola kuti anthu azitsogolera konse. Oimira banja la Cuckoo sanasinthidwe kuyenda pansi, chifukwa chake, atatsikira kukadya nyama, mbalamezi zimathamangira kubwerera mmbuyo momwe zingathere.
Kukhala wovuta poyenda pansi kumachitika chifukwa cha miyendo iwiri yakuphazi, yomwe imalola mbalame kusinthana masitepe ndikulumpha. Chifukwa chake, nthenga imadumpha mtunda wofunikira, ndipo pamenepa, zikwangwani zazitsulo sizikhala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuuluka kwa nkhono wamkulu ndi kopepuka komanso kofulumira, mwachilengedwe chake chimafanana kwambiri ndi kuuluka kwa nkhwimbi ndi nthumwi zambiri za mbalame zamphamba.
Cuckoos amakonda kukhala motalikirana, ndipo chidwi chokwatirana chimangokhala nthawi yokhwima. Malo amtundu uliwonse wa mbalame amafanana ndi msinkhu wake, koma yamphongo imatha "kuvomereza" gawo la "katundu" wake kwa wamkazi.
Ndi ma cuckoos angati omwe amakhala
Zina mwazizindikiro za kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame, mtundu wina wake ukhoza kutsatiridwa... Monga lamulo, mbalame zazikulu kwambiri zimakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa zazing'onozo. Malinga ndi zomwe awona ambiri, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo kwa omwe akuyimira banja la Cuckoo sichapitilira zaka khumi, koma pansi pazabwino, nkhaka zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri.
Mitundu ya nkhaka
Mitundu yofala kwambiri kuchokera kubanja la Cuckoo ndi iyi:
- Nkhono zazikulu za hawk (Susulus srapervoides);
- Indian Hawk Cuckoo (Susulus varius);
- Nkhaka zokhala ndi ndevu (Susulus vagans);
- Nkhuku zazikulu zamapiko (Susulus fugax);
- Cuckoo waku Philippines (Susulus restoralis);
- Indian hawk cuckoo (Susulus crassirostris);
- Cuckoo wamabele ofiyira (Susulus solitarius);
- Cuckoo wakuda (Susulus clamosus);
- Nkhuku zaku India (Susulus microrterus);
- Cuckoo wamba (Susulus canorus);
- Cuckoo wamba waku Africa (Susulus gulаris);
- Nkhuku yosamva (Susulus ortatus);
- Malay-probe cuckoo (Susulus leridus);
- Cuckoo yaying'ono (Susulus polioserhalus);
- Madagascar cuckoo (Cuculus rochii).
Ma cuckoos onse amaimiridwa ndi mitundu itatu yayikulu:
- mitala achikulire omwe ali ndi parasitism yodzala ndi zikhalidwe, amakhala makamaka ku Africa ndi Eurasia;
- Amuna okhaokha omwe amapanga awiriawiri ndikudyetsa ana awo, okhala ku America.
Mitundu yosintha: yokhoza kulera anapiye kapena kuponyera mazira mbalame zina, kudyetsa ana ndikukhala zisa za anthu ena, kuponyera anapiye komanso kuthandiza olera kuti azidyetsa ana awo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Chikhalidwe komanso malo okhala nkhaka zimadalira mtundu wa omwe akuyimira banja la Cuckoo. Mwachitsanzo, Great Hawk Cuckoo imapezeka m'nkhalango zobiriwira zam'mapiri ku India, Nepal, Sumatra ndi Borneo, pomwe Indian Hawk Cuckoo imakhala gawo lalikulu la Indian subcontinent.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma subspecies osankhidwa a nkhono zazikulu zamapiko amakhala kumwera kwa Burma ndi Thailand, ku Malaysia ndi Singapore, Borneo ndi Sumatra.
Mitundu ya cuckoo yaku Philippines imapezeka pagawo lalikulu kwambiri lazilumba ku Philippines, ndipo mbewa zaku Indonesia ndizodziwika ku Sulawesi ku Indonesia. Amabere ofiira ndi akuda, komanso nkhaka wamba zaku Africa zimakhala ku South Africa, ndipo mtundu wa chikuku cha Malay-Sunda chimakwirira pafupifupi dera lonse la Malay Peninsula. M'dziko lathu, mitundu yofala kwambiri ndi Ogontha Cuckoo ndi Common Cuckoo.
Zakudya zamkaka
Chakudya cha nkhaka ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala ngati mbozi ndi mbozi zamitengo, zomwe zimawononga masamba ndi thunthu la mitengo.... Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, ma cuckoos amadya zipatso ndi zipatso, amadya mwachangu mazira amitundu ina yambiri ya mbalame, komanso anapiye awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Ma cuckoos akuluakulu amakhala ndi adani ochepa chifukwa chothamanga pothawa. Nthawi zina, cuckoo imatha kuukiridwa ndi maoleole, ma shriki, ophulika aimvi, omenyera ndi omenyera nkhondo. Nyama zolusa, kuphatikizapo nkhandwe ndi ma martens, amphaka ndi ma weasel, zimawopsa mbalame zotere. Akhwangwala ndi jays nawonso akuba chisa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pofika masika, ma cuckoos ochokera ku Africa amabwerera kumayiko aku Europe ndi Asia, kumalo awo achisale. Monga lamulo, mbalame zotere zimakhala moyo wokha, ndipo dera lamunthu wamwamuna wamkulu limatha kufikira mahekitala angapo. Amayi nthawi zambiri amakhala kumadera ochepa. Chikhalidwe chachikulu posankha gawo ndikupezeka kwa zisa za mbalame zina m'zinthu zomwe zimakhala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi yobereketsa, yamwamuna imodzi yayikulu imadzaza ndi zazikazi zingapo nthawi imodzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimanga zisa, koma zimangoyang'ana mbalame zina.
Nthawi zambiri, chidwi chowonjezeka m'makungu chimayambitsidwa ndi nthumwi za banja la Sparrow, lomwe limatchedwanso "mbalame za nyimbo" mwa anthu wamba. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kusinthika kwamtundu uliwonse wamamayi amtundu wina wamitundu kumapangidwa, zomwe zikufotokozera kufanana kwa mazira a cuckoo ndi mbalame zina.
Mzimayi amadikirira moleza mtima nthawi yomwe "makolo obereka" osankhidwa amasiya chisa chawo kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, kenako amawuluka ndikuikira dzira mwake. Nthawi yomweyo, dzira "lachibadwidwe" la mbalame zina limatayidwa kunja ndi nkhaka, kudya kapena kunyamulidwa nalo. Monga mwalamulo, mbalame zomwe zimabwerera kuchisa sizizindikira kusintha komwe kwachitika, ndipo kankhuku kankhuku kamathamanga msanga kuposa anapiye ena, pambuyo pake timayesetsa kutaya mazira onse a mbuyeyo. Nthawi zambiri, nkhaka zimatha kuchotsa "abale" ake, chifukwa chake zimangokhalira kulimbana ndi chakudya komanso chisamaliro chisa.
Nkhuku zimakula mofulumira kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse zimafuna chakudya chochuluka. Pafupifupi milungu itatu mwana atabadwa, mwana wankhuku wamkulu komanso wolimba amasiya chisa. Komabe, makolo olera amapitilizabe kumudyetsa pafupifupi mwezi wathunthu, kudikirira nthawi yomwe adzakhwime kwathunthu ndikutha kudzidyetsa yekha. M'nthawi yotentha, nkhaka nthawi zambiri imatha kuponya mazira atatu kapena asanu m'misasa ya anthu ena, koma kuthekera kwa tiziromboti tozikwirako kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri - pafupifupi mazira khumi ndi atatu pa nyengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mukaponya mazira m'zisa za anthu ena, cuckoo imapanga mawu omwe amakumbutsa kuseka ndipo amakhala ngati mawu a mpheta wamkulu.
Pali mitundu ingapo yomwe imafotokoza zakupezeka kwa zisa mu cuckoos.... Malinga ndi mtundu woyamba, bambo wolanda nyama amatha kudodometsa mazira omwe adayikira, chifukwa chake mayi wa cuckoo amayesetsa kupulumutsa ana ake motere. Malinga ndi mtundu wachiwiriwo, nthawi yomwe mkazi amayikira mazira ndi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo nkhaka sizingathe kuyamwitsa ana ake nthawi yomweyo ndikudyetsa anapiye amene aswedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mamembala ambiri am'banja la Cuckoo ali ndi chitetezo chazovuta. Mitundu yotereyi siili mgulu lina lililonse malinga ndi chidziwitso cha International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Komabe, mitundu ya cuckoo yomwe ili ndi ndevu ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha chifukwa cha kutayika kwa malo azikhalidwe, chifukwa chake, njira pakadali pano zikutsimikiziridwa kuti zibwezeretse kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo kuzizindikiro zake zam'mbuyomu.
